Cardioprotection of Shenfu preparata on cardiac myocytes through cytochrome P450 2J3

To evaluate whether Shenfu injection （SFI） protects against cardiac myocyte injury induced by Fupian injection （FPI） in vitro. METHODS： H9c2 cells were separately treated with FPI, Renshen injection （RSI） and SFI. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） release, spontaneous beating rate of primative cardical cells, caspase-3/7 activity, cell apoptosis, and cytochrome P450 2J3 （CYP2J3） mRNA expression were analyzed. RESULTS： The viability of H9c2 cells treated with SFI （37 and 75 mg/mL） was significantly higher than that of H9c2 cells treated with FPI （25 and 50 mg/mL） （P〈0.05, P〈0.01, respectively）. LDH activity of H9c2 cells treated with SFI （75 mg/mL） was significantly decreased （P〈0.01） compared with that of H9c2 cells treated with FPI （50 mg/mL）. SFI （150 mg/mL） significantly attenuated FPI （100 mg/mL）-induced spontaneous beating rate decrease in primary myocardial cells after 4-hour treatment. Compared with FPI （12 and 25 mg/mL）, SFI （18 and 37 mg/mL） treatment could effectively reverse the change of caspase-3/7 activity （P〈0.01 and P〈0.01, respectively）. Compared with FPI （6 and 25 mg/mL）, apoptotic cells decreased significantly （P〈0.05, P〈0.01, respectively） when H9c2 cells were incubated with SFI （9 and 37 mg/mL）. The expression of CYP2J3 mRNA was down-regulated by FPI, while RSI and SFI could up-regulate the expression of CYP2J3 （P〈0.01）, which suggested the potential mechanism of protection of RSI against cardiac myocyte damage induced by FPI treatment. CONCLUSION： These observations indicate that SFI has the potential to exert cardioprotective effects against FPI toxicity. The effect was possibly correlated with the activation of CYP2J3.

Inhibitive Effect of Cremophor RH40 or Tween 80-based Self-microemulsiflying Drug Delivery System on Cytochrome P450 3A Enzymes in Murine Hepatocytes

This study examined the effect of self-microemulsiflying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) containing Cremophor RH40 or Tween 80 at various dilutions on cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) enzymes in rat hepatocytes, with midazolam serving as a CYP3A substrate.The particle size and zeta potential of microemulsions were evaluated upon dilution with aqueous medium.In vitro release was detected by a dialysis method in reverse.The effects of SMEDDS at different dilutions and surfactants at different concentrations on the metabolism of MDZ were investigated in murine hepatocytes.The cytotoxicity of SMEDDS at different dilutions was measured by LDH release and MTT technique.The effects of SMEDDS on the CYP3A enzymes activity were determined by Western blotting.Our results showed that dilution had less effect on the particle size and zeta potential in the range from 1:25 to 1:500.The MDZ was completely released in 10 h.A significant decrease in the formation of 1’-OH-MDZ in rat hepatocytes was observed after treatment with both SMEDDS at dilutions ranging from 1:50 to 1:250 and Cremophor RH 40 or Tween 80 at concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1% (w/v), with no cytotoxicity observed.A significant decrease in CYP3A protein expression was observed in cells by Western blotting in the presence of either Cremophor RH40 or Tween 80-based SMEDDS at the dilutions ranging from 1:50 to 1:250.This study suggested that the excipient inhibitor-based formulation is a potential protective platform for decreasing metabolism of sensitive drugs that are CYP3A substrates.

In vitro and in vivo cytochrome P450 3A enzyme inhibition by Aframomum melengueta and Dennettia tripetala extracts

Objective: To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of two commonly used herbs, Aframomum melengueta(A. melengueta) and Dennettia tripetala(D. tripetala) on CYP 3A enzymes. Methods: In vitro inhibition of the enzymes were assessed with microsomes extracted from female albino rats using erythromycin-N-demethylation assay(EMND) method while their in vivo effects were measured by estimating simvastatin plasma concentrations in rats. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using non-compartmental anaysis as implemented in Win Nonlin pharmacokinetic program. Results: EMND assay with intestinal microsomes indicated that aqueous extracts of D. tripetala and A. melengueta significantly(P < 0.05) inhibited intestinal CYP 3A activity at both 50 μg and 100 μg concentrations. Petroleum ether extract of D. tripetala and ethanol extracts of A. melengueta inhibited intestinal CYP3 A activity at 100 μg but not at 50 μg concentrations. All the extracts showed an in vitrodose dependent CYP 3A inhibition with liver microsomes. In vivo analysis showed that pretreatment with the extracts enhanced systemic absorption of simvastatin with reductions in metabolizing enzymes activity as indicated in significant increases in maximal concentration, area under curve, area under moment curve and mean resident time of simvastatin(P < 0.05). Conclusions: Herbal preparations containing these plants' extracts should be used with caution especially in patients on CYP450 3A substrate medications.

响应面法优化工程菌产细胞色素P450 BM-3的发酵条件

采用快速有效的数学统计方法对工程菌产细胞色素P450BM3的发酵条件进行了优化.首先利用Plackett-Burman设计从众多影响产P450BM3的因素中筛选出影响较大的4个因素:FeCl3含量、诱导时机、诱导时间和接种量.在此基础上再利用响应面法中的杂合设计进行优化,通过拟合得到响应曲面函数,获得了最佳的实验条件.在该实验条件下,P450BM3酶活从37.6×10-3U·ml-1提高到57.9×10-3U·ml-1.

Substrate-dependent inhibition of human cytochrome P450 3A catalytic activity by specific isomers of vitamin E

OBJECTIVE Lithocholic acid,which is a secondary bile acid,has been reported to be hepatotoxic and carcinogenic.It is metabolized by human cytochrome P450 3A(CYP3A)to form 3-ketocholanoic acid.A previous study suggests that vitamin E isomers(tocotrienols and tocopherols)are metabolized by CYP3 A.Given that substrates of an enzyme may competitively inhibit the enzyme,we determined whether alpha-tocotrienol,gamma-tocotrienol,delta-tocotrienol,tocotrienol-rich mixture(a mixture consisting of 25.7% d-α-tocotrienol,2.6% d-β-tocotrienol,28.6% d-γ-tocotrienol,8.4% d-δ-tocotrienol,25.6% d-α-tocopherol,and 4.3% d-α-tocomonoenol),and alpha-tocopherol inhibit human liver microsomal CYP3Aactivity,as assessed by the enzymatic conversion of lithocholic acid to 3-ketocholanoic acid and of testosterone to6β-hydroxytestosterone.METHODS Enzymatic formation of 3-ketocholanoic acid via lithocholic acid 3-oxidation was determined in pooled human liver microsomes and recombinant CYP3A4 and CYP3A5.Enzyme inhibition assay was conducted in a mixture containing potassium phosphate buffer(pH 7.4),human liver microsomes,NADPH,lithocholic acid,and various concentrations of a test chemical.The amount of 3-ketocholanoic acid formed was quantified by a novel,validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS-MS)method.RESULTS Lithocholic acid was metabolized to 3-ketocholanoic acid by human recombinant CYP3A4 and CYP3A5enzymes and human liver microsomes.Alpha-tocotrienol,gamma-tocotrienol,delta-tocotrienol,and tocotriernol-rich mixture,but not alpha-tocopherol,inhibited 3-ketocholanoic acid formation in human liver microsomes.Concentration-response experiments indicated that tocotrienol-rich mixture and delta-tocotrienol inhibited 3-ketocholanoic acid formation with IC50 values of 6.6±2.1μg·mL-1 and 19.0±1.0μmol·L-1,respectively.CONCLUSION Tocotrienols inhibited CYP3A-catalyzed lithocholic acid 3-oxidation but not CYP3A-catalyzed testosterone 6-beta-hydroxylation.This suggests that lithocholic acid and testosterone bind to different CYP3 Abinding sites and that tocotrienols preferentially inhibit the lithocholic acid binding site on CYP3 Aenzymes.

定点突变提高细胞色素P450 BM-3吲哚羟基化能力

为进一步提高细胞色素P450BM-3(A74G/F87V/L188Q)对吲哚的羟基化能力,根据酶结构与功能的关系,以突变酶E435T为基础,在168位点引入D168L突变,获得了吲哚羟基化能力得到显著提高的突变酶D168L/E435T。突变酶对吲哚的Km为1.72 mol·L-1(父本2.09 mol·L-1),转化数(kcat)为28.15min-1(父本4.04min-1),表明D168L定点突变可以略微提高酶对底物的亲和力,但主要的效应是促进了底物的转化速率,这两个效应的综合表现是使酶的催化效率(kcatKm-1)比父本酶提高了8.48倍。此外,产物中副产物靛玉红的比例也降低为1.2%(父本7.3%),这说明该突变酶催化吲哚的区域选择性上也更有利于靛蓝的生成。

细胞色素P450 BM-3羟基化吲哚能力的半理性改造

为进一步改造细胞色素P450BM-3酶对吲哚的羟基化能力,以P450BM-3结构与功能关系的推测为指导,选择突变酶P450BM-3(A74G/F87V/L188Q/E435T)为父本,在可能影响P450BM-3催化吲哚羟基化区域选择性的D168位点进行定点饱和突变,根据全细胞催化产物颜色及组成进行筛选,得到了产物组成、酶动力学性质与父本不同的两个突变酶。突变酶D168W的吲哚羟基化产物中90%是靛玉红,而另一个突变酶D168R的产物中87%是靛蓝,产物组成均不同于亲本。在催化吲哚羟基化时,D168W的kcat与父本相当,但Km却是父本的4.8倍,催化活力只有父本的20%;而D168R的kcat是父本的1.9倍,Km是父本的82%,催化活力比父本提高了1.37倍。结果表明,在E435T突变上叠加D168位氨基酸残基突变对酶的催化性质产生了单一位点突变所不具有的协同效应,对酶催化的区域选择性和催化活力都有显著影响,以致改变了催化产物组成。这种基于知识的半理性定向进化方法由于是在关键位点进行突变,因此突变目的性强、突变效果显著。

催化吲哚生成靛蓝的细胞色素P450BM-3定向进化研究

以催化吲哚产生的靛蓝在630nm处具有特殊的吸收峰为高通量筛选指标,将来源于Bacillusmegaterium的细胞色素P450BM-3单加氧酶的基因序列用易错聚合酶链式反应进行定向进化,通过多轮突变,在原有的能产靛蓝的高活力突变酶的基础上成功获得了三个高于亲本酶的突变酶,突变酶的酶活分别是亲本酶的6.6倍(hml001),9.6倍(hml002)和5.3倍(hml003),并对突变酶的动力学参数进行了分析.突变酶DNA测序的结果表明,hml001含有一个有义氨基酸置换I39V,hml002含有三个有义氨基酸置换D168N,A225V,K440N,hml003含有一个有义氨基酸置换E435D,这些突变位点有些远离底物结合部位,有些位于底物结合部位.

重组细胞色素P450 BM-3酶的表达条件及初步纯化研究

对重组细胞色素P450 BM-3基因工程菌的培养条件进行了单因素优化,确定了较佳的P450BM-3培养和表达条件:接种量1%,装液量100 mL/500 mL,发酵培养基加入0.1 mg?L-1FeCl3,OD578达到1.0左右时升温至42℃诱导,诱导时间为5 h.考察了DEAE-Sepharose FF与Resource Q 2种阴离子介质对分离纯化P450 BM-3的影响.结果表明,Resource Q纯化效果优于DEAE-Sepharose FF,通过KTA explorer100对Resource Q分离条件进行了优化,0.3 mol?L-1、0.5 mol?L-1的两步NaCl阶跃洗脱,P450 BM-3纯度较高,活性收率为30.1%,纯化倍数为2.12.

Effect of Intestinal Cytochrome P450 3A on Phytochemical Presystemic Metabolism

Phytochemicals, orally administered substances, are found to undergo presystemic metabolism mainly in the intestine. Although early researches confirmed the role of intestinal bacteria in phytochemical presystemic metabolism, along with the development of molecular biology in investigating intestinal metabolism, a breakthrough has been won in research into metabolizing enzymes and transporters in intestine, which demands more attention and further studies. Recently, Cytochrome P450 3A has been found to be the most effective enzyme in mediating both oxidative （Phase Ⅰ ） and conjugative （Phase Ⅱ ） metabolism in the intestine. The present review summarizes the current findings correlated with the effect of intestinal cytochrome P450 3A on phytochemical presystemic metabolism, which provides a good basis for further research on phytochemical pharmacokinetics.

重组细胞色素P450 BM-3突变酶在大肠杆菌中催化吲哚合成靛蓝

重组细胞色素P450 BM-3突变酶在大肠杆菌(E.coli)BL21得到表达,利用重组菌株细胞催化吲哚合成靛蓝．考察了底物、产物、葡萄糖浓度以及pH值和温度对反应的影响．结果表明: pH 7．0-7．5,温度35℃,底物浓度0．5mmol／L为较好的反应条件．在此条件下,反应进行8h后,靛蓝产率可以达到29．43％．产物靛蓝对合成反应具有一定的抑制作用,在反应体系中加入5g／L葡萄糖,可以将产率提高到44．08％．

一个有利于细胞色素P450BM-3催化吲哚合成靛蓝的三位点突变酶:D168L/E435T/V445A

为进一步提高P450 BM-3催化吲哚合成靛蓝的能力,在前期获得的突变酶D168L/E435T基础上引入V445A突变,获得突变酶D168L/E435T/V445A,该突变酶与D168L/E435T及V445A相比,对吲哚的亲和力分别降低41.5%及35.8%,转化数(kcat)分别提高1.61倍及1.31倍,催化效率(kcatKm-1)分别提高1.53倍及1.47倍;该突变酶对电子的耦合率也提高至24.7%,较D168L/E435T提高39.5%,较V445A提高64.7%,说明该突变酶在电子的利用率上有明显改善;此外,该突变酶催化副产物靛玉红的比例大幅降低,降低为D168L/E435T的41.7%及V445A的30.6%,说明该突变酶催化吲哚的区域选择性上也更加有利于靛蓝形成。

乳糖诱导剂促进P450 BM-3在大肠杆菌中可溶性表达的研究

P450 BM-3是一种具有工业化应用潜力的单加氧酶,可催化饱和脂肪酸羟基化。为提高其在大肠杆菌宿主中的可溶性表达水平,采用乳糖作为诱导剂对P450 BM-3的诱导表达条件进行研究。结果发现：在大肠杆菌的OD600达到0.7~1.5时,添加2.0 g/L的乳糖、30℃诱导10 h可获得最佳诱导效果。与IPTG的诱导效果对比发现：采用乳糖作诱导剂时,菌体生物量提高1.09倍,目标蛋白量提升2.13倍,蛋白包涵体的比例则降低至10%。研究结果表明：乳糖可显著提升P450BM-3在大肠杆菌中的重组表达水平,并且能够促进p450 BM-3的可溶性表达。

定向进化细胞色素P450BM-3的研究

以来自于巨大芽孢杆菌的细胞色素P450BM-3为研究对象,采用随机突变和饱和定点突变定向进化技术对P450BM-3进行改造,通过突变体催化靛蓝显色的特性采用活性琼脂平板分析和96微孔板相结合的高通量筛选成功获得了几个具有更高催化性能的突变体。

饱和突变定向进化细胞色素P450 BM-3

为了进一步获得具有更高活力的细胞色素P450 BM-3(F87V/A74G/L188Q)突变酶,利用饱和突变技术对该突变酶的4个氨基酸位点D168、A225、K434、E435分别进行单一的随机突变,通过对其羟基化吲哚生成靛蓝的催化性能表征,发现P450 BM-3氨基酸残基的168、434和435位均位于蛋白功能区域,而225位则位于非功能区域,同时发现突变酶D168H具有更高的结合辅酶NADPH的能力,其消耗NADPH的能力几乎是亲本酶的8倍,但生成靛蓝的能力却只是亲本酶的3倍,说明该位点极有可能承担了将电子从黄素单核苷酸(FMN)氧化还原酶区域传递到亚铁血红素区域的任务,在P450 BM-3结构与功能的关系中扮演着重要的角色.

细胞色素P450BM-3热稳定性的半理性改造

为了提高细胞色素单加氧酶P450 BM-3的热稳定性,采用半理性设计策略对该酶进行了分子改造。首先采用B-FITTER软件分析了P450 BM-3晶体结构中各氨基酸残基位点的温度因子(B-factor),识别出了一个对酶的热稳定性有不利影响的关键氨基酸残基位点G46,然后以P450 BM-3(A74G/F87V/L188Q/D422G)为亲本酶在该位点进行定点饱和突变构建了突变文库,并从饱和突变文库中筛选获得了一个热稳定性得到显著提高的突变酶P450BM-3(A74G/F87V/L188Q/D422G/G46S)。该突变酶(G46S)的半失活温度(T5010)比亲本酶提高了5℃(达到48℃;在50℃的半衰期t1/2比亲本酶延长了一倍。同时,突变酶的酶学性质也得到明显改善,与亲本相比,突变酶Km降低了22%,kcat提高了90%,催化效率kcat/Km(67.42 L?(mmol?min)-1)比亲本提高了1.48倍。这说明G46位点不仅影响酶的热稳定性,还影响酶对底物的结合与催化性能。G46S突变酶的获得表明,只要采用适当的半理性设计策略对正确的位点进行分子改造,可以在提高酶的热稳定性的同时,保持或甚至提高酶的催化活性。

Optimization of fermentation conditions for P450 BM-3 monooxygenase production by hybrid design methodology

Factorial design and response surface techniques were used to design and optimize increasing P450 BM-3 expression in E. coli. Operational conditions for maximum production were determined with twelve parameters under consideration: the concentration of FeCl3, induction at OD578 (optical density measured at 578 nm), induction time and inoculum concentration. Initially, Plackett-Burman (PB) design was used to evaluate the process variables relevant in relation to P450 BM-3 production. Four statistically significant parameters for response were selected and utilized in order to optimize the process. With the 416C model of hybrid design, response surfaces were generated, and P450 BM-3 production was improved to 57.90×10?3 U/ml by the best combinations of the physicochemical parameters at optimum levels of 0.12 mg/L FeCl3, inoculum concentration of 2.10%, induction at OD578 equal to 1.07, and with 6.05 h of induction.

Self-sufficient Cytochrome P450s and their potential applications in biotechnology

Cytochrome P450s(CYPs)are ubiquitously found in all kingdoms of life,playing important role in various biosynthetic pathways as well as degradative pathways;accordingly find applications in a vast variety of areas from organic synthesis and drug metabolite production to modification of biomaterials and bioremediation.Significantly,CYPs catalyze chemically challenging CAH and CAC activation reactions using a reactive high-valent iron-oxo intermediate generated upon dioxygen activation at their heme center,while the other oxygen atom is reduced to the level of water by electrons provided through a reductase partner protein.Self-sufficient CYPs,encoding their heme domain and reductase protein in a single polypeptide,facilitate increased catalytic efficiency and render a less complicated system to work with.The self-sufficient CYP enzyme from CYP102A family(CYP102A1,BM3)is among the earliest and most-investigated model enzymes for mechanistic and structural studies as well as for biotechnological applications.An increasing number of self-sufficient CYPs from the same CYP102 family and from other families have also been reported in last decade.In this review,we introduce chemistry and biology of CYPs,followed by an overview of the characteristics of self-sufficient CYPs and representative reactions.Enzyme engineering efforts leading to novel self-sufficient CYP variants that can catalyze synthetically useful natural and non-natural(nature-mimicking)reactions are highlighted.Lastly,the strategy and efforts that aim to circumvent the challenges for improved thermostability,regio-and enantioselectivity,and total turnover number;associated with practical use of self-sufficient CYPs are reviewed.

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated eicosanoid pathway:A potential mechanistic linkage between dietary fatty acid consumption and colon cancer risk

Human consumption of linoleic acid(LA,18:2ω-6,abundant in vegetable oils)is very high.Animal experiments showed that excessive LA intake increased azoxymethane-induced colon tumorigenesis,however,the impact of excessive LA on colon cancer in human is not conclusive,making it difficult to make dietary recommendations for optimal intake of LA.Understanding the molecular mechanisms of LA on colon tumorigenesis could help to clarify its health effect,and facilitate development of mechanismbased strategies for preventing colon cancer.Recent studies show that the previously unappreciated cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated eicosanoid pathway is upregulated in colon cancer and plays critical roles in its pathogenesis,and could contribute to the effects of dietary LA,as well asω-3 fatty acids,on colon tumorigenesis.In this review,we will discuss recent studies about the roles of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in fatty acid metabolism and its roles in colonic inflammation and colon cancer,and how this information could help us to clarify the health impacts of dietary fatty acids.

氨基酸突变对细胞色素P45 0BM-3羟基化吲哚能力的影响

利用饱和定点突变技术对细胞色素P450 BM-3(A74G/F87V/L188Q)(PT)的168和435氨基酸位点分别进行随机突变,根据其羟基化吲哚生成的靛蓝在670nm处具有特殊吸收峰进行高通量筛选,获得了三个高于亲本酶(PT)的突变酶D168H、D168L和E435T。通过考察突变酶反应动力学参数、电子耦合率、热稳定性、最适pH以及区域专一性的变化情况,发现相对亲本酶而言所有的突变酶对底物吲哚的亲和力和催化效率都得到了不同程度的提高,其中突变酶D168H的kcat值比亲本酶提高了3倍多;突变酶D168H的电子耦合率比亲本酶大约降低了2倍,而突变酶D168L和E435T的电子耦合率却有轻微的提高;所有突变酶均在pH8.2附近表现出最大羟基化吲哚生产靛蓝的能力;突变酶D168H对吲哚的区域选择性得到了提高,主产物靛蓝从亲本酶的72%提高到了93%。另外,热稳定性实验表明:尽管突变酶D168H和D168L的热稳定性较亲本酶有所降低,但活力的大幅度提高并未对酶的热稳定性造成大的伤害。以上所有的结果为了解细胞色素P450 BM-3结构与功能关系提供了有用的信息,同时为进一步定向进化P450BM-3提高其功能特性提供了进化模板。