Cyclic Shear Tests on Key Connection Joints of Modularized Constructions

Modularized construction is a new type of prefabricated building system with green environmental protection and excellent performance. There are few studies on the seismic performance of its key connection joint. This paper presents a new type of assembled connection joint for the high-rise modularized construction. Cyclic shear tests of full-scale joints were carried out, and the key indexes of their seismic performances including the hysteretic performance, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity were analyzed and obtained. The results show that the hysteresis loops of longitudinal and lateral cyclic shear tests were both plump in shapes. The ductility coefficients were 4.54 and 4.98, and the energy dissipation coefficients were 1.83 and 1.43, respectively. The test joint had good ductility and energy dissipation capacity. The positions of yield failure of specimens were mainly concentrated in the connection areas between the column and short beam or end-plate. The research can provide the technical reference for the seismic design and engineering application of related modularized constructions.

Experimental investigation on shear strength deterioration at the interface between different rock types under cyclic loading

The shear strength deterioration of bedding planes between different rock types induced by cyclic loading is vital to reasonably evaluate the stability of soft and hard interbedded bedding rock slopes under earthquake;however,rare work has been devoted to this subject due to lack of attention.In this study,experimental investigations on shear strength weakening of discontinuities with different joint wall material(DDJM)under cyclic loading were conducted by taking the interface between siltstone and mudstone in the Shaba slope of Yunnan Province,China as research objects.A total of 99 pairs of similar material samples of DDJM(81 pairs)and discontinuities with identical joint wall material(DIJM)(18 pairs)were fabricated by inserting plates,engraved with typical surface morphology obtained by performing three-dimensional laser scanning on natural DDJMs sampled from field,into mold boxes.Cyclic shear tests were conducted on these samples to study their shear strength changes with the cyclic number considering the effects of normal stress,joint surface morphology,shear displacement amplitude and shear rate.The results indicate that the shear stress vs.shear displacement curves under each shear cycle and the peak shear strength vs.cyclic number curves of the studied DDJMs are between those of DIJMs with siltstone and mudstone,while closer to those of DIJMs with mudstone.The peak shear strengths of DDJMs exhibit an initial rapid decline followed by a gradual decrease with the cyclic number and the decrease rate varies from 6%to 55.9%for samples with varied surface morphology under different testing conditions.The normal stress,joint surface morphology,shear displacement amplitude and shear rate collectively influence the shear strength deterioration of DDJM under cyclic shear loading,with the degree of influence being greater for larger normal stress,rougher surface morphology,larger shear displacement amplitude and faster shear rate.

Effect of rock joint roughness on its cyclic shear behavior

Rock joints are often subjected to dynamic loads induced by earthquake and blasting during mining and rock cutting. Hence, cyclic shear load can be induced along the joints and it is important to evaluate the shear behavior of rock joint under this condition. In the present study, synthetic rock joints were prepared with plaster of Paris(Po P). Regular joints were simulated by keeping regular asperity with asperity angles of 15°-15° and 30°-30°, and irregular rock joints which are closer to natural joints were replicated by keeping the asperity angles of 15°-30° and 15°-45°. The sample size and amplitude of roughness were kept the same for both regular and irregular joints which were 298 mm×298 mm×125 mm and 5 mm, respectively. Shear test was performed on these joints using a large-scale direct shear testing machine by keeping the frequency and amplitude of shear load under constant cyclic condition with different normal stress values. As expected, the shear strength of rock joints increased with the increases in the asperity angle and normal load during the first cycle of shearing or static load. With the increase of the number of shear cycles, the shear strength decreased for all the asperity angles but the rate of reduction was more in case of high asperity angles. Test results indicated that shear strength of irregular joints was higher than that of regular joints at different cycles of shearing at low normal stress. Shearing and degradation of joint asperities on regular joints were the same between loading and unloading, but different for irregular joints. Shear strength and joint degradation were more significant on the slope of asperity with higher angles on the irregular joint until two angles of asperities became equal during the cycle of shearing and it started behaving like regular joints for subsequent cycles.

Effects of joint persistence and testing conditions on cyclic shear behavior of en-echelon joints under CNS conditions

Cyclic shear tests on rock joints serve as a practical strategy for understanding the shear behavior of jointed rock masses under seismic conditions.We explored the cyclic shear behavior of en-echelon and how joint persistence and test conditions(initial normal stress,normal stiffness,shear velocity,and cyclic distance)influence it through cyclic shear tests under CNS conditions.The results revealed a through-going shear zone induced by cyclic loads,characterized by abrasive rupture surfaces and brecciated material.Key findings included that increased joint persistence enlarged and smoothened the shear zone,while increased initial normal stress and cyclic distance,and decreased normal stiffness and shear velocity,diminished and roughened the brecciated material.Shear strength decreased across shear cycles,with the most significant reduction in the initial shear cycle.After ten cycles,the shear strength damage factor D varied from 0.785 to 0.909.Shear strength degradation was particularly sensitive to normal stiffness and cyclic distance.Low joint persistence,high initial normal stress,high normal stiffness,slow shear velocity,and large cyclic distance were the most destabilizing combinations.Cyclic loads significantly compressed en-echelon joints,with compressibility highly dependent on normal stress and stiffness.The frictional coefficient initially declined and then increased under a rising cycle number.This work provides crucial insights for understanding and predicting the mechanical response of en-echelon joints under seismic conditions.

Numerical analysis of loess and weak intercalated layer failure behavior under direct shearing and cyclic loading

The mechanical behavior of the joints inside a loess layer is greatly important in weak intercalation studies owing to its involvement in a wide range of landslides in the loess region in China.The shear behavior of the joints in the loess stratum during direct shear and cyclic loadings was investigated using the PFC2D discrete element software.Loess mudstone and mudstone with weak intercalated layer materials were subjected to direct testing,and cyclic shear tests were conducted with consideration to the influence of normal stress and shear velocity.The macroscopic properties and damage patterns were obtained for six numerical configurations;namely,loess-weathered mudstone with 0°,10°,and-10°joints and weathered mudstone with 0°,10°,and-10°weak intercalated layers.The numerical test results revealed that,in the direct shear tests,the shear stress and shear displacement of the samples increased with the normal stress.In the cyclic shear tests with a total cycle number N=20,the shear stress-shear strain curve of the six different configurations exhibited a hysteresis loop.The numerical tests also revealed that,under cyclic shear,the normal stress and shear velocity affected the shear strength.The degree of damage increased as the shear velocity decreased from 0.1 mm/s to 0.005 mm/s for all six numerical configurations.Compared with the damage pattern of the direct shear tests,the damage of the cyclic shear tests mainly comprised shear cracks and fractures,some shaking consolidation settlement and fewer shear strain occurred around the joints.In the direct shear tests,more compression cracks and fractures occurred in the samples.The damage mainly developed along the joints,and shearing-off damage occurred.The results obtained by this study further elucidate the failure mechanism and microscopic damage response of the joints in the loess stratum in Northwest China.

联肢弯剪型钢板剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

联肢钢板剪力墙结构是将2片钢板剪力墙通过钢连梁连接形成的抗侧力结构。通过对1榀1/3缩尺的4层联肢弯剪型钢板剪力墙试件进行低周往复加载试验,从滞回曲线、骨架曲线、延性、承载力及刚度退化、耗能能力等方面研究了该结构体系的抗震性能,并且对试件的屈服顺序和变形模式进行了分析。结果表明:联肢钢板剪力墙试件的延性系数达到5.03,承载力退化系数均大于0.96,承载力和刚度退化稳定,等效黏滞阻尼系数达到0.25以上,表明联肢弯剪型钢板剪力墙具有优越的抗震性能。加载过程中,连梁先于墙板发生屈服,墙板先屈曲后屈服,此后柱脚和横梁相继屈服。连梁的引入改变了结构的屈服机制,提高了整体的延性和耗能能力,能够组成多道抗震防线,且试件整体最终也体现出合理的破坏机制。整体侧移曲线呈弯剪变形模式。该试验研究更加贴合实际工程中联肢钢板剪力墙结构的应用情况,为联肢钢板剪力墙结构的进一步研究和应用提供了试验基础。

循环荷载作用下钢桩-软黏土接触面剪切特性研究

目前,中国海上风电工程的建设已进入快速发展阶段。海上风电机常采用大直径钢管桩作为基础,然而现在的桩基承载力设计预测方法往往基于小直径柔性桩,不适用于大直径刚性桩。因此需要研究海上桩基桩-土界面的相互作用,来对海上大直径刚性桩基的设计预测方法进行优化。使用循环荷载作用下钢桩-软黏土大型接触面剪切试验数据,建立法向循环荷载作用下钢与黏性土接触面剪切试验的离散元模型,对各个细观参数进行标定,分别研究动荷载频率和幅值对剪切特性的影响,并进行了细观机理分析。数值模拟结果表明动荷载频率和幅值越大,钢与黏性土接触面强度越小,其中动荷载幅值的影响较为明显。通过细观机理分析可以发现:动荷载频率和幅值越大,接触面处黏性土的颗粒位移越小;静荷载下黏性土的颗粒间作用力大于动荷载下的颗粒间作用力;动荷载会导致颗粒间的扰动,从而使接触面强度减小。研究结果可以为海上风电桩基承载力的准确预测提供理论基础。

水平双轴加载下带翼缘RC 剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

为了揭示双轴耦合效应对不同截面形式带翼缘RC剪力墙多维抗震性能的影响,对3个T形截面和2个L形截面RC剪力墙分别沿其主轴方向进行了低周往复加载试验,对比分析了水平单、双轴加载下带翼缘RC剪力墙的破坏特征、滞回特性、承载力、延性、极限位移角、耗能能力与钢筋应变。研究表明:T形墙和L形墙的破坏均呈现出明显的非对称性,即破坏集中于墙肢自由端,双轴加载加重了带翼缘RC剪力墙的开裂和损伤程度,且易引起剪力墙局部损伤集中;与单轴加载相比,双轴加载不仅削弱了带翼缘RC剪力墙各受力方向的承载力与变形能力、增大了腹板塑性铰区弯曲变形在总变形中的占比、加速了耗能进程、降低了单个方向的耗能能力,并且增大了腹板与翼缘竖向钢筋的应变以及翼缘的剪力滞后效应;双轴耦合效应对L形墙损伤的影响较T形墙更为显著,并导致双轴加载下L形墙各抗震性能指标的衰减程度大于T形墙。考虑双轴受力后,中国抗震规范关于RC剪力墙层间位移角的限值仍较为安全,但安全冗余度降低。

软-硬互层岩体节理峰前循环剪切疲劳损伤机理研究

三峡库区频发微小地震下岩体节理循环剪切疲劳损伤对边坡动力稳定性具有重要影响。通过室内峰前循环剪切试验和PFC2D细观数值计算,研究了考虑一阶起伏角、含水率、剪切速率、剪切幅度、法向应力及循环剪切次数影响的软-硬互层岩体节理宏细观疲劳损伤机理。研究表明:①岩体节理剪切应力-剪切位移曲线历经初始非线性压剪变形、近似线弹性压剪变形、循环剪切疲劳损伤变形、应力缓升压剪变形、应力陡升压剪变形及应力脆性跌落压剪变形六个演化阶段。②岩体节理峰值(残余)剪切强度和疲劳剪切(法向)位移在相同一阶起伏角、含水率、剪切速率、剪切幅度或法向应力下随循环剪切次增多而分别降低和增大;且其在相同循环剪切次数下随一阶起伏角或法向应力变大而分别增大和降低,而随含水率、剪切速率或剪切幅度变大则分别降低和增大。③宏细观结果总体上吻合较好,且岩体节理细观剪切疲劳损伤裂纹数量随剪切位移变化呈前期微增-陡增、中期缓增及后期陡增-缓增-陡增的发展特征,而其随循环剪切次数变化则呈前期陡增和后期缓增的发展特征。④岩体节理宏细观剪切疲劳损伤典型演化过程可概述为压密-起裂破坏、循环错动-贯通破坏及分离-啃断破坏3个渐进性发展阶段,且宏细观剪切疲劳损伤裂纹近似呈“倒U形”密集分布于岩体节理附近。

考虑楼板作用的双面叠合剪力墙有限元分析

为了保证双面叠合剪力墙结构体系应用的安全性和可靠性,建立由上、下两层墙体和中间楼板组成的双面叠合剪力墙构件模型及现浇对比模型,并进行基于Abaqus软件的数值模拟分析。研究内容包括双面叠合剪力墙整体位移、混凝土及钢筋的应力分布、最大承载力、耗能能力。结果表明,在小震弹性阶段,带楼板的双面叠合墙板与现浇对比试件的刚度一致;在大震作用下,带楼板的双面叠合墙板的耗能能力低于现浇对比试件,但总体耗能能力都较好。因此,合理设计下的双面叠合剪力墙结构具有良好的抗震性能。

循环剪切作用下土工袋组合体动力特性试验研究

土工袋具有承载力高、阻尼大、造价低等诸多优点,是一种适用于村镇地区中、低层房屋的减/隔震材料。通过开展室内循环剪切试验对土工袋组合体的剪切应力⁃剪切应变关系、动力特性参数以及抗剪强度进行分析讨论,探究不同竖向应力与剪切应变幅值条件下土工袋组合体动剪切模量与等效阻尼比的变化规律,同时研究了循环次数对土工袋组合体动力特性参数以及抗剪强度参数的影响。试验结果表明:在小变形情况下,土工袋组合体的峰值剪切应力和动剪切模量随着循环次数的增加而逐渐增大,等效阻尼比则随着循环次数的增加而逐渐减小;在大变形情况下,土工袋组合体发生层间滑移并出现界面软化现象,此时的峰值剪切应力(抗剪强度)随着循环次数的增加而逐渐减小,动力特性参数随循环次数的变化与小变形情况下完全相反。随着循环次数的增加,土工袋组合体的抗剪强度参数似摩擦角逐渐减小,似黏聚力逐渐增大并趋于稳定。在剪切应变幅值较大的情况下,土工袋组合体通过袋内土体的剪切变形以及土工袋层间滑移产生摩擦耗能,具有较好的减振消能效果。

拉-压变轴力下小剪跨比RC剪力墙受剪试验研究

近年来,高层建筑中底部剪力墙因受拉,处于拉-压变轴力和水平荷载耦合受力的问题得到了广泛的关注。为了研究拉-压变轴力下小剪跨比钢筋混凝土(RC)剪力墙的受剪性能,该文完成了3个剪跨比为1.0的RC剪力墙在拉-压变轴力下的往复受剪试验,研究参数为拉-压变轴力变化幅值和加载路径。结果表明:不同加载路径下RC墙均在压剪方向发生剪压破坏,压剪方向极限位移角为1.2%~1.4%;拉-压变轴力变化幅值改变墙体拉剪和压剪承载力,加载路径对墙体的拉剪强度有一定的影响,但对压剪强度影响很小;拉-压变轴力下剪力墙的滞回曲线呈现明显不对称现象,拉-压变轴力的变化幅值对滞回曲线的形状影响较小,但加载路径改变滞回曲线的形状;拉-压变轴力的变化幅值将增加剪力墙拉剪与压剪刚度的差别,在双肢墙结构中可能导致更多的剪力从受拉墙体转移到受压墙体;基于OpenSees建立了可准确模拟拉-压变轴力下RC剪力墙受剪行为的有限元模型。

累积塑性体应变对非饱和原状Q_(3)黄土动骨干曲线的影响研究

为研究循环累积塑性体应变对黄土骨干曲线的影响,选取典型原状Q_(3)黄土,开展了一系列不同含水率、固结压力和剪应变幅等变化条件下的动单剪试验。试验结果显示,非饱和原状Q_(3)黄土具有明显的循环剪缩和循环硬化特性;骨干曲线形态随循环加载周的变化而变化,变化幅度与累积塑性体应变相关。由此认为,震陷性黄土骨干曲线的构造需要考虑循环加载累积效应的影响,多级加载试验对其是不适用的;震陷性黄土的初始骨干曲线应采用单级加载试验构造,多级加载动骨干曲线需要考虑塑性累积体应变对初始骨干曲线的影响。基于剑桥模型推导的土体孔隙比和抗剪强度的关系式,推导了不同加载周土体最大动剪切模量比和最大动剪应力比与累积塑性体应变之间的关系式,并建立了可以考虑累积塑性体应变影响的动骨干曲线方程,试验验证该方程具有较好的模拟效果。

Cyclic shear behavior of en-echelon joints under constant normal stiffness conditions

To reveal the mechanism of shear failure of en-echelon joints under cyclic loading,such as during earthquakes,we conducted a series of cyclic shear tests of en-echelon joints under constant normal stiffness(CNS)conditions.We analyzed the evolution of shear stress,normal stress,stress path,dilatancy characteristics,and friction coefficient and revealed the failure mechanisms of en-echelon joints at different angles.The results show that the cyclic shear behavior of the en-echelon joints is closely related to the joint angle,with the shear strength at a positive angle exceeding that at a negative angle during shear cycles.As the number of cycles increases,the shear strength decreases rapidly,and the difference between the varying angles gradually decreases.Dilation occurs in the early shear cycles(1 and 2),while contraction is the main feature in later cycles(3
10).The friction coefficient decreases with the number of cycles and exhibits a more significant sensitivity to joint angles than shear cycles.The joint angle determines the asperities on the rupture surfaces and the block size,and thus determines the subsequent shear failure mode(block crushing and asperity degradation).At positive angles,block size is more greater and asperities on the rupture surface are smaller than at nonpositive angles.Therefore,the cyclic shear behavior is controlled by block crushing at positive angles and asperity degradation at negative angles.

橡胶-粉土混合土动力特性试验研究

【目的】为了解橡胶颗粒掺入粉土中对其动力特性的影响,对橡胶粉土混合土进行动力特性研究。【方法】将不同体积分数(0%、5%、10%、20%)的橡胶颗粒掺入粉土试样中,在不同竖向应力作用下,采用GDS动态循环单剪试验系统,对混合土的动剪切模量和阻尼比进行研究。【结果】混合土的动剪切模量随竖向应力的增大而增大,随橡胶颗粒体积分数和动剪应变的增大而减小;阻尼比随竖向应力的增大而减小,随动剪应变的增大而增大;橡胶颗粒体积分数对阻尼比的影响分为两个阶段,在动剪应变小于0.1%时,阻尼比随着橡胶颗粒体积分数的增大而增大,而在动剪应变大于0.1%时,阻尼比随着橡胶颗粒体积分数的增大而减小。【结论】本研究结果可为废旧轮胎橡胶颗粒在实际工程中的应用提供参考。

高轴压比下小剪跨比剪力墙的抗震性能试验研究

通过5片不同轴压比下小剪跨比剪力墙构件的低周反复荷载试验,研究了高轴压比对小剪跨比剪力墙的破坏模式、受剪承载力、延性、刚度特征及耗能能力的影响,并对加载全过程中剪力墙腹板双向钢筋的受力情况及传力机制进行分析。研究结果表明:所有构件均发生了剪切破坏,并在高轴压力作用下发生了平面外的错动;高轴压比阻碍了裂缝的产生及发展,提高了构件的受剪承载力,但在构件达到峰值荷载后,强度和刚度退化剧烈,极限位移小,提高边缘约束构件配箍率可以有限地提高构件的变形能力、延性及耗能能力,但对破坏模式、传力机制的影响不大。轴压比对构件的传力机制有着显著的影响,当轴压比较小时,桁架作用明显,水平钢筋与竖向钢筋对受剪承载力的贡献相当,均能充分发挥作用;当轴压比较高时,拱作用明显,水平钢筋未能充分发挥作用,对受剪承载力的贡献有限,竖向钢筋主要对拱作用有贡献。

粤东海域粉质土的循环加载特性研究

风-浪-流等海洋环境因素以及风机运行引发的振动都会导致海上风机基础长期处于循环荷载的作用下,因此,掌握地基土在循环加载条件下的力学特性对海上风电基础设计至关重要。我国南海海洋地质条件复杂,粉质土分布广泛,当前针对南海浅表地层粉质土循环加载力学特性尚缺乏系统性研究,是该区域开展海上风电基础设计的重要挑战之一。本文依托粤东某海上风电工程,针对该风场的若干代表性粉质土层开展了系统性试验研究。基于系统性单调及循环加载单剪(DSS)试验结果,研究获得了代表性粉质土层归一化剪切强度、应变及孔隙水压力的等值线云图。该套循环加载等值线云图不仅有力支撑了依托项目风机基础的工程设计,也可为该海域其他海上风电项目基础设计提供重要参考。

钢框架-灌浆轻钢剪力墙结构抗震性能试验研究

对钢框架-灌浆轻钢剪力墙结构足尺试件进行了水平低周往复加载试验,研究了灌浆轻钢剪力墙与钢框架的耦合效应,分析了结构的破坏模式、受力特征和耗能机理,得到了结构的承载能力、抗侧刚度、延性及耗能能力等。通过与纯钢框架及冷弯薄壁型钢灌浆墙体结构的试验结果对比,发现灌浆轻钢剪力墙通过自攻螺钉采用内嵌的方式与钢框架连接,二者具有良好的协同工作性能,框剪结构的抗剪承载力和抗侧刚度分别是钢框与墙体对应值之和的1.50倍和1.64倍,结构延性系数达5.42,抗震性能优良,研究结果可为该类结构的设计研究提供科学基础。

Experimental Study on Cyclic Mechanics Characteristic of Saturated Soft Clay Strata

Failure criterion of saturated soft clay is studied under cyclic loads through different experiments. A large number of cyclic torsional shear and cyclic triaxial tests on saturated soft clay under unconsolidated undrained condition are conducted. From the test result analysis, it is seen that the failure of saturated soft clay under static and cyclic loads satisfies Mises criterion. The result from different test stress states is not related to the test stress states or confining pressures. It can be applied in general stress states. Then according to the Mises criterion, the equivalent relationship on failure moment between the test stress state and the general stress state can be established. So the cyclic mechanics characteristics of saturated soft clay at failure moment are clarified in this paper. Furthermore, a theory basis is provided for using pseudo-static elasto-plastic cyclic strength model to evaluate cyclic bearing capacity.

Experimental study on the shear behavior of the interface between cushion materials and the concrete raft

Cushion is a layer of granular materials between the raft and the ground. The shear behavior of the interface between the cushion and the raft may influence the seismic performance of the superstructure. In order to quantify such influences, horizontal shear tests on the interfaces between different cushion materials and concrete raft under monotonic and cyclic loading were carried out. The vertical pressure P_v, material type and cushion thickness h_c were taken as variables. Conclusions include： 1） under monotonic loading, P_v is the most significant factor; the shear resistance P_（hmax） increases as P_v increases, but the normalized factor of resistance μ_n has an opposite tendency; 2） for the materials used in this study, μ_n varies from 0.40 to 0.70, the interface friction angle δ_s varies from 20° to 35°, while u_（max） varies from 3 mm to 15 mm; 3） under cyclic loading, the interface behavior can be abstracted as a ＂three-segment＂ back-bone curve, the main parameters include μ_n, the displacement u_1 and stiffness K_1 of the elastic stage, the displacement u_2 and stiffness K_2 of the plastic stage; 4） by observation and statistical analysis, the significance of different factors, together with values of K_1, K_2 and μ_n have been obtained.