Microbiological Quality of Cyperus esculentus L. Products Sold in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)

This study aimed to assess the microbiological quality of tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) products sold in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso. The microbial load of tubers and tiger nut milk was determined using ISO 4833-1 (2003) standard (total mesophilic aerobic flora), NF ISO 7954 (1998) standard (yeasts and molds), and ISO 4832 (2006) standard (total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms). The results showed that tiger nut tubers had an average microbial load between 4.86 ± 7.03 × 106 UFC/g and 1.82 ± 2.30 × 107 UFC/g for total mesophilic aerobic flora, from 4.34 ± 10.6 × 105 UFC/g to 3.52 ± 4.54 × 106 UFC/g for yeasts and molds, from 2.23 ± 2.25 × 105 UFC/g to 1.41 ± 2.16 × 105 UFC/g for total coliforms and from 1.83 ± 2.03 × 105 UFC/g to 7.0 ± 10.8 × 104 CFU/g for thermotolerant coliforms. For tiger nut milk samples, the average microbial load varied from 3.48 ± 2.98 × 106 CFU/g to 2.80 ± 5.69 × 107 CFU/g for total mesophilic aerobic flora, from 5.00 ± 7.21 × 104 CFU/g to 1.88 ± 3.31 × 105 CFU/g for yeasts and molds, from 4.58 ± 10.4 × 104 CFU/g to 6.31 ± 9.17 × 105 CFU/g for total coliforms and 7.00 ± 7.00 × 103 CFU/g to 2.87 ± 5.86 × 105 CFU/g for thermotolerant coliforms. This study revealed that the tubers and tiger nut milk sold in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso had a high microbial load which could lead to the degradation of these products and food poisoning for consumers.

Neuroprotection of Cyperus esculentus L. orientin against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion induced brain injury

Orientin is a flavonoid monomer.In recent years,its importance as a source of pharmacological active substance is growing rapidly due to its properties such as anti-myocardial ischemia,anti-apoptosis,anti-radiation,anti-tumor,and anti-aging.However,the neuroprotective effects of Orientin on stroke injury have not been comprehensively evaluated.The aim of the present study was thus to investigate the neuroprotective capacity and the potential mechanisms of Cyperus esculentus L.orientin(CLO)from Cyperus esculentus L.leaves against ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)injury using standard orientin as control.For in vitro studies,we treated HT22 cells with CoCl2 as an in vitro ischemic injury model.HT22 cells in the control group were treated with CoCl2.For in vivo studies,we used rat models of middle cerebral artery occlusion,and animals that received sham surgery were used as controls.We found that CLO protected CoCl2-induced HT22 cells against ischemia/reperfusion injury by lowering lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species formation as well as decreasing protein oxidation.However,CLO did not reduce the release of lactate dehydrogenase nor increase the activity of superoxide dismutase.Results showed that CLO could decrease neurological deficit score,attenuate brain water content,and reduce cerebral infarct volume,leading to neuroprotection during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.Our studies indicate that CLO flavonoids can be taken as a natural antioxidant and bacteriostastic substance in food and pharmaceutical industry.The molecular mechanisms of CLO could be at least partially attributed to the antioxidant properties and subsequently inhibiting activation of casepase-3.All experimental procedures and protocols were approved on May 16,2016 by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Xinjiang Medical University of China(approval No.IACUC20160516-57).

不同除草剂对棉田恶性杂草香附子的防除效果及安全性分析

为筛选出棉田防除香附子(Cyperus rotundus L.)的除草剂,选用5种除草剂,采用大田试验,对比分析了其对棉田香附子的防治效果及对棉花生长的安全性。结果表明,药后14 d,75%氯吡嘧磺隆水分散粒剂(WG)和10%吡嘧磺隆可湿性粉剂(WP)对香附子的株防效分别为88.68%和87.71%,极显著高于其他药剂处理;药后21 d,75%氯吡嘧磺隆WG和10%吡嘧磺隆WP对香附子的株防效分别为78.70%和76.04%,极显著高于其他药剂处理;药后28 d,75%氯吡嘧磺隆WG对香附子的株防效和鲜重防效分别为82.37%和91.82%,极显著高于其他药剂处理;安全性分析显示,5种除草剂均对棉花生长安全。

水培和盆栽条件下碎米莎草对铀的耐受性及富集特征

碎米莎草（Cyperus iria L.）作为铀的超耐受植物,它的发现为探讨铀污染环境的植物修复和铀在植物体中的吸收和耐受机理提供了一种新的资源.在Hoagland＇s营养液中加入铀标准溶液模拟铀污染水环境,以及直接在铀尾沙条件分析不同铀供应水平下碎米莎草对铀的耐受性能和富集特征.结果表明：1碎米莎草对铀的富集特征依赖于生长介质中铀的供应水平和植物生长期等多重因素.碎米莎草不同生长期各部位w（U）均高于生长介质中的铀供应水平,根系和地上部分w（U）最高可分别达（48 605±1 266）和（824±856）mgkg.根、茎和叶中w（U）基本随着铀供应水平的升高而增加,在开花期时较低,根系吸收的铀有110~15能转移至茎、叶、花籽部位,ρ（U）〈250 mgL的铀溶液对碎米莎草的生长无抑制作用.2碎米莎草对铀尾沙具有很强的耐受性,但地上部分的富集系数在某些条件下可大于1;地上部分的w（U）在开花期相对较高,至成熟期时下降;在成熟期添加柠檬酸有助于碎米莎草根、茎和叶将铀转移至籽部位.

碎米莎草穗部总生物碱化感活性和抑菌效果的研究

以种子萌发率、幼苗根长、幼苗株高和单株鲜质量以及菌落直径为指标,对碎米莎草(Cyperus iriaL.)穗部总生物碱的化感活性及抑菌效果进行了初步研究。结果表明,不同质量浓度的总生物碱溶液对6种供试植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长均有不同程度的影响;质量浓度为500～4000mg·L-1的总生物碱溶液对水稻(Oryza sativaL.)种子萌发率和幼苗的株高和单株鲜质量无显著影响(P>0.05),但4000mg·L-1总生物碱溶液对水稻幼苗的根长有显著的抑制作用(P<0.05);总生物碱溶液对烟草(Nicotiana tabacumL.)、鳢肠〔Eclipta prostrata(L.)L.〕、千金子〔Leptochloa chinensis(L.)Nees〕、三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosaL.)及丁香蓼(Ludwigia prostrata Roxb.)的种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制作用随质量浓度的提高而增强,且当质量浓度达到4000mg·L-1时,种子萌发率和幼苗的根长、株高和单株鲜质量均最低,与对照差异显著(P<0.05)。碎米莎草穗部总生物碱溶液对6种供试植物病原真菌的抑菌效果有一定的差异,但总体上随质量浓度(25～400mg·L-1)的提高抑菌效果逐渐增强;当质量浓度达到400mg·L-1时,总生物碱溶液对苹果轮纹病病菌(Physalospora piricola Nose)、油菜菌核病病菌〔Sclerotinia sclerotiorum(Lib.)de Bary〕、水稻稻瘟病病菌〔Magnaporthe grisea(Hebert)Barr.〕、小麦赤霉病病菌(Fusarium graminearumSchw.)和番茄早疫病病菌(Alternaria solaniJones et Grout.)的抑菌率最高,分别达到74.05%、64.73%、43.54%、35.09%和32.56%,与对照差异显著(P<0.05);但25～400mg·L-1总生物碱溶液对杨树溃疡病病菌(Dothiorella gregaria Sacc.)无显著的抑菌作用(P>0.05)。研究结果显示,碎米莎草穗部总生物碱具有被开发为稻田用生物源农药的潜力。

U（Ⅵ）胁迫下碎米莎草体内抗氧化系统响应特征

采用水培方式研究了铀尾矿库土著优势植物——碎米莎草不同生长期各部位在不同质量浓度铀〔U（Ⅵ）,记为U〕溶液胁迫下w（SP）（SP为可溶性蛋白）、CMDA（丙二醛含量）以及SOD（superoxide dismutase,超氧化物歧化酶）、POD（peroxidase,过氧化物酶）、CAT（catalase,过氧化氢酶）、ATPase（三磷酸腺苷酶）活性的变化.结果表明,ρ（U）≤250 mg/L时,碎米莎草各部位SOD、POD、CAT活性在整个生长阶段均受到显著诱导（P〈0.05）,而CMDA、ATPase活性与对照组相比无显著差异（P〉0.05）;ρ（U）≥750 mg/L时,SOD、POD和CAT活性与对照组相比显著降低（P〈0.05）;ρ（U）达到1 000 mg/L以上时,与对照组相比,降低趋势更显著（P〈0.01）,而ATPase活性受到显著诱导（P〈0.05）,CMDA在幼苗期显著增加（P〈0.05）,膜脂过氧化损伤程度严重.表明碎米莎草对铀胁迫的生理响应中,以根系SOD、CMDA的响应最为敏感.

异型莎草对不同除草剂的敏感性研究

采用盆栽法茎叶处理方式分别测定了湖南省4个地区的水田异型莎草(Cyperus difformis L.)对灭草松、二甲四氯、吡嘧磺隆、氯吡嘧磺隆、五氟磺草胺5种除草剂的敏感性。结果表明,各异型莎草种群对灭草松和二甲四氯均敏感,鲜重抑制率达90%以上;种群H1、H4对氯吡嘧磺隆不敏感,鲜重抑制率最高达32.12%;种群H1、H3、H4对吡嘧磺隆产生抗性,其ED50分别为6 397.17、194.18、198.06 g(a.i.)/hm2,且这3个种群对五氟磺草胺产生交互抗性,但种群H2对吡嘧磺隆和五氟磺草胺均敏感。

Treating wastewater under zero waste principle using wetland mesocosms

The present investigation demonstrates the synergistic action of using a sedimentation unit together with Cyperus papyrus(L.)wetland enriched with zeolite mineral in one-year round experiment for treating wastewater.The system was designed to support a horizontal surface flow pattern and showed satisfactory removal efficiencies for both physicochemical and bacteriological contaminants within 3 days of residence time.The removal efficiencies ranged between 76.3%and 98.8%for total suspended solids,turbidity,iron,biological oxygen demand,and ammonia.The bacterial indicators(total and fecal coliforms,as well as fecal streptococci)and the potential pathogens(Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus,and Pseudomonas aeruginosa)showed removal efficiencies ranged between 96.9%and 99.8%.We expect the system to offer a smart management for every component according to zero waste principle.The treated effluent was reused to irrigate the landscape of pilot area,and the excess sludge was recycled as fertilizer and soil conditioner.The zeolite mineral did not require regeneration for almost 36 weeks of operation,and enhanced the density of shoots(14.11%)and the height of shoots(15.88%).The harvested plant biomass could be a profitable resource for potent antibacterial and antioxidant bioactive compounds.This could certainly offset part of the operation and maintenance costs and optimize the system implementation feasibility.Although the experiment was designed under local conditions,its results could provide insights to upgrade and optimize the performance of other analogous large-scale constructed wetlands.