In chloroplast, there were two pathways involved in the cyclic electron flow around photosystem 1 (PS 1). One was the NADH dehydrogenase (NDH)-dependent flow and the other was the ferredoxin quinone reductase-depe...In chloroplast, there were two pathways involved in the cyclic electron flow around photosystem 1 (PS 1). One was the NADH dehydrogenase (NDH)-dependent flow and the other was the ferredoxin quinone reductase-dependent flow. It was proposed that the NDH-dependent cyclic electron flow around PSI was related to the xanthophyll cycle-dependent non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) at chilling temperature under low irradiance (CL). The function of the chloroplastic cyclic electron flow around PS 1 was examined by comparing sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) control with its antimycin A (AA)-fed leaves upon exposure to CL stress. During CL stress, the maximum photochemical efficiency of PS2 (Fv/Fm) decreased markedly in both controls and AA-fed leaves, and P700+ was also lower in AA-fed leaves than in controls. These results implied that cyclic electron flow around PS 1 functioned to protect the photosynthetic apparatus from CL stress. Under such stress, NPQ and PS2-driven electron transport rate were different between AA-fed leaves and controls. The lower NPQ in AA-fed leaves might be related to an inefficient proton gradient across thylakoid membranes (ApH) because of inhibiting cyclic electron flow around PS 1 under CL stress.展开更多
Pyropia yezoensis, belongs to the genus of P orphyra before 2011, inhabit on intertidal zone rocks where irradiation changes dramatically, implying that the seaweed has gained certain mechanisms to survive a harsh env...Pyropia yezoensis, belongs to the genus of P orphyra before 2011, inhabit on intertidal zone rocks where irradiation changes dramatically, implying that the seaweed has gained certain mechanisms to survive a harsh environment. Based on the photosynthetic parameters with or without the inhibitors determined by a Dual-PAM-100 apparatus, we investigated the photosynthetic performance and the changes in electron fl ow that occurred during the algae were stressed with dif ferent light intensities previously. When the irradiation saturation was approaching, the CEF around PS I became crucial since the addition of inhibitors usually led to an increase in non-photochemical quenching. The inhibitor experiments showed that there were at least three dif ferent CEF pathways in Py. yezoensis and these pathways compensated each other. In addition to maintaining a proper ratio of ATP/NAD(P)H to support effi cient photosynthesis, the potential roles of CEF might also include the regulation of dif ferent photoprotective mechanisms in Py. yezoensis. Under the regulation of CEF, chlororespiration is thought to transport electrons from the reduced plastoquinone(PQ) pool to oxygen in order to mitigate the reduction in the electron transfer chain. When irradiation was up to the high-grade stress conditions, the relative value of CEF began to decrease, which implied that the NADP+ pool or PQ + pool was very small and that the electrons were transferred from reduced PS I to oxygen. The scavenging enzymes might be activated and the water-water cycle probably became an ef fective means of removing the active oxygen produced by the irradiation stressed Py. yezoensis. We believe that the dif ferent mechanisms could make up the photoprotective network to allow Py. yezoensis for survival in a highly variable light stress habitat, which may enlighten scientists in future studies on irradiance stress in other algae species.展开更多
Since pepc gene encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) has been cloned from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and other cyanobacteria, the effects of pepc gene expression on photosynthesis have not been reported yet...Since pepc gene encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) has been cloned from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and other cyanobacteria, the effects of pepc gene expression on photosynthesis have not been reported yet. In this study, we constructed mutants containing either upregu-lated (forward) or downregulated (reverse) pepc gene in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Results from real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR), Western blot and enzymatic analysis showed that PEPCase activity was signifi-cantly reduced in the reverse mutant compared with the wild type, and that of the forward mutant was obviously increased. Interestingly, the net photosynthesis in both the reverse mutant and the forward mutant were higher than that of the wild type, but dark respiration was decreased only in the reverse mutant. The absorbance changes of P700 upon saturation pulse showed the photosystem I (PSI) activity was inhibited, as reflected by Y(I), and Y(NA) was elevated, and dark reduction of P700t was stimulated, indicating enhanced cyclic electron flow (CEF) around PSI in the reverse mutant. Additional y, the reverse mutant photosynthesis was higher than that of the wild type in low temperature, low and high pH, and high salinity, and this implies increased tolerance in the reverse mutant through downregulated pepc gene.展开更多
Rising atmospheric CO_(2)(carbon dioxide)concentrations and salinization are manifestations of climate change that affect plant growth and productivity.Species with an intermediate C_(3)-C_(4)type of photosynthesis li...Rising atmospheric CO_(2)(carbon dioxide)concentrations and salinization are manifestations of climate change that affect plant growth and productivity.Species with an intermediate C_(3)-C_(4)type of photosynthesis live in a wide range of precipitation,temperature,and soil quality,but are more often found in warm and dry habitats.One of the intermediate C_(3)-C_(4)photosynthetic type is C_(2)photosynthesis with a carbon concentration mechanism(CCM)that reassimilates CO_(2)released via photorespiration.However,the ecological significance under which C_(2)photosynthesis has advantages over C_(3)and C_(4)plants remains largely unexplored.Salt tolerance and functioning of CCM were studied in plants from two populations(P1 and P2)of Sedobassia sedoides(Pall.)Freitag&G.Kadereit Asch.species with C_(2)photosynthesis exposed to 4 d and 10 d salinity(200 mM NaCl)at ambient(785.7 mg/m^(3),aCO_(2)and elevated(1571.4 mg/m^(3),eCO_(2))CO_(2).On the fourth day of salinity,an increase in Na+content,activity catalase,and superoxide dismutase was observed in both populations.P2 plants showed an increase in proline content and a decrease in photosynthetic enzyme content:rubisco,phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPC),and glycine decarboxylase(GDC),which indicated a weakening of C_(2)and C_(4)characteristics under salinity.Treatment under 10 d salinity led to an increased Na^(+)content and activity of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I(PSI CEF),a decreased content of K^(+)and GDC in both populations.P1 plants showed greater salt tolerance,which was assessed by the degree of reduction in photosynthetic enzyme content,PSI CEF activity,and changes in relative growth rate(RGR).Differences between populations were evident under the combination of eCO_(2)and salinity.Under long-term salinity and eCO_(2),more salt-tolerant P1 plants had a higher dry biomass(DW),which was positively correlated with PSI CEF activity.In less salt-tolerant P2 plants,DW correlated with transpiration and dark respiration.Thus,S.sedoides showed a high degree of photosynthetic plasticity under the influence of salinity and eCO_(2)through strengthening(P1 plants)and weakening C_(4)characteristics(P2 plants).展开更多
During photosynthesis,light energy is utilized to drive sophisticated biochemical chains of electron transfers,converting solar energy into chemical energy that feeds most life on earth.Cyclic electron transfer/flow(C...During photosynthesis,light energy is utilized to drive sophisticated biochemical chains of electron transfers,converting solar energy into chemical energy that feeds most life on earth.Cyclic electron transfer/flow(CET/CEF)plays an essential role in efficient photosynthesis,as it balances the ATP/NADPH ratio required in various regulatory and metabolic pathways.Photosystem I,cytochrome b6f,and NADH dehydrogenase(NDH)are large multisubunit protein complexes embedded in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast and key players in NDH-dependent CEF pathway.Furthermore,small mobile electron carriers serve as shuttles for electrons between these membrane protein complexes.Efficient electron transfer requires transient interactions between these electron donors and acceptors.Structural biology has been a powerful tool to advance our knowledge of this important biological process.A number of structures of the membrane-embedded complexes,soluble electron carrier proteins,and transient complexes composed of both have now been determined.These structural data reveal detailed interacting patterns of these electron donor-acceptor pairs,thus allowing us to visualize the different parts of the electron transfer process.This review summarizes the current state of structural knowledge of three membrane complexes and their interaction patterns with mobile electron carrier proteins.展开更多
Pyropia yezoensis, an intertidal seaweed, experiences regular dehydration and rehydration with the tides. In this study, the responses of P. yezoensis to dehydration and rehydration under high and low CO2 concentratio...Pyropia yezoensis, an intertidal seaweed, experiences regular dehydration and rehydration with the tides. In this study, the responses of P. yezoensis to dehydration and rehydration under high and low CO2 concentrations ((600-700)×10^-6 and (40-80)×10^-6, named Group I and Group II respectively) were investigated. The thalli of Group I had a significantly higher effective photosystem II quantum yield than the thalli of Group II at 71% absolute water content (AWC). There was little difference between thalli morphology, total Rubisco activity and total protein content at 100% and 71% AWC, which might be the basis for the normal performance of photosynthesis during moderate dehydration. A higher effective photosystem I quantum yield was observed in the thalli subjected to a low CO2 concentration during moderate dehydration, which might be caused by the enhancement of cyclic electron flow. These results suggested that P. yezoensis can directly utilize COz in ambient air during moderate dehydration.展开更多
以生长在由草炭土和蛭石(V(草炭土)∶V(蛭石)=2∶1)均匀混合的培养基质中高50 cm左右的桑树(Morus alba L.)为供试植株,以土壤田间持水量(40±5)%的含水量为干旱处理,以土壤田间持水量(80±5)%的含水量为对照。利用多功能植物...以生长在由草炭土和蛭石(V(草炭土)∶V(蛭石)=2∶1)均匀混合的培养基质中高50 cm左右的桑树(Morus alba L.)为供试植株,以土壤田间持水量(40±5)%的含水量为干旱处理,以土壤田间持水量(80±5)%的含水量为对照。利用多功能植物效率分析仪和脉冲调制式荧光仪联合的方法测定了不同处理的桑树叶片环式电子流,结合经典方法测定叶片在干旱胁迫下生理指标和净光合速率等指标的变化,分析干旱对桑树叶片净光合速率、光合色素质量分数、丙二醛质量摩尔浓度、相对电导率、保护酶活性、环式电子流的影响。结果表明:干旱处理的桑树叶片净光合速率显著降低,比正常浇水(对照)降低了57.4%;叶片相对电导率、丙二醛质量摩尔浓度,分别增加了56.8%、65.2%。干旱处理的桑树叶片光合色素质量分数降低,其中叶绿素a和b质量分数比对照分别降低了57.4%和53.7%,类胡萝卜素质量分数比对照降低了35.4%。干旱处理的桑树叶片超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性显著增强,分别比对照高56.6%、56.0%、49.7%。桑树叶片质子梯度调节蛋白(PGR5)和还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸脱氢酶复合物(NDH)复合体介导的两种环式电子流,分别比对照提高了51.1%和23.5%。说明干旱胁迫下的桑树,除了以经典的抗氧化酶活性提高抗旱性之外,光合环式电子流在提高桑树抗旱性、保护光合机构方面也非常重要。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30571126)the Scientific Research Encouragement Foundation for 0utstanding Young and Middle Scientist of Shandong Province(2005BS06003)the open project from Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Shandong Province,China.
文摘In chloroplast, there were two pathways involved in the cyclic electron flow around photosystem 1 (PS 1). One was the NADH dehydrogenase (NDH)-dependent flow and the other was the ferredoxin quinone reductase-dependent flow. It was proposed that the NDH-dependent cyclic electron flow around PSI was related to the xanthophyll cycle-dependent non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) at chilling temperature under low irradiance (CL). The function of the chloroplastic cyclic electron flow around PS 1 was examined by comparing sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) control with its antimycin A (AA)-fed leaves upon exposure to CL stress. During CL stress, the maximum photochemical efficiency of PS2 (Fv/Fm) decreased markedly in both controls and AA-fed leaves, and P700+ was also lower in AA-fed leaves than in controls. These results implied that cyclic electron flow around PS 1 functioned to protect the photosynthetic apparatus from CL stress. Under such stress, NPQ and PS2-driven electron transport rate were different between AA-fed leaves and controls. The lower NPQ in AA-fed leaves might be related to an inefficient proton gradient across thylakoid membranes (ApH) because of inhibiting cyclic electron flow around PS 1 under CL stress.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41176134)the Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology,Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology,the Prospective Joint Research Project of Jiangsu Province(No.BY2011188)+1 种基金the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2011CB411908)the National Marine Public Welfare Research Project(Nos.201105023-8,201105008-2)
文摘Pyropia yezoensis, belongs to the genus of P orphyra before 2011, inhabit on intertidal zone rocks where irradiation changes dramatically, implying that the seaweed has gained certain mechanisms to survive a harsh environment. Based on the photosynthetic parameters with or without the inhibitors determined by a Dual-PAM-100 apparatus, we investigated the photosynthetic performance and the changes in electron fl ow that occurred during the algae were stressed with dif ferent light intensities previously. When the irradiation saturation was approaching, the CEF around PS I became crucial since the addition of inhibitors usually led to an increase in non-photochemical quenching. The inhibitor experiments showed that there were at least three dif ferent CEF pathways in Py. yezoensis and these pathways compensated each other. In addition to maintaining a proper ratio of ATP/NAD(P)H to support effi cient photosynthesis, the potential roles of CEF might also include the regulation of dif ferent photoprotective mechanisms in Py. yezoensis. Under the regulation of CEF, chlororespiration is thought to transport electrons from the reduced plastoquinone(PQ) pool to oxygen in order to mitigate the reduction in the electron transfer chain. When irradiation was up to the high-grade stress conditions, the relative value of CEF began to decrease, which implied that the NADP+ pool or PQ + pool was very small and that the electrons were transferred from reduced PS I to oxygen. The scavenging enzymes might be activated and the water-water cycle probably became an ef fective means of removing the active oxygen produced by the irradiation stressed Py. yezoensis. We believe that the dif ferent mechanisms could make up the photoprotective network to allow Py. yezoensis for survival in a highly variable light stress habitat, which may enlighten scientists in future studies on irradiance stress in other algae species.
基金supported by the National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program) (Nos.2009AA064401 and 2014AA093506)National Administration Project from Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection (No.04)supported by Shanghai Universities First-class Disciplines Project of Fisheries
文摘Since pepc gene encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) has been cloned from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and other cyanobacteria, the effects of pepc gene expression on photosynthesis have not been reported yet. In this study, we constructed mutants containing either upregu-lated (forward) or downregulated (reverse) pepc gene in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Results from real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR), Western blot and enzymatic analysis showed that PEPCase activity was signifi-cantly reduced in the reverse mutant compared with the wild type, and that of the forward mutant was obviously increased. Interestingly, the net photosynthesis in both the reverse mutant and the forward mutant were higher than that of the wild type, but dark respiration was decreased only in the reverse mutant. The absorbance changes of P700 upon saturation pulse showed the photosystem I (PSI) activity was inhibited, as reflected by Y(I), and Y(NA) was elevated, and dark reduction of P700t was stimulated, indicating enhanced cyclic electron flow (CEF) around PSI in the reverse mutant. Additional y, the reverse mutant photosynthesis was higher than that of the wild type in low temperature, low and high pH, and high salinity, and this implies increased tolerance in the reverse mutant through downregulated pepc gene.
基金partially supported by the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development(SATREPS)in collaboration with the Japan Science and Technology Agency(JPMJSA2001)the state assignment of Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation(122042700044-6).
文摘Rising atmospheric CO_(2)(carbon dioxide)concentrations and salinization are manifestations of climate change that affect plant growth and productivity.Species with an intermediate C_(3)-C_(4)type of photosynthesis live in a wide range of precipitation,temperature,and soil quality,but are more often found in warm and dry habitats.One of the intermediate C_(3)-C_(4)photosynthetic type is C_(2)photosynthesis with a carbon concentration mechanism(CCM)that reassimilates CO_(2)released via photorespiration.However,the ecological significance under which C_(2)photosynthesis has advantages over C_(3)and C_(4)plants remains largely unexplored.Salt tolerance and functioning of CCM were studied in plants from two populations(P1 and P2)of Sedobassia sedoides(Pall.)Freitag&G.Kadereit Asch.species with C_(2)photosynthesis exposed to 4 d and 10 d salinity(200 mM NaCl)at ambient(785.7 mg/m^(3),aCO_(2)and elevated(1571.4 mg/m^(3),eCO_(2))CO_(2).On the fourth day of salinity,an increase in Na+content,activity catalase,and superoxide dismutase was observed in both populations.P2 plants showed an increase in proline content and a decrease in photosynthetic enzyme content:rubisco,phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPC),and glycine decarboxylase(GDC),which indicated a weakening of C_(2)and C_(4)characteristics under salinity.Treatment under 10 d salinity led to an increased Na^(+)content and activity of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I(PSI CEF),a decreased content of K^(+)and GDC in both populations.P1 plants showed greater salt tolerance,which was assessed by the degree of reduction in photosynthetic enzyme content,PSI CEF activity,and changes in relative growth rate(RGR).Differences between populations were evident under the combination of eCO_(2)and salinity.Under long-term salinity and eCO_(2),more salt-tolerant P1 plants had a higher dry biomass(DW),which was positively correlated with PSI CEF activity.In less salt-tolerant P2 plants,DW correlated with transpiration and dark respiration.Thus,S.sedoides showed a high degree of photosynthetic plasticity under the influence of salinity and eCO_(2)through strengthening(P1 plants)and weakening C_(4)characteristics(P2 plants).
基金Strategic Priority Research Program of CAS(XDB27020106)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31930064,32011530168,32070259,32171183,and 31970264)+2 种基金CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(#YSBR-015)Youth Innovation Promotion Association at the Chinese Academy of Sci-ences(2018123)National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules(2020kf05).
文摘During photosynthesis,light energy is utilized to drive sophisticated biochemical chains of electron transfers,converting solar energy into chemical energy that feeds most life on earth.Cyclic electron transfer/flow(CET/CEF)plays an essential role in efficient photosynthesis,as it balances the ATP/NADPH ratio required in various regulatory and metabolic pathways.Photosystem I,cytochrome b6f,and NADH dehydrogenase(NDH)are large multisubunit protein complexes embedded in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast and key players in NDH-dependent CEF pathway.Furthermore,small mobile electron carriers serve as shuttles for electrons between these membrane protein complexes.Efficient electron transfer requires transient interactions between these electron donors and acceptors.Structural biology has been a powerful tool to advance our knowledge of this important biological process.A number of structures of the membrane-embedded complexes,soluble electron carrier proteins,and transient complexes composed of both have now been determined.These structural data reveal detailed interacting patterns of these electron donor-acceptor pairs,thus allowing us to visualize the different parts of the electron transfer process.This review summarizes the current state of structural knowledge of three membrane complexes and their interaction patterns with mobile electron carrier proteins.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Strategic Pilot Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA11020404)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2012AA100806)+1 种基金the Tianjin Natural Science Foundation(No.12JCZDJC22200)the Project for Developing Marine Economy by Science and Technology in Tianjin(No.KX2010-0005)
文摘Pyropia yezoensis, an intertidal seaweed, experiences regular dehydration and rehydration with the tides. In this study, the responses of P. yezoensis to dehydration and rehydration under high and low CO2 concentrations ((600-700)×10^-6 and (40-80)×10^-6, named Group I and Group II respectively) were investigated. The thalli of Group I had a significantly higher effective photosystem II quantum yield than the thalli of Group II at 71% absolute water content (AWC). There was little difference between thalli morphology, total Rubisco activity and total protein content at 100% and 71% AWC, which might be the basis for the normal performance of photosynthesis during moderate dehydration. A higher effective photosystem I quantum yield was observed in the thalli subjected to a low CO2 concentration during moderate dehydration, which might be caused by the enhancement of cyclic electron flow. These results suggested that P. yezoensis can directly utilize COz in ambient air during moderate dehydration.
文摘以生长在由草炭土和蛭石(V(草炭土)∶V(蛭石)=2∶1)均匀混合的培养基质中高50 cm左右的桑树(Morus alba L.)为供试植株,以土壤田间持水量(40±5)%的含水量为干旱处理,以土壤田间持水量(80±5)%的含水量为对照。利用多功能植物效率分析仪和脉冲调制式荧光仪联合的方法测定了不同处理的桑树叶片环式电子流,结合经典方法测定叶片在干旱胁迫下生理指标和净光合速率等指标的变化,分析干旱对桑树叶片净光合速率、光合色素质量分数、丙二醛质量摩尔浓度、相对电导率、保护酶活性、环式电子流的影响。结果表明:干旱处理的桑树叶片净光合速率显著降低,比正常浇水(对照)降低了57.4%;叶片相对电导率、丙二醛质量摩尔浓度,分别增加了56.8%、65.2%。干旱处理的桑树叶片光合色素质量分数降低,其中叶绿素a和b质量分数比对照分别降低了57.4%和53.7%,类胡萝卜素质量分数比对照降低了35.4%。干旱处理的桑树叶片超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性显著增强,分别比对照高56.6%、56.0%、49.7%。桑树叶片质子梯度调节蛋白(PGR5)和还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸脱氢酶复合物(NDH)复合体介导的两种环式电子流,分别比对照提高了51.1%和23.5%。说明干旱胁迫下的桑树,除了以经典的抗氧化酶活性提高抗旱性之外,光合环式电子流在提高桑树抗旱性、保护光合机构方面也非常重要。