Human Cyber Physical Systems(HCPSs)in the Context of New-Generation Intelligent Manufacturing

An intelligent manufacturing system is a composite intelligent system comprising humans,cyber systems,and physical systems with the aim of achieving specific manufacturing goals at an optimized level.This kind of intelligent system is called a human-cyber-physical system(HCPS).In terms of technology,HCPSs can both reveal technological principles and form the technological architecture for intelligent manufacturing.It can be concluded that the essence of intelligent manufacturing is to design,construct,and apply HCPSs in various cases and at different levels.With advances in information technology,intelligent manufacturing has passed through the stages of digital manufacturing and digital-networked manufacturing,and is evolving toward new-generation intelligent manufacturing(NGIM).NGIM is characterized by the in-depth integration of new-generation artificial intelligence(AI)technology(i.e.,enabling technology)with advanced manufacturing technology(i.e.,root technology);it is the core driving force of the new industrial revolution.In this study,the evolutionary footprint of intelligent manufacturing is reviewed from the perspective of HCPSs,and the implications,characteristics,technical frame,and key technologies of HCPSs for NGIM are then discussed in depth.Finally,an outlook of the major challenges of HCPSs for NGIM is proposed.

空中交通CPS结构特性及韧性评估

针对空中交通体系结构复杂、耦合性强、脆弱性高的特点,为缓解因受扰导致的级联失效现象,对其结构韧性进行研究。建立了空中交通信息物理系统(CPS)模型,提出同层度与层间度、同层介数与层间介数等指标,分析级联失效过程;提出空中交通CPS韧性的概念,并采用定量评估方法对受损能力和恢复能力进行度量;对比不同扰动-恢复策略下的空中交通CPS表现,制定最佳恢复策略,提高受扰时的韧性。以华东地区空中交通CPS为例进行分析,结果表明:空中交通CPS网络度分布服从幂率分布,介数服从指数分布;在基于介数度值扰动下,采用介数恢复策略可以有效提高受扰时空中交通CPS的韧性。

信息物理系统(cyber-physical system)时空建模方法及在温室控制中的应用

传统农业采用人工方式对温室进行控制,但是随着现代农业的快速发展,这种人工投入大、精度低的控制方式已不能满足现代农业需要。该文基于分层有限状态机和事件晶格的概念,建立3层的信息物理系统模型,并提出一种基于分层有限状态机的信息物理系统时空建模方法,同时利用该建模方法开发了新的温室控制系统。该系统能够将物理层传感器感知到的温室物理环境数据通过物理-信息层汇聚节点融合后上报信息层决策节点得到决策信息,物理-信息层控制节点分析决策信息得到控制信息后下传物理层执行器进行控制。由于该系统模型考虑了各层状态机中事件的时空属性,能够将温室控制的正确率由传统基于物联网的温室控制方法的80.20%提高到87.20%,错误肯定率和错误否定率由7.50%和12.30%下降到3.60%和9.20%,保障温室环境满足作物生长对温度、湿度和光照的要求。

基于CPS的单交叉口信号滚动优化控制模型

为了采用现代信息技术提升单交叉口的通行效率,综合考虑信息物理系统(CPS)的特性和功能,构建了基于CPS的单交叉口信号滚动优化控制架构;提出了交叉口信号优化控制的分层建模思路与框架,实现了对交叉口不同层级的状态描述;针对不同流量环境,分别以单位时间车均预计延误和加权排队长度比作为优化目标,进行实时信号优化,构建了基于CPS的分层滚动优化模型;搭建了基于SUMO与Python的实时交互仿真环境,针对未饱和、过饱和以及饱和状态变化3种流量场景进行案例分析.算例结果表明,与Transyt、Synchro、Webster、感应控制、承载力方法相比,所提模型均取得了更优的控制效果,车均延误和平均排队长度最多分别可减少43.75%和16.05%,溢流时间最多可延长37.93%.

基于攻击树的ICPS混合博弈风险评估

工业信息物理系统在国家基础设施领域极为重要,若被破坏将造成极大的影响.本文采用带博弈策略的攻击树模型进行风险评估.首先,根据系统中各个物理组件的“与”“或”关系和它们所具有的漏洞节点,建立ICPS的整体攻击树模型;然后,在攻击树的叶子节点中加入攻防混合博弈策略,给出攻击和防御方式的收益函数,以此求得不同防御方式发生的可能性概率;最后,以防御方式收益函数和发生的可能性概率求得每种防御方式的风险值,采用层次分析法和熵权法的综合赋权得出叶子节点风险值,以此求出根节点风险值进行评估.通过MATLAB仿真,求出攻击树根节点风险值确定废水发电厂模型的风险评估等级以及哪个物理层较为薄弱,若等级较高,可采取后续的评估寻找系统薄弱组件.

DoS攻击下多智能体ICPS的最优一致控制

为解决由多个被控对象组成的工业信息物理系统(ICPS)在拒绝服务(DoS)攻击和不确定外界扰动下的一致性控制问题,将多智能体和ICPS相结合,并基于状态观测器和零和博弈方法,设计最优H_(∞)一致控制器。首先,针对多个被控对象组成的ICPS,根据智能体的信息交互特性,构建固定拓扑结构的多智能体ICPS模型。其次,考虑DoS攻击作用在传感器通道和执行器通道时系统通信信道堵塞的影响,采用状态观测器重构被堵塞的状态信息,并构建DoS攻击下基于状态观测器的多智能体ICPS模型。然后,引入干扰抑制水平,并将控制器和干扰者视为零和博弈中的参与者,根据干扰抑制水平的优化目标和H_(∞)性能条件,构建基于零和博弈的最优H_(∞)设计框架。最后,通过对干扰抑制水平的约束,并求解满足H_(∞)一致性的线性矩阵不等式,设计最优一致性控制器。采用4个不间断电源的控制问题作为仿真对象,Matlab仿真结果表明,相比于未对状态重构和未对参数约束的设计方法,本设计方案可使得多智能体ICPS在双通道DoS攻击下达到一致的时间更短,且具有良好的相对稳定性。

信息物理系统(cyber physical systems)及其对网络科学研究的影响

信息物理系统(cyber physical systems,简称CPS)是集成计算、通信与控制于一体的下一代智能系统。该系统由于存在巨大的应用前景而日益收到人们的关注。本文对介绍了CPS的特点,并对CPS面临的机遇和挑战进行了探讨,最后指出了CPS对复杂网络研究的影响。

基于CPSS视角的需求响应能力评估综述

对信息—物理—社会系统与需求响应评估的结合进行综述。首先对信息物理系统的历史和框架进行分析。接着总结了现有的需求响应研究现状,包括需求响应潜力评估的意义、分类和评估方法。对于需求响应能力评估的数据来源进行总结,包括问卷调查和运行数据采集。在信息—物理—社会系统与需求响应结合方面,分别分析需求响应的物理域、信息域和社会域基础,介绍相应的建模方法和研究内容。最后,对未来的研究展望进行讨论,包括市场考核机制、快速仿真与建模技术以及综合能源下的需求响应管理。

Digital Twins and Cyber Physical Systems toward Smart Manufacturing and Industry 4.0:Correlation and Comparison

State-of-the-art technologies such as the Internet of Things(IoT),cloud computing(CC),big data analytics(BDA),and artificial intelligence(AI)have greatly stimulated the development of smart manufacturing.An important prerequisite for smart manufacturing is cyber-physical integration,which is increasingly being embraced by manufacturers.As the preferred means of such integration,cyber-physical systems(CPS)and digital twins(DTs)have gained extensive attention from researchers and practitioners in industry.With feedback loops in which physical processes affect cyber parts and vice versa,CPS and DTs can endow manufacturing systems with greater efficiency,resilience,and intelligence.CPS and DTs share the same essential concepts of an intensive cyber-physical connection,real-time interaction,organization integration,and in-depth collaboration.However,CPS and DTs are not identical from many perspectives,including their origin,development,engineering practices,cyber-physical mapping,and core elements.In order to highlight the differences and correlation between them,this paper reviews and analyzes CPS and DTs from multiple perspectives.

A Survey of Cyber Attacks on Cyber Physical Systems:Recent Advances and Challenges

A cyber physical system(CPS)is a complex system that integrates sensing,computation,control and networking into physical processes and objects over Internet.It plays a key role in modern industry since it connects physical and cyber worlds.In order to meet ever-changing industrial requirements,its structures and functions are constantly improved.Meanwhile,new security issues have arisen.A ubiquitous problem is the fact that cyber attacks can cause significant damage to industrial systems,and thus has gained increasing attention from researchers and practitioners.This paper presents a survey of state-of-the-art results of cyber attacks on cyber physical systems.First,as typical system models are employed to study these systems,time-driven and event-driven systems are reviewed.Then,recent advances on three types of attacks,i.e.,those on availability,integrity,and confidentiality are discussed.In particular,the detailed studies on availability and integrity attacks are introduced from the perspective of attackers and defenders.Namely,both attack and defense strategies are discussed based on different system models.Some challenges and open issues are indicated to guide future research and inspire the further exploration of this increasingly important area.

一种使用STL逻辑监控CPS的可解释规范挖掘方法

随着信息物理融合系统(CPS)日益复杂,很难捕获其相关行为并以一种可解释的方式检测它.因此本文提出了一种基于线性支持向量机(LSVM)框架的规范挖掘算法,从有限长度的信号轨迹中挖掘具有可解释性的信号时序逻辑(STL)公式.挖掘出的STL公式可以作为监控行为的抽象,用于CPS运行时验证的监控机制中.该算法根据一组被标记的有限时间轨迹和STL模板公式,将信号时序逻辑特有的鲁棒性满意度与LSVM的优化算法相结合生成所需规范.另外,本文还将对一维信号轨迹的规范挖掘技术扩展到多维信号上.最后,通过两个案例研究来说明提出算法的可行性和优势,结果表明该算法在保证高准确率的前提下,执行效率和可解释性都优于其他的规范挖掘算法.

Prediction-based Manufacturing Center Self-adaptive Demand Side Energy Optimization in Cyber Physical Systems

Cyber physical systems（CPS） recently emerge as a new technology which can provide promising approaches to demand side management（DSM）, an important capability in industrial power systems. Meanwhile, the manufacturing center is a typical industrial power subsystem with dozens of high energy consumption devices which have complex physical dynamics. DSM, integrated with CPS, is an effective methodology for solving energy optimization problems in manufacturing center. This paper presents a prediction-based manufacturing center self-adaptive energy optimization method for demand side management in cyber physical systems. To gain prior knowledge of DSM operating results, a sparse Bayesian learning based componential forecasting method is introduced to predict 24-hour electric load levels for specific industrial areas in China. From this data, a pricing strategy is designed based on short-term load forecasting results. To minimize total energy costs while guaranteeing manufacturing center service quality, an adaptive demand side energy optimization algorithm is presented. The proposed scheme is tested in a machining center energy optimization experiment. An AMI sensing system is then used to measure the demand side energy consumption of the manufacturing center. Based on the data collected from the sensing system, the load prediction-based energy optimization scheme is implemented. By employing both the PSO and the CPSO method, the problem of DSM in the manufac^ring center is solved. The results of the experiment show the self-adaptive CPSO energy optimization method enhances optimization by 5% compared with the traditional PSO optimization method.

Review on Cyber-physical Systems

Cyber-physical systems CPS are complex systems with organic integration and in-depth collaboration of computation, communications and control 3C technology. Subject to the theory and technology of existing network systems and physical systems, the development of CPS is facing enormous challenges. This paper first introduces the concept and characteristics of CPS and analyzes the present situation of CPS researches. Then the development of CPS is discussed from perspectives of system model, information processing technology and software design. At last it analyzes the main obstacles and key researches in developing CPS. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

HCPS视角下上肢功能评估体感游戏设计研究

为了解决需要医生参与的传统上肢功能评估不利于居家康复且不具有生态效度,同时由于评估缺乏趣味性不易唤醒患者的觉醒水平与情绪状态的问题。从人-信息-物理系统(Human-cyber-physical system,HCPS)的角度出发分析智能康复的发展过程和重要特征,并结合游戏化设计方法与心流理论构建上肢功能评估体感游戏的设计方法。得到深化心流结果的动态元素设计方法、打造心流条件的机制元素设计方法、保持连续心流体验的组件元素设计方法,并进行了设计实践。为上肢功能评估体感游戏设计提供了新思路,新方法,新形式。

A Comprehensive Overview of Cyber-Physical Systems: From Perspective of Feedback System

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are characterized by integrating cybernetic and physical processes. The theories and applications of CPS face the enormous challenges. The aim of this paper is to provide a latest understanding of this emerging multi-disciplinary methodology. First, the features of CPS are described, and the research progresses are summarized from different components in CPS, such as system modeling, information acquisition, communication, control and security. Each part is also followed by the future directions. Then some typical applications are given to show the prospects of CPS. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

Cyber-Physical-Social Based Security Architecture for Future Internet of Things

As the Internet of Things (IoT) is emerging as an attractive paradigm, a typical IoT architecture that U2IoT (Unit IoT and Ubiquitous IoT) model has been presented for the future IoT. Based on the U2IoT model, this paper proposes a cyber-physical-social based security architecture (IPM) to deal with Information, Physical, and Management security perspectives, and presents how the architectural abstractions support U2IoT model. In particular, 1) an information security model is established to describe the mapping relations among U2IoT, security layer, and security requirement, in which social layer and additional intelligence and compatibility properties are infused into IPM;2) physical security referring to the external context and inherent infrastructure are inspired by artificial immune algorithms;3) recommended security strategies are suggested for social management control. The proposed IPM combining the cyber world, physical world and human social provides constructive proposal towards the future IoT security and privacy protection.

Influential Node Ranking and Invulnerability of Air Traffic Cyber Physical System

To ensure flight safety,the complex network method is used to study the influence and invulnerability of air traffic cyber physical system(CPS)nodes.According to the rules of air traffic management,the logical coupling relationship between routes and sectors is analyzed,an air traffic CPS network model is constructed,and the indicators of node influence and invulnerability are established.The K-shell algorithm is improved to identify node influence,and the invulnerability is analyzed under random and selective attacks.Taking Airspace in Eastern China as an example,its influential nodes are sorted by degree,namely,K-shell,the improved K-shell(IKS)and betweenness centrality.The invulnerability of air traffic CPS under different attacks is analyzed.Results show that IKS can effectively identify the influential nodes in the air traffic CPS network,and IKS and betweenness centrality are the two key indicators that affect the invulnerability of air traffic CPS.

Water Supply Networks as Cyber-physical Systems and Controllability Analysis

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) is a system of systems which consists of many subsystems that can stand alone in an individual manner and can be taken as a typical complex network. CPS can be applied in the critical infrastructures such as water supply networks, energy supply systems, and so on. In this paper, we analyze the structure of modern city water supply networks from the view of CPS theory. we use complex network theory to build an undirected and unweighted complex network model for the water supply networks to investigate the structural properties, and present the structure of the water supply networks and detect communities by a spectral analysis of the Laplacian matrix. Then, we analyze the structure and controllability of water supply networks by the structural controllability method. The results show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed complex network model. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

Semantic Social Service Organization Mechanism in Cyber Physical System

Cyber physical system(CPS)provides more powerful service by cyber and physical features through the wireless communication.As a kind of social organized network system,a fundamental question of CPS is to achieve service self-organization with its nodes autonomously working in both physical and cyber environments.To solve the problem,the social nature of nodes in CPS is firstly addressed,and then a formal social semantic descriptions is presented for physical environment,node service and task in order to make the nodes communicate automatically and physical environment sensibly.Further,the Horn clause is introduced to represent the reasoning rules of service organizing.Based on the match function,which is defined for measurement between semantics,the semantic aware measurement is presented to evaluate whether environment around a node can satisfy the task requirement or not.Moreover,the service capacity evaluation method for nodes is addressed to find out the competent service from both cyber and physical features of nodes.According to aforementioned two measurements,the task semantic decomposition algorithm and the organizing matrix are defined and the service self-organizing mechanism for CPS is proposed.Finally,examinations are given to further verify the efficiency and feasibility of the proposed mechanism.

A quantitative analysis model of grid cyber physical systems

Conventional power systems are being developed into grid cyber physical systems(GCPS) with widespread application of communication, computer, and control technologies. In this article, we propose a quantitative analysis method for a GCPS. Based on this, we discuss the relationship between cyberspace and physical space, especially the computational similarity within the GCPS both in undirected and directed bipartite networks. We then propose a model for evaluating the fusion of the three most important factors: information, communication, and security. We then present the concept of the fusion evaluation cubic for the GCPS quantitative analysis model. Through these models, we can determine whether a more realistic state of the GCPS can be found by enhancing the fusion between cyberspace and physical space. Finally, we conclude that the degree of fusion between the two spaces is very important, not only considering the performance of the whole business process, but also considering security.