A Review on Security and Privacy Issues Pertaining to Cyber-Physical Systems in the Industry 5.0 Era

The advent of Industry 5.0 marks a transformative era where Cyber-Physical Systems(CPSs)seamlessly integrate physical processes with advanced digital technologies.However,as industries become increasingly interconnected and reliant on smart digital technologies,the intersection of physical and cyber domains introduces novel security considerations,endangering the entire industrial ecosystem.The transition towards a more cooperative setting,including humans and machines in Industry 5.0,together with the growing intricacy and interconnection of CPSs,presents distinct and diverse security and privacy challenges.In this regard,this study provides a comprehensive review of security and privacy concerns pertaining to CPSs in the context of Industry 5.0.The review commences by providing an outline of the role of CPSs in Industry 5.0 and then proceeds to conduct a thorough review of the different security risks associated with CPSs in the context of Industry 5.0.Afterward,the study also presents the privacy implications inherent in these systems,particularly in light of the massive data collection and processing required.In addition,the paper delineates potential avenues for future research and provides countermeasures to surmount these challenges.Overall,the study underscores the imperative of adopting comprehensive security and privacy strategies within the context of Industry 5.0.

Analysis and Modeling of Mobile Phone Activity Data Using Interactive Cyber-Physical Social System

Mobile networks possess significant information and thus are considered a gold mine for the researcher’s community.The call detail records(CDR)of a mobile network are used to identify the network’s efficacy and the mobile user’s behavior.It is evident from the recent literature that cyber-physical systems(CPS)were used in the analytics and modeling of telecom data.In addition,CPS is used to provide valuable services in smart cities.In general,a typical telecom company hasmillions of subscribers and thus generatesmassive amounts of data.From this aspect,data storage,analysis,and processing are the key concerns.To solve these issues,herein we propose a multilevel cyber-physical social system(CPSS)for the analysis and modeling of large internet data.Our proposed multilevel system has three levels and each level has a specific functionality.Initially,raw Call Detail Data(CDR)was collected at the first level.Herein,the data preprocessing,cleaning,and error removal operations were performed.In the second level,data processing,cleaning,reduction,integration,processing,and storage were performed.Herein,suggested internet activity record measures were applied.Our proposed system initially constructs a graph and then performs network analysis.Thus proposed CPSS system accurately identifies different areas of internet peak usage in a city(Milan city).Our research is helpful for the network operators to plan effective network configuration,management,and optimization of resources.

Distributed dynamic event-based finite-time dissipative synchronization control for semi-Markov switched fuzzy cyber-physical systems against random packet losses

This paper is concerned with the finite-time dissipative synchronization control problem of semi-Markov switched cyber-physical systems in the presence of packet losses, which is constructed by the Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model. To save the network communication burden, a distributed dynamic event-triggered mechanism is developed to restrain the information update. Besides, random packet dropouts following the Bernoulli distribution are assumed to occur in sensor to controller channels, where the triggered control input is analyzed via an equivalent method containing a new stochastic variable. By establishing the mode-dependent Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional with augmented terms, the finite-time boundness of the error system limited to strict dissipativity is studied. As a result of the help of an extended reciprocally convex matrix inequality technique, less conservative criteria in terms of linear matrix inequalities are deduced to calculate the desired control gains. Finally, two examples in regard to practical systems are provided to display the effectiveness of the proposed theory.

Stochastic Models to Mitigate Sparse Sensor Attacks in Continuous-Time Non-Linear Cyber-Physical Systems

Cyber-Physical Systems are very vulnerable to sparse sensor attacks.But current protection mechanisms employ linear and deterministic models which cannot detect attacks precisely.Therefore,in this paper,we propose a new non-linear generalized model to describe Cyber-Physical Systems.This model includes unknown multivariable discrete and continuous-time functions and different multiplicative noises to represent the evolution of physical processes and randomeffects in the physical and computationalworlds.Besides,the digitalization stage in hardware devices is represented too.Attackers and most critical sparse sensor attacks are described through a stochastic process.The reconstruction and protectionmechanisms are based on aweighted stochasticmodel.Error probability in data samples is estimated through different indicators commonly employed in non-linear dynamics(such as the Fourier transform,first-return maps,or the probability density function).A decision algorithm calculates the final reconstructed value considering the previous error probability.An experimental validation based on simulation tools and real deployments is also carried out.Both,the new technology performance and scalability are studied.Results prove that the proposed solution protects Cyber-Physical Systems against up to 92%of attacks and perturbations,with a computational delay below 2.5 s.The proposed model shows a linear complexity,as recursive or iterative structures are not employed,just algebraic and probabilistic functions.In conclusion,the new model and reconstructionmechanism can protect successfully Cyber-Physical Systems against sparse sensor attacks,even in dense or pervasive deployments and scenarios.

Aquila Optimization with Machine Learning-Based Anomaly Detection Technique in Cyber-Physical Systems

Cyber-physical system(CPS)is a concept that integrates every computer-driven system interacting closely with its physical environment.Internet-of-things(IoT)is a union of devices and technologies that provide universal interconnection mechanisms between the physical and digital worlds.Since the complexity level of the CPS increases,an adversary attack becomes possible in several ways.Assuring security is a vital aspect of the CPS environment.Due to the massive surge in the data size,the design of anomaly detection techniques becomes a challenging issue,and domain-specific knowledge can be applied to resolve it.This article develops an Aquila Optimizer with Parameter Tuned Machine Learning Based Anomaly Detection(AOPTML-AD)technique in the CPS environment.The presented AOPTML-AD model intends to recognize and detect abnormal behaviour in the CPS environment.The presented AOPTML-AD framework initially pre-processes the network data by converting them into a compatible format.Besides,the improved Aquila optimization algorithm-based feature selection(IAOA-FS)algorithm is designed to choose an optimal feature subset.Along with that,the chimp optimization algorithm(ChOA)with an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system(ANFIS)model can be employed to recognise anomalies in the CPS environment.The ChOA is applied for optimal adjusting of the membership function(MF)indulged in the ANFIS method.The performance validation of the AOPTML-AD algorithm is carried out using the benchmark dataset.The extensive comparative study reported the better performance of the AOPTML-AD technique compared to recent models,with an accuracy of 99.37%.

空中交通CPS结构特性及韧性评估

针对空中交通体系结构复杂、耦合性强、脆弱性高的特点,为缓解因受扰导致的级联失效现象,对其结构韧性进行研究。建立了空中交通信息物理系统(CPS)模型,提出同层度与层间度、同层介数与层间介数等指标,分析级联失效过程;提出空中交通CPS韧性的概念,并采用定量评估方法对受损能力和恢复能力进行度量;对比不同扰动-恢复策略下的空中交通CPS表现,制定最佳恢复策略,提高受扰时的韧性。以华东地区空中交通CPS为例进行分析,结果表明:空中交通CPS网络度分布服从幂率分布,介数服从指数分布;在基于介数度值扰动下,采用介数恢复策略可以有效提高受扰时空中交通CPS的韧性。

Tensor Decomposition-Based Channel Estimation and Sensing for Millimeter Wave MIMO-OFDM V2I Systems

An integrated sensing and communication(ISAC)scheme for a millimeter wave(mmWave)multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(MIMO-OFDM)Vehicle-to-Infrastructure(V2I)system is presented,in which both the access point(AP)and the vehicle are equipped with large antenna arrays and employ hybrid analog and digital beamforming structures to compensate the path loss,meanwhile compromise between hardware complexity and system performance.Based on the sparse scattering nature of the mmWave channel,the received signal at the AP is organized to a four-order tensor by the introduced novel frame structure.A CANDECOMP/PARAFAC(CP)decomposition-based method is proposed for time-varying channel parameter extraction,including angles of departure/arrival(AoDs/AoAs),Doppler shift,time delay and path gain.Then leveraging the estimates of channel parameters,a nonlinear weighted least-square problem is proposed to recover the location accurately,heading and velocity of vehicles.Simulation results show that the proposed methods are effective and efficient in time-varying channel estimation and vehicle sensing in mmWave MIMOOFDM V2I systems.

基于CPS的设备管理研究与应用

制造企业在智能制造改革过程中的主要目的是降低生产成本,提高生产效益,而当前生产设备的低利用率成为制约其发展的一大重要因素。对制造企业当前面临的生产状况进行分析,并将信息物理系统与企业的实际情况相结合,使用层次化的方法设计了一套设备管理系统。通过系统的建设,改善了数控机床的生产状况,使得生产设备得到了充分的利用,科学有效地提高了企业的生产效率,最终实现降本增效的目的。

6.25 m焦炉CPS系统常见问题分析及改进

三钢6.25 m 3号焦炉采用炭化室压力稳定系统,简称CPS系统,该应用可以实现焦炉无烟装煤以及结焦过程中各炭化室的压力稳定。CPS系统依据装煤、出焦信号,自动完成相应操作,提高了焦炉生产的自动化水平。在投产前期,CPS系统经常出现问题,但通过不断摸索、研究,并针对性地进行改进处理后,相关故障基本上得以消除。

工业互联网安全风险防控中的CPS应用探索

随着数字技术与传统基础设施的紧密结合,工业互联网已然逐步成为新基建领域的核心战场。新基建催生的全新产业形态和发展模式,势必带来全新的风险和挑战,这也是与传统环境相比较明显的差异之一。在全力推进“新基建”的过程中,必须高度警惕并防范可能出现的各类新型风险,将预防及管控工业风险视为至关重要的一环。因此,针对工业互联网安全风险防控中的信息物理融合系统(Cyber Physical Systems,CPS)应用展开研究。

Cyber-Physical Production Systems for Data-Driven,Decentralized,and Secure Manufacturing-A Perspective

With the concepts of Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing gaining popularity,there is a growing notion that conventional manufacturing will witness a transition toward a new paradigm,targeting innovation,automation,better response to customer needs,and intelligent systems.Within this context,this review focuses on the concept of cyber–physical production system(CPPS)and presents a holistic perspective on the role of the CPPS in three key and essential drivers of this transformation:data-driven manufacturing,decentralized manufacturing,and integrated blockchains for data security.The paper aims to connect these three aspects of smart manufacturing and proposes that through the application of data-driven modeling,CPPS will aid in transforming manufacturing to become more intuitive and automated.In turn,automated manufacturing will pave the way for the decentralization of manufacturing.Layering blockchain technologies on top of CPPS will ensure the reliability and security of data sharing and integration across decentralized systems.Each of these claims is supported by relevant case studies recently published in the literature and from the industry;a brief on existing challenges and the way forward is also provided.

Variance-Constrained Filtering Fusion for Nonlinear Cyber-Physical Systems With the Denial-of-Service Attacks and Stochastic Communication Protocol

In this paper,a new filtering fusion problem is studied for nonlinear cyber-physical systems under errorvariance constraints and denial-of-service attacks.To prevent data collision and reduce communication cost,the stochastic communication protocol is adopted in the sensor-to-filter channels to regulate the transmission order of sensors.Each sensor is allowed to enter the network according to the transmission priority decided by a set of independent and identicallydistributed random variables.From the defenders’view,the occurrence of the denial-of-service attack is governed by the randomly Bernoulli-distributed sequence.At the local filtering stage,a set of variance-constrained local filters are designed where the upper bounds(on the filtering error covariances)are first acquired and later minimized by appropriately designing filter parameters.At the fusion stage,all local estimates and error covariances are combined to develop a variance-constrained fusion estimator under the federated fusion rule.Furthermore,the performance of the fusion estimator is examined by studying the boundedness of the fused error covariance.A simulation example is finally presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed fusion estimator.

Simulation of Cyber-Physical Systems of Systems： Some Research Areas-Computational Understanding, Awareness, and Wisdom

After a brief emphasis about the interconnected world, including Cyber-Physical Systems of Systems, the increasing importance of the decision-making by autonomous, quasi-autonomous, and autonomic systems is emphasised. Promising roles of computational understanding, computational awareness, and computational wisdom for better autonomous decision-making are outlined. The contributions of simulation-based approaches are listed.

Analysis of cascading failures of power cyber-physical systems considering false data injection attacks

This study considers the performance impacts of false data injection attacks on the cascading failures of a power cyber-physical system,and identifies vulnerable nodes.First,considering the monitoring and control functions of a cyber network and power flow characteristics of a power network,a power cyber-physical system model is established.Then,the influences of a false data attack on the decision-making and control processes of the cyber network communication processes are studied,and a cascading failure analysis process is proposed for the cyber-attack environment.In addition,a vulnerability evaluation index is defined from two perspectives,i.e.,the topology integrity and power network operation characteristics.Moreover,the effectiveness of a power flow betweenness assessment for vulnerable nodes in the cyberphysical environment is verified based on comparing the node power flow betweenness and vulnerability assessment index.Finally,an IEEE14-bus power network is selected for constructing a power cyber-physical system.Simulations show that both the uplink communication channel and downlink communication channel suffer from false data attacks,which affect the ability of the cyber network to suppress the propagation of cascading failures,and expand the scale of the cascading failures.The vulnerability evaluation index is calculated for each node,so as to verify the effectiveness of identifying vulnerable nodes based on the power flow betweenness.

Passivity-Based Robust Control Against Quantified False Data Injection Attacks in Cyber-Physical Systems

Secure control against cyber attacks becomes increasingly significant in cyber-physical systems(CPSs).False data injection attacks are a class of cyber attacks that aim to compromise CPS functions by injecting false data such as sensor measurements and control signals.For quantified false data injection attacks,this paper establishes an effective defense framework from the energy conversion perspective.Then,we design an energy controller to dynamically adjust the system energy changes caused by unknown attacks.The designed energy controller stabilizes the attacked CPSs and ensures the dynamic performance of the system by adjusting the amount of damping injection.Moreover,with the disturbance attenuation technique,the burden of control system design is simplified because there is no need to design an attack observer.In addition,this secure control method is simple to implement because it avoids complicated mathematical operations.The effectiveness of our control method is demonstrated through an industrial CPS that controls a permanent magnet synchronous motor.

A Security Enhancement Model Based on Switching Edge Strategy in Interdependent Heterogeneous Cyber-Physical Systems

With the advent of cross-domain interconnection,large-scale sensor network systems such as smart grids,smart homes,and intelligent transportation have emerged.These complex network systems often have a CPS(Cyber-Physical System)architecture and are usually composed of multiple interdependent systems.Minimal faults between interdependent networks may cause serious cascading failures between the entire system.Therefore,in this paper,we will explore the robustness detection schemes for interdependent networks.Firstly,by calculating the largest giant connected component in the entire system,the security of interdependent network systems under different attack models is analyzed.Secondly,a comparative analysis of the cascade failure mechanism between interdependent networks under the edge enhancement strategy is carried out.Finally,the simulation results verify the impact of system reliability under different handover edge strategies and show how to choose a better handover strategy to enhance its robustness.The further research work in this paper can also help design how to reduce the interdependence between systems,thereby further optimizing the interdependent network system’s structure to provide practical support for reducing the cascading failures.In the later work,we hope to explore our proposed strategies in the network model of real-world or close to real networks.

Decentralized Resilient H_∞Load Frequency Control for Cyber-Physical Power Systems Under DoS Attacks

This paper designs a decentralized resilient H_(∞)load frequency control(LFC)scheme for multi-area cyber-physical power systems(CPPSs).Under the network-based control framework,the sampled measurements are transmitted through the communication networks,which may be attacked by energylimited denial-of-service(DoS)attacks with a characterization of the maximum count of continuous data losses(resilience index).Each area is controlled in a decentralized mode,and the impacts on one area from other areas via their interconnections are regarded as the additional load disturbance of this area.Then,the closed-loop LFC system of each area under DoS attacks is modeled as an aperiodic sampled-data control system with external disturbances.Under this modeling,a decentralized resilient H_(∞)scheme is presented to design the state-feedback controllers with guaranteed H∞performance and resilience index based on a novel transmission interval-dependent loop functional method.When given the controllers,the proposed scheme can obtain a less conservative H_(∞)performance and resilience index that the LFC system can tolerate.The effectiveness of the proposed LFC scheme is evaluated on a one-area CPPS and two three-area CPPSs under DoS attacks.

Review on Cyber-physical Systems

Cyber-physical systems CPS are complex systems with organic integration and in-depth collaboration of computation, communications and control 3C technology. Subject to the theory and technology of existing network systems and physical systems, the development of CPS is facing enormous challenges. This paper first introduces the concept and characteristics of CPS and analyzes the present situation of CPS researches. Then the development of CPS is discussed from perspectives of system model, information processing technology and software design. At last it analyzes the main obstacles and key researches in developing CPS. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

A Comprehensive Overview of Cyber-Physical Systems: From Perspective of Feedback System

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are characterized by integrating cybernetic and physical processes. The theories and applications of CPS face the enormous challenges. The aim of this paper is to provide a latest understanding of this emerging multi-disciplinary methodology. First, the features of CPS are described, and the research progresses are summarized from different components in CPS, such as system modeling, information acquisition, communication, control and security. Each part is also followed by the future directions. Then some typical applications are given to show the prospects of CPS. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

Learning-Based Switched Reliable Control of Cyber-Physical Systems With Intermittent Communication Faults

This study deals with reliable control problems in data-driven cyber-physical systems(CPSs) with intermittent communication faults, where the faults may be caused by bad or broken communication devices and/or cyber attackers. To solve them, a watermark-based anomaly detector is proposed, where the faults are divided to be either detectable or undetectable.Secondly, the fault's intermittent characteristic is described by the average dwell-time(ADT)-like concept, and then the reliable control issues, under the undetectable faults to the detector, are converted into stabilization issues of switched systems. Furthermore,based on the identifier-critic-structure learning algorithm, a datadriven switched controller with a prescribed-performance-based switching law is proposed, and by the ADT approach, a tolerated fault set is given. Additionally, it is shown that the presented switching laws can improve the system performance degradation in asynchronous intervals, where the degradation is caused by the fault-maker-triggered switching rule, which is unknown for CPS operators. Finally, an illustrative example validates the proposed method.