Preparing cyclic polymers at high concentrations via self-folding cyclization technique by adjusting the contents of hydrophilic units in linear precursors

Cyclic polymers are a class of polymers that feature endless topology,and the synthesis of cyclic polymers has attracted the attention of many researchers.Herein,cyclic polymers were efficiently constructed by self-folding cyclization technique at high concentrations.Linear poly((oligo(ethylene glycol)acrylate)-co-(dodecyl acrylate))(P(OEGA-co-DDA))precursors with different ratios of hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer(RAFT)polymerization using a bifunctional chain transfer agent with two anthryl end groups.The amphiphilic linear precursors underwent the self-folding process to generate polymeric nanoparticles in water.By irradiating the aqueous solution of the nanoparticles with 365 nm UV light,cyclic polymers were synthesized successfully via coupling of anthryl groups.The effects of the ratios of hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties in linear P(OEGA-co-DDA)copolymers and polymer concentration on the purity of the obtained cyclic polymers were explored in detail via ^(1)H nuclear magnetic resonance(^(1)H NMR),dynamic light scattering(DLS),UV‒visible(vis)analysis,three-detection size exclusion chromatography(TD-SEC)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).It was found that by adjusting the content of the hydrophilic segments in linear precursors,single chain polymeric nanoparticles(SCPNs)can be generated at high polymer concentrations.Therefore,cyclic polymers with high purity can be constructed efficiently.This method overcomes the limitation of traditional ring-closure method,which is typically conducted in highly dilute conditions,providing an efficient method for the scalable preparation of cyclic polymers.

Recent Advances of CuAAC Click Reaction in Building Cyclic Polymer

Cyclic polymers have attracted more and more attentions in recent years because of their unique topological structures and characteristic properties in both solution and bulk state. There are relatively few reports on cyclic polymers, partly because of the more demanding synthetic procedures. In recent years, 'click' reaction, especially Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition(CuAAC), has been widely utilized in the synthesis of cyclic polymer materials because of its high efficiency and low susceptibility to side reactions. In this review, we will focus on three aspects:(1) Constructions of monocyclic polymer using CuAAC 'click' chemistry;(2) Formation of complex cyclic polymer topologies through CuAAC reactions;(3) Using CuAAC 'click' reaction in the precise synthesis of molecularly defined macrocycles. We believe that the CuAAC click reaction is playing an important role in the design and synthesis of functional cyclic polymers.

Scalable preparation and direct visualization of cyclic polymers via self-folding cyclization technique

Cyclic polymers exhibit distinct properties compared with their linear counterparts due to the lack of chain ends.However,the scalable synthesis of cyclic polymers remains a major challenge,especially for ring-closure method.Herein,we report a novel strategy for large-scale preparation of cyclic polymers,which relies on the prior self-folding of anthracene-telechelic amphiphilic random copolymers(poly((oligo(ethylene glycol)acrylate)-co-(dodecyl acrylate)),P(OEGA-co-DDA))into single-chain polymeric nanoparticles(SCPNs)in water.Subsequent ultraviolet(UV)-induced cyclization occurs in the hydrophobic nano-domain.The formation of SCPNs leads to a shortened distance between the end groups of the linear precursors and spatially separated cyclization loci,and significantly enhances the efficiency of UV-induced cyclization.This self-folding technique permits access to the synthesis of cyclic polymers not only with high molecular weights(M_(n)>10^(5) g/mol),but also in a decent scale(40 g/L),breaking through the limitations of ring-closure method.Furthermore,the dense pendants of the copolymers can magnify the macromolecules by increasing the mass density along the backbones,thus making the polymers more readily detectable by the microscopy.The transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and atomic force microscopy(AFM)images allow us to observe the topological structures directly and provide crucial evidence to confirm the cyclization.

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATION OF CYCLIC (ARYLENE PHOSPHONATE) OLIGOMERS

A series of cyclic (arylene phosphonate) oligomers were prepared by reaction of phenylphosphonic dichloride (PPD) with various bisphenols under pseudo-high dilution conditions via interfacial polycondensation. The yield of cyclic (arylene phosphonate) oligomers is over 85% by using hexadecyltrimethylammoniun bromide as phase transfer catalyst (PTC) at 0 'C . The structures of the cyclic oligomers were confirmed by a combination of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and IR analysis. These cyclic oligomers undergo facile ring-opening polymerization in the melt by using potassium 4,4'-biphenoxide as the initiator to give linear polyphosphonate. Free-radical ring-opening polymerization of cyclic(arylene phosphonate) oligomers containing sulfur linkages was also performed in the melt using 2,2'-dithiobis(benzothiazole) (DTB) as the initiator at 270 °C and the resulting polymer had a Mw, of 8 × 103 with a molecular weight distribution of 4. Ring-opening copolymerization of these cyclic oligomers with cyclic carbonate oligomers was also achieved. The average molecular weight of the resulting copolymer is higher than the corresponding homopolymer and the thermal stability of the copolymer is better than the corresponding homopolymer.

FREE RADICAL RING OPENING POLYMERIZATION OF CYCLIC ACRYLATES

Cyclic acrylates, 2,2- dimethyl-5-methylene-1 , 3-dioxolan-4 -one and 2- phenyl-5-methylene-1,3-dioxolan-4-one, were synthesized successfully. The monomers were characterized by ~1H NMR, ^(13)C NMR, IR and elemental analysis or HRMS. Polymerization of the monomers were carried out at 120℃ with di-t-butylperoxide as initiator. The polymers were studied by ~1H NMR, ^(13)C NMR, UV and hydrolysis. The molecular weights of the resulting polymers were estimated by viscosity measurement and the extent of ring opening was estimated also by ~1H NMR and hydrolysis of the polymers and further confirmed by UV spectra.

THE EFFECTS OF MONOMER STRUCTURE OF CYCLIC KETENE ACETALS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF CONTROLLED RADICAL RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATION

Polymerization of three cyclic ketene acetals: i.e., 5,6-benzo-2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane (BMDO), 2-methylene-4phenyl-1,3-dioxolane (MPDO) and 4,7-dimethyl-2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane (DMMDO) were carried out in the presence of ethyl alpha -bromobutyrate/CuBr/2,2'-bipyridine respectively. The structures of poly(BMDO), poly(MPDO) and poly(DMMDO) were characterized by H-1 and C-13-NMR spectra. The effects of monomer structure on the behavior of atom transfer free radical ring-opening polymerization were investigated and the mechanism of controlled free radical ring-opening polymerization was discussed.

STYRENE POLYMERIZATION MEDIATED BY CYCLIC TRITHIOCARBONATE AS RAFT AGENT

The novel cyclic trithiocarbonate was synthesized by dialkylation of trithiocarbonate anion with 2,2＇- bis（bromomethyl）biphenyl in a two-phase system using an onium salt as a phase-transfer agent. Styrene polymerization was carried out in the presence of cyclic trithiocarbonate （CTTC）. CTTC undergoes ring opening-polymerization and the incorporated trithiocarbonate moiety derived from CTTC performs as the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer （RAFT） agent. Through this mechanism, multiblock polys-tyrenes containing various narrow polydispersity blocks can be prepared.

脲基功能聚合材料的合成及CO_(2)催化转化研究

功能有机聚合材料逐渐成为CO_(2)资源化利用领域非常有前景的催化材料之一.利用缩合反应合成了系列脲基功能聚合材料,并采用FT-IR及SEM等方法对系列聚合材料进行了表征,进一步研究了其在无溶剂且温和条件下催化CO_(2)环加成反应的效果,结果发现系列脲基-冠醚基功能化聚合材料UCPs均表现出优异的催化活性,UCPs优异的催化活性与脲基与冠醚活性位点协同效应有关.该研究对功能聚合材料的构筑具有一定的参考价值.

环烯烃开环易位聚合物的合成

采用MoCl_(5)为核心的齐格勒-纳塔催化剂合成降冰片烯-四环十二烯的开环易位聚合物,实现稳定的100%单体转化率,凝胶率0%。并采用Al_(2)O_(3)负载的Ru催化剂和SiO 2/Al_(2)O_(3)负载的Ni金属催化剂对相同的降冰片烯-四环十二烯开环易位聚合物进行非均相加氢,可实现100%的加氢率,且简单过滤即可将催化剂与聚合物溶液完全分离。两种加氢催化剂的产品具有不同的性质,Ni负载催化剂最佳反应条件:催化剂含量10%、反应温度190℃、初始氢气压力4 MPa、反应时间2 h,加氢产物的熔融指数76 g·min^(-1),玻璃化转变温度126℃;Ru负载催化剂最佳反应条件:催化剂含量2%、反应温度180℃、初始氢气压力4 MPa、反应时间2 h,加氢产物的熔融指数10 g·min^(-1),玻璃化转变温度131℃。

CATIONIC RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATION OF TETRAHYDROFURAN WITH KEGGIN-TYPE HETEROPOLYCOMPOUNDS AS SOLID ACID CATALYSTS

Three Keggin-type heteropolyanions, namely H3PMo12O40-13H2O, （NH4）3PMo12O40·4H2O and H3PW12O40·13H2O were prepared and tested in the ring-opening polymerization reaction of tetrahydrofuran. The effects of the counter-cation （H＋, NH4＋） and the peripheral atoms （Mo, W） on the polymerization were investigated. It has been found that when the protons of H3PMo12O40·13H2O were replaced by the ammonium cations the polymerization rate decreased dramatically. Whereas, when the peripheral atoms （Mo） were replaced by their homologous （W）, the polymerization rate increased twofold. As for the viscosity average molecular weight （My） of polymer products, it was found that the high molecular weight （7930） was obtained by using H3PW12O40·13H2O. The molecular weight （My） obtained by H3PMo12O40·13H2O and （NH4）H3PMo12O40·13H2O was 6470 and 6810, respectively.

SYNTHESIS AND FREE RADICAL POLYMERIZATION OF 2-OXO-3-METHYLEN E-5-PHENYL-1,4-DIOXAN

The novel cyclic monomer, 2-oxo-3-methylene-5-phenyl-1,4-dioxan, was synthesized by a set of reactions. Several intermediates were prepared and characterized in order to determine the monomer structure. The presence of chiral centers in the intermediates and resulting monomer makes it complicated to separate , purify and characterize them. It is a very reactive monomer which will polymerize even at room temperature if expose to moisture and air. This monomer can undergo essentially quantitative flee radical ring opening polymerization. The driving force for ring opening is the formation of new carbonyl group and benzylic radical. The monomer and polymer structure were established by IR, ~1H NMR, ^(13)C NMR and elemental analysis or high resolution mass spectrum. The molecular weight of the resulting polymer was estimated by viscosity determination.

SYNTHESIS AND ANIONIC POLYMERIZATION OF 2-METHYL-2-METHOXY CARBONYL-5-METHYLENE-1, 3-DIOXOLAN-4-ONE

A new cyclic monomer, 2-methyl-2-methocycarbonyl-5-methylene 1,3-dioxlan-4-one,wassynthesized successfully. The monomer and intermediate were characterized by ~1H NMR,^(13)C NMR, INEPT (Intensive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer) technique, IR andelemental analysis. Anionic polymerization of the monomer was carried out in anhydrous THF at.70℃, and 9-fluorenyllithium was used as initiator. The polymer strucure was determined byIR, NMR and elemental analysis. Molecular weight of the polymer was estimated by viscositymeasurement in DMSO at 30℃.

SYTHESIS AND ANIONIC POLYMERIZATION OF 2-METHYL-2-METHOXYCARBONYL-5-METHYLENE-1, 3-DIOXOLAN-4-ONE

A new cyclic monomer, 2-methyl-2-methoxycarbonyl-5-methylene-1,3-dioxolan-4-one,was synthesized successfully. The monomer and intermediate were characterized by ~1H NMR, ^(13)CNMR, INEPT(Intensive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer) technique, IR and elementalanalysis. Anionic polymerization of the monomer was carried out in anhydrous THF at -70℃,and 9-fluorenyllithium was used as initiator. The polymer structure was determined by IR, NMRand elemental analysis. Molecular weight of the polymer was estimated by viscosity measurementin DMSO at 30℃.

Synthesis,Structure,and Ring-opening Metathesis Polymerization of η~5-Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl-(η~5-exo-tricyclo [5.2.1.0^(2,6)]deca-2,5,8-trien-6-yl) Iron

η^5-Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl-（η^5-exo-tricyclo[5.2.1.0^2,6]deca-2,5,8-trien-6-yl） iron（3） was synthesized and characterized by ^1H NMR, ^13C NMR, MS, elemental analysis, IR, UV and X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound 3 was polymerized with ring-opening metathesis polymerization（ROMP） initiator （PCy3）2Cl2Ru=CHPh. ^1H NMR and IR spectra revealed the presence of CH=CH units in the polymer and supported the ROMP mechanism. GPC analysis of the polymer showed that the weight-average molecular weights（Mw） was 5967, and the polydispersity index（PDl） was 1.16. The polymer was also investigated by UV and cyclic voltammetry.

SYNTHESIS AND POLYMERIZATION OF 2-OXO-3-METHYLENE-5, 6-DIPHENYL-1,4-DIOXAN

A new cyclic monomer, 2-oxo-3-methylene-5, 6-diphenyl-1, 4-dioxan, was synthesized. Thestructure of the intermediates and the monomer were determined by IR,~1H NMR,^(13)C NMR andelemental analysis. This new monomer is different from other cyclic monomers in this series,it isa solid (mp 108--109℃)and not very reactive, but still can undergo free radical ring-openingpolymerization. The free radical polymerization was carried out at 130℃. The structure of theresulting polymer was discussed and charaterized by IR, ~1H NMR, ^(13)C NMR and elementalanalysis. The molecular weight of the polymer was estimated by viscosity determination.

SYNTHESIS OF BLOCK COPOLYMER FROM 5,6 -BENZO-2-METHYLENE-1,3-DIOXEPANE AND METHYL ACRYLATE VIA ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION

Poly(methyl acrylate)-b-poly(5,6-benzo-2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane) (PMA-b-PBMDO) was synthesized by two-step atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Firstly, ATRP of methyl acrylate (MA) was realized using ethyl alpha-bromobutyrate (EBrB) as initiator in the presence of CuBr/2,2'-bipyridine. After isolation, poly(methyl acrylate) with terminal bromine (PMA-Br) was synthesized. Secondly, the resulting PMA-Br was used as a macromolecular initiator in the ATRP of BMDO. The structure of block copolymer was characterized by H-1-NMR spectroscopy. Molecular weight and molecular weight distribution were determined on a gel permeation chromatograph (GPC).

导电聚吡咯的电化学行为及表面形貌研究

以水为溶剂,分别选用对甲苯磺酸、对甲苯磺酸钠、高氯酸锂、硫酸氢钾、硫酸钠、十二烷基苯磺酸钠为支持电解质,用电化学法合成聚吡咯(PPy)膜。采用循环伏安法(CV)、交流阻抗谱(EIS)研究了PPy膜的电化学行为,结果表明掺杂阴离子种类及聚合时间对EIS曲线有很大的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对PPy膜表面形貌进行表征,观察到聚合时间和电流密度对其表面形貌影响极大。聚合时间长、电流密度小生成的PPy膜表面较为平整、致密;反之,表面较为粗糙、疏松多孔。最佳聚合时间为20min、电流密度为100μA/cm2。

聚噻吩在离子液体中的电化学合成研究

在 1 丁基 3 甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐离子液体 (BMIM)PF6 中直接电化学合成制备了聚噻吩膜 .通过红外光谱 (FT IR)和扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)对聚噻吩膜的结构和形貌进行了表征 .利用紫外可见光谱 (UV Vis)、循环伏安法 (CV)和四探针法研究了聚噻吩膜的电子和电化学特性 .研究结果表明 ,在电位 1.7～ 1.9V(相对于Ag/AgCl) ,在(BMIM)PF6 中可以制备均匀的聚噻吩膜 ,其中 ,离子液体 (BMIM)PF6 既作为溶剂又作支持电解质 ;在离子液体中制备的聚噻吩膜具有良好的稳定性和充放电能力 ,聚噻吩膜的电导率在 0 .0 1～ 0 .1S/cm .

循环伏安法的电扫描方式对苯胺聚合产物形貌影响的观察

在含有0.2mol·L^-1苯胺的0.5 mol·L^1H2SO4溶液中,以扫描速度50mV·s^-1,扫描电位为-0.1～0.9V,采用循环伏安法（CV）,在金属Ti基体上,通过控制扫描方式分别得到了颗粒状、纤维状及管-片状的苯胺聚合产物,分析了形成不同形貌聚苯胺的原因,并通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、循环伏安法和电化学阻抗谱（EIS）对不同形貌聚苯胺的结构和性能进行了表征.结果表明,不同形貌聚苯胺的形成是由于聚苯胺的成核及生长模式不同,而无论何种形貌的聚苯胺膜都具有很大的比表面积和良好的导电性能,其中,管-片状聚苯胺的膜层阻抗最小,导电性能最好.