Identification and characterization of cell cultures with various embryogenic/regenerative potential in cotton based on morphological,cytochemical,and cytogenetical assessment

Somatic embryogenesis(SE) plays a vital role in genetic transformation and massive propagation of important agronomical and economical crops.Here,we conducted a systematic assessment of the morphological,cytochemical,and cytogenetical characteristics of six culture strains with various embryogenic/regenerative potential during SE process in cotton.Results indicated that the six cell culture strains had stable ploidy levels,and did not reveal any relationship between the cytogenetic state and their morphogenetic potential.Moreover,the six culture strains were compared via double staining with Evans blue and Acetocarmine to efficiently distinguish embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells and determine the embryogenic nature of the calli.In addition,the kind of auxins added in medium affected not only growth property,color,size of cell clumps but also ploidy level and regeneration ability.By combining analysis of morphological,cytochemical,and cytogenetical characteristics of the cell cultures,we are able to obtain and maintain homogeneous cell population with high morphogenic and regeneration ability and establish efficient somatic embryogenesis and regeneration system from short-term cell cultures in upland cotton,which highlight the application of biotechnological approaches in crop breeding,and above all,to better understand totipotency of cells in higher plants.

Toward Molecular Cytogenetical Characterizations in Cotton Genome

Cotton is viewed as the most important cash crop in the world,and sustains the agricultural economies of many nations by providing a sustainable fiber product for the textile industry.Due to

EVI1 expression,clinical and cytogenetical characteristics in 447 patients with acute myeloid leukemia

Objective To investigate EVI1 expression and its associated clinical and cytogenetic characteristics in 447acute myeloid leukemia(AML)patients.Methods EVI1expressions were measured in 447 AML cases from Jan.2007 to Apr.2015 to couple with clinical。

Past and recent advances in sugarcane cytogenetics

The Saccharum genus comprises species with large and variable chromosome numbers, leading to challenges in genomic studies and breeding improvement. Cytogenetics, including classical and molecular approaches, has played a central role in deciphering the genome structure, classification, and evolution of the genus Saccharum. The application of fluorescence in situ hybridization using oligonucleotide probes significantly improved our understanding of the complex genomes of Saccharum species. This paper reviews the application and progress of cytogenetic techniques in Saccharum. Future applications of cytogenetics are discussed, as they could benefit both genomic studies and breeding of sugarcane as well as other plants with complex genomes.

Integrated analysis of comorbidity, pregnant outcomes, and amniotic fluid cytogenetics of fetuses with persistent left superior vena cava

BACKGROUND Persistent left superior vena cava(PLSVC)is the most common venous system variant.The clinical characteristics and amniotic fluid cytogenetics of fetuses with PLSVC remain to be further explored.AIM To develop reliable prenatal diagnostic recommendations through integrated analysis of the clinical characteristics of fetuses with PLSVC.METHODS Cases of PLSVC diagnosed using prenatal ultrasonography between September 2019 and November 2022 were retrospectively studied.The clinical characteristics of the pregnant women,ultrasonic imaging information,gestational age at diagnosis,pregnancy outcomes,and amniocentesis results were summarized and analyzed using categorical statistics and the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test.RESULTS Of the 97 cases diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound,49(50.5%)had isolated PLSVC and 48(49.5%)had other structural abnormalities.The differences in pregnancy outcomes and amniocentesis conditions between the two groups were statistically significant(P<0.05).No significant differences were identified between the two groups in terms of advanced maternal age and gestational age(P>0.05).According to the results of the classification statistics,the most common intrac-ardiac abnormality was a ventricular septal defect and the most common extrac-ardiac abnormality was a single umbilical artery.In the subgroup analysis,the concurrent combination of intra-and extracardiac structural abnormalities was a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes(odds ratio>1,P<0.05).Additional-ly,all abnormal cytogenetic findings on amniocentesis were observed in the comorbidity group.One case was diagnosed with 21-trisomy and six cases was diagnosed with chromosome segment duplication.CONCLUSION Examination for other structural abnormalities is strongly recommended when PLSVC is diagnosed.Poorer pregnancy outcomes and increased amniocentesis were observed in PLSVC cases with other structural abnor-malities.Amniotic fluid cytogenetics of fetuses is recommended for PLSVC with other structural abnormalities.

Phenotypic and cytogenetic features of an Iranian child with tetrasomy 18p syndrome:A case report

BACKGROUND Tetrasomy 18p is a rare chromosome abnormality disorder known to have consid-erable variability in clinical features and gathering data from different cases will help clinicians and researchers learn about its genotype-phenotype relationship and diagnosis.CASE SUMMARY Herein,we have reviewed the literature on phenotypic features of this disorder and described the phenotypic and cytogenetic features of a girl of early childhood with tetrasomy 18p for the first time from Iran.This patient showed a strong sense of smell(a unique feature not reported previously for this syndrome),had clenched hand,pes planus,forward head posture in walking and hirsutism(dysmorphic features less reported),and showed 10 clinical features that are generally observed in previously reported cases,including developmental delay/intellectual disability,triangular face,smooth philtrum,feeding difficulties,hypotonia,epicanthus,strabismus,history of constipation,growth retardation and foot anomalies.G-banding chromosome analysis from peripheral blood revealed an abnormal female karyotype with a small marker chromosome(47,XX,+mar),and oligo-array comparative genomic hybridization displayed a gain of 14Mb of the 18p arm containing 56 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man(OMIM)genes in this patient.Overall,this patient seems to have mild phenotypes.CONCLUSION This Iranian tetrasomy 18p child displays a uniquely strong sense of smell,some less reported dysmorphic features and ten features generally reported.

Appropriate Means to Vulgarize the Human Cytogenetics

Purpose: Insufficient epidemiological data on the prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities may hamper investments in research and interventions for better prevention and treatment of these major threats to the population in numerous countries. The aim of this literature review is to contribute to the popularization of cytogenetics. Methodology: This literature review is a text which contains, analyzes and organizes several referenced articles in French and English which have been selected from electronic databases. It provides a documentation of various activities and progress that have an interest in the field of cytogenetics. Results: In the context of cytogenetics, it is necessary to establish partnerships to strengthen infrastructures and produce quality results. The setting up of cytogenetic services and incentives for participatory research give space to the community in the production of knowledge and innovation, alongside researchers. It’s important to create biobanks, where samples of substances from the human body are collected for use in research into the causes and mechanisms of many diseases and their treatments. To carry out clinical trials aims at assessing the effectiveness of a therapeutic strategy, as is currently the case with the use of cytogenetic tests (karyotype, FISH, etc.) as tool of therapeutic decision and prognostic in cancer biology. The monitoring of the ethic of cytogenetic research projects allows protecting rights, security and welfare of subjects. To solve issues of data management and analysis such as the obstacle to the acquisition of tools and the insufficiency in the training of researchers. Furthermore, dissemination of research results will lead to better understanding of research results, greater public engagement in science and greater social respect for research. Conclusion: Cytogenetics can benefit from these actions such as the development of its research infrastructures and training programs for its workforce as well as the development of its clinical care. All this would have an impact on the population’s state of health.

Laboratory Diagnosis of Acute Leukemia in Kenya: The Gaps and Opportunities

Acute leukemia (AL) is a malignant disease of the bone marrow in which hematopoietic precursors are arrested in an early stage of development. The diagnosis of leukemia and lymphomas, beyond morphology, is limited in low-resource countries including Kenya. Morphological diagnosis includes Cytological and Histological assessment of blood, bone marrow aspirates and tissues on suspected Acute leukemia patients. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2016) international guidelines on Acute leukemia diagnosis recommend that cytogenetic analysis, appropriate molecular genetics, Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH) testing, and flow cytometric immuno-phenotyping should be done in addition to a morphologic assessment of Acute Leukemia. In facilities where resources are relatively available, immunophenotypic and genetic features have resulted not only in providing a more accurate leukemia diagnosis but also in identifying antigens or genes that can then be targeted for therapy. This article will look at the gaps in the diagnosis of Acute leukemia in low-resource settings like Kenya and opportunities available to improve diagnosis.

Analysis of Genotoxicity Induced by Food Dyes in Root Meristem of Salvia hispanica L.

Food dyes are chemicals either natural or synthetic that were used by humans to give attractive colors to numerous food products. Colorful food products may cause several health-related issues to us because they may be prepared through synthetic food dyes. The color which is intended to attract people to eat is given to them by the use of some artificial food dyes such as Erythrosine, Allura red, Indigostine, Tartrazine, Sunset yellow, etc. These artificial food dyes are synthetic chemicals that can cause numerous health-related problems if they were taken in by individuals more than the limited amount. Artificial food dyes are becoming very common in use in different ways to provide an attractive and soothing color to food products such as sweets, drinks, candies, etc. The food products we consume with very good and attractive colors are not as good for our health as they appear. Here in this study, we are observing the cytological effect of two different synthetic food dyes (Brilliant blue and Sunset yellow) in the root meristem of Salvia hispanica L. (Chia plant) which is a major source of α-linolenic acid, mainly omega 3 fatty acids and dietary fibers found in the seed. For this purpose, germinated seeds of Chia are in the germinator. After the emergence of the young roots, we have given the treatment of the respective dyes of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% & 2% respectively with a control set. After treatment, the roots were fixed in Carnoy’s fixative and preserved in alcohol for further analysis. When the slides of the treated roots were prepared and analyzed we observed that numerous cytological abnormalities such as (stickiness, fragmentation, bridge, laggards, disorientation, etc.) were there in the root cells and the level of abnormalities are increasing with increasing treatment period due to the exposure of them to respective dyes. These results are enough to conclude that the consumption of these dyes is harmful to the health of humans.

Analysis of Disequilibrium Hybridization in Hybrid and Backcross Progenies of Saccharum officinarum × Erianthus arundinaceus

Erianthus arundinaceus is an important, closely related genus of Saccharum officinarum L. It is therefore important to understand how the chromosomes are transmitted when it hybridizes with sugarcane. The hybrids and backcross progenies of S. officinarum and E. arundinaceus and their parents were used for Karyotype analysis and to study the law of chromosome transmission. The results showed that the somatic chromosome number of both of the E. arundinaceus Hainan92-105 and Hainan92-77 were 2n = 60 = 60sm, belonging to type 1 A, and the BC1 YC01-21 was 2n = 104 = 100m ＋ 4sm, belonging to type 2C. The other six tested clones belonged to type 2B. The both F1s YC96-66 and YC96-40 that originated from Badila （2n = 80 = 70m ＋ 10sm） with E. Arundinaceus were 2n = 70 = 68m ＋ 2sm, which suggests an n ＋ n transmission. The cross between YC96-66 （female parent） and CP84-1198 （male parent, 2n = 120 = 114m ＋ 6sm） also followed the same genetic law and the somatic chromosome number of their progeny, YC01-3 （2n = 105 = 95m ＋ 10sm）. The cross derived from YC96- 40 （female） and CP84-1198 （male）, YC01-21 had 2n = 104 = 100m ＋ 4sm chromosomes, following the same genetic law of n ＋ n. However, YC01-36 had 2n = 132 = 130m ＋ 2sm chromosomes, which suggests a 2n ＋ n chromosome transmission. It can be inferred that the inheritance of chromosomes was very complex in the BC1. The difference in chromosome number between clones was as high as 28. This could be explained by the 2n ＋ n transmission of chromosomes. In addition, as there was not be a regular number of haploids, this phenomenon is termed as disequilibrium hybridization.

Morphological, cytological and molecular analyses of a synthetic hexaploid derived from an interspecific hybrid between Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium anomalum

Gossypium anomalum represents an inestimable source of genes that could potentially be transferred into the gene pool of cultivated cotton. To resolve interspecific hybrid sterility problems, we previously treated triploid hybrids derived from a cross between Gossypium hirsutum and G. anomalum with 0.15% colchicine and obtained a putative fertile hexaploid. In this study, we performed morphological, molecular and cytological analyses to assess the hybridity and doubled status of putative interspecific hybrid plants. Most of the morphological characteristics of the putative hexaploid plants were intermediate between G. hirsutum and G.anomalum. Analysis of mitotic metaphase plates revealed 78 chromosomes, confirming the doubled hybrid status of the hexaploid. Genome-wide molecular analysis with different genome-derived SSR markers revealed a high level of polymorphism(96.6%) between G. hirsutum and G. anomalum. The marker transferability rate from other species to G. anomalum was as high as 98.0%. The high percentage of polymorphic markers with additive banding profiles in the hexaploid indicates the hybridity of the hexaploid on a genome-wide level. A-genome-derived markers were more powerful for distinguishing the genomic differences between G. hirsutum and G. anomalum than D-genome-derived markers. This study demonstrates the hybridity and chromosomally doubled status of the(G. anomalum × G. hirsutum)2hexaploid using morphological, cytological and molecular marker methods. The informative SSR markers screened in the study will be useful marker resources for tracking the flow of G. anomalum genetic material among progenies that may be produced by future backcrosses to G. hirsutum.

Current update on molecular cytogenetics, diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs)are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal(GI)tract and are thought to arise from precursors of the interstitial cells of Cajal.GISTs can arise anywhere in the GI tract,but most commonly originate from the stomach and small intestine.The majority of GISTs occur as a result of activating mutations in two receptor protein tyrosine kinases:KIT and/or platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α.Mutational analyses allow for predicting patient prognosis and treatment response.Clinical presentations can vary from no symptoms,typical in the case of small incidentally found tumors,to GI bleeding,abdominal discomfort,and ulcer-related symptoms when the tumor is enlarged.Imaging plays a critical role in the diagnosis and management of these tumors with multiphasic computed tomography serving as the imaging modality of choice.Magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography-computed tomography can serve as imaging adjuncts in lesion characterization,especially with liver metastases,and subsequent staging and assessment for treatment response or recurrence.Surgical resection is the preferred management for small GISTs,while tyrosine kinase inhibitors−imatinib mesylate and sunitinib malate−serve as crucial molecular-targeted therapies for locally advanced and metastatic GISTs.This review article highlights the clinical presentation,pathology and molecular cytogenetics,imaging features,and current management of GISTs.

Inv(13)(p12 q14)一家系报道

先证者女汉族24岁,身高1.61米.体重60.1公斤。因连续生两胎畸形儿夭折就诊。第一胎为足月顺产,唇裂、腭裂.双脚各为6趾,50天时因呼吸道感染而死亡。第二胎.足月顺产,体征似第一胎,生下两天死亡。外周血染色体检查,分别计数50个细胞,G 显带分析20个核型均为46,xx.Inv(13)(p12 q14)臂间倒位.患者父亲及其兄长核型与患者相同。其丈夫体征与核型均正常。其姐、妹及母亲因居住内地未查,患者哥及姐所生子女表形均无异常。

超雄综合症一例报告(摘要)

病例报告患者男 7岁,因智力发育差就诊。身高1.35米,体重30公斤,生长发育正常.头颅、五管无异常,心、肺检查正常.智力欠佳,小阴茎.隐睾,细胞遗传学检查:常规外周血培养 G显带核型分析:计数细胞分裂相50个,G 带分析15个核型均为47,XYY。患者父亲核型46,XY.。讨论根据以上检查结果,该患者超雄综合症的发病机理,可能是源自新发生的突变.此类患者到成年后性格有不同程度的攻击倾向,如能早期发现、引导,可避免异常性格的形成,如果要求生育者必须作产前诊断,以防止有2/1发病风险的子代出生。

Detection of Cytogenetic Effects in Peripheral Lymphocytes of Students Exposed to Formaldehyde with Cytokinesis-Blocked Micronucleus Assay

Cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay was applied as a biological dosimeter to detect abnormalities in human peripheral lymphocytes of thirteen students exposed to formaldehyde (FA) during a 12-week (10 h per week) anatomy class. Breathing-zone air samples colleeted during dissection procedures showed a mean concentration of 2. 37 ppm (3. 17mg/m3 ). Ten students from the same school but without FA exposure served as controls. Chromosome aberrations (CA) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) were detected in both groups. The micronuclei (MN) rate (6. 38 ± 2. 50‰ ) and CA rate (5. 92 ±2. 40‰ ) in the FA-exposed group showed a significant increase (P< 0. 01 ) when compared with those of the controls (3. 15 ±1. 46‰and 3. 40 ± 1. 57 % respectively). A correlation between MN and CA in individuals was observed. SCE in the exmpd group were also increased (P< 0. 05), but not so greatly as MN or CA. The results indicated that FA might damage the chromosomes of human lymphocytes.

Neoplastic-Like CELL Changes of Normal Fibroblast Cells Associated with Evolutionary Conserved Maternal and Paternal Genomic Autonomous Behavior (Gonomery)

The present comparative review discusses conservation of early evolutionary, relic genetics in the genome of man, which determine two different mechanistic reductive division systems expressed by normal, human diploid cells. The divisions were orderly and segregated genomes reductively to near-diploid daughter cells, which showed gain of a proliferative advantage (GPA) over cells of origin. This fact of GPA expression is a fundamental requirement for initiation of tumorigenesis. The division systems were responses to a carcinogen-free induction system, consisting of short (1 - 3 days) exposures of young cells to nutritional deprivation of amino acid glutamine (AAD). In recovery growth (2 - 4 days) endo-tetra/ochtoploid cells and normal diploid metaphase cells demonstrated chromosomal reductive divisions to respectively heterozygous and homozygous altered daughter cells. Both division systems showed co-segregating whole complements, which for reduction of the diploid metaphases could only arise from gonomeric-based autonomous behavior of maternal and paternal (mat/pat) genomes. The timely associated appearance with these latter divisions was fast growing small-cells (1/2 volume-size reduced from normal diploidy), which became homozygous from haploid, genomic doubling. Both reductive divisions thus produced genome altered progeny cells with GPA, which was associated with pre-cancer-like cell-phenotypic changes. Since both “undesirable” reductive divisions expressed orderly division sequences, their genetic controls were assumed to be “old genetics”, evolutionarily conserved in the genome of man. Support for this idea was a search for evidential material in the evolutionary record from primeval time, when haploid organisms were established. The theory was that endopolyploid and gonomery-based reductive divisions relieved the early eukaryotic organisms from accidental, non-proliferative diploidy and polyploidy, bringing the organism back to vegetative haploid proliferation. Asexual cycles were common for maintenance of propagating haploid and diploid early unicellular eukaryotes. Reduction of accidental diploidy was referred to as “one-step meiosis” which meant gonomeric-based maternal and paternal genomic independent segregations. This interpretation was supported by exceptional chromosomal behaviors. However, multiple divisions expressing non-disjunction was the choice-explanation from evolutionists, which today is also suggested for the rarer LL-1 near haploid leukemia. These preserved non-mitotic mechanistic divisions systems are today witnessed in apomixes and parthenogenesis in many animal phyla. Thus, the indications are the modern genome of man harbors, relic-genetics from past “good” evolvements assuring “stable” proliferation of ancient, primitive eukaryotes, but with cancer-like effects for normal human cells.

Cytogenetic Mapping of Disease Resistance Genes and Analysis of Their Distribution Features on Chromosomes in Maize

Cytogenetic maps of four clusters of disease resistance genes were generated by ISH of the two RFLP markers tightly linked to and flanking each of maize resistance genes and the cloned resistance genes from other plant species onto maize chromosomes, combining with data published before. These genes include Helminthosporium turcium Pass resistance genes Ht1, Htn1 and Ht2, Helminthosporium maydis Nisik resistance genes Rhm1 and Rhm2, maize dwarf mosaic virus resistance gene Mdm1, wheat streak mosaic virus resistance gene Wsm1, Helminthosporium carbonum ULLstrup resistance gene Hml and the cloned Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae resistance gene Xa21 of rice, Cladosporium fulvum resistance genes Cf-9 and Cf-2.1 of tomato,and Pseudomonas syringae resistance gene RPS2 of Arabidopsis. Most of the tested disease resistance genes located on the four chromosomes, i.e., chromosomes1, 3, 6 and 8, and they closely distributed at the interstitial regions of these chromosomal long arms with percentage distances ranging 31.44(±3.72)-72.40(±3.25) except for genes Rhm1, Rhm2, Mdm1 and Wsm1 which mapped on the satellites of the short arms of chromosome6. It showed that the tested RFLP markers and genes were duplicated or triplicated in maize genome. Homology and conservation of disease resistance genes among species, and relationship between distribution features and functions of the genes were discussed. The results provide important scientific basis for deeply understanding structure and function of disease resistance genes and breeding in maize.

Comparison of Mitoxantrone in Combination with Intermediate-dose Cytarabine versus High-dose Cytarabine as Consolidation Therapies for Young Non-APL Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients with Favorable and Intermediate Cytogenetics

In this study,we compared the efficacy of mitoxantrone in combination with intermediate-dose cytarabine（HAM） with that of high-dose cytarabine alone（Hi DAC） as consolidation regimens in non-acute promyelocytic leukemia（APL） acute myeloid leukemia patients with favorable and intermediate cytogenetics.A total of 62 patients from Shenzhen People＇s Hospital were enrolled in this study.All patients enrolled received standard induction chemotherapy and achieved the first complete remission（CR1）.In these patients,24 received Hi DAC and 38 received HAM as consolidation.The median relapse free survival（RFS） and overall survival（OS） were similar between these two consolidation regimens.Even in subgroup analysis according to risk stratification,the combination regimen conferred no benefit in longterm outcome in patients with favorable or intermediate cytogenetics.However,in patients receiving HAM regimen,the lowest neutrophil count was lower,neutropenic period longer,neutropenic fever rate higher,and more platelet transfusion support was required.HAM group also tended to have higher rate of sepsis than Hi DAC group.According to our results,we suggest that combination treatment with mitoxantrone and intermediate-dose cytarabine has limited value as compared to Hi DAC,even in young non-APL AML patients with favorable and intermediate cytogenetics.

Cytogenetic Mechanism for the Aneuploidy and Mosaicism Foundin Tetraploid Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas （Thunberg）

Chromosome constitution was investigated in adult tetraploid Pacific oyster produced by blocking the first polar body oftriploid eggs which were fertilized with haploid sperms. A high incidence of aneuploid and heteroploid mosaics were found amongthe offspring. Of 20 individuals identified, only 9 （45%） were eutetraploid which contained 40 chromosomes; 2 （10%） were ane-uploid （hypotetraploid）, which contained 39 and 38 chromosomes, respectively; and 9 （45%） were heteroploid mosaics. One mosaicwas consisted of cells containing 40 and 39 chromosomes, respectiovely （1：1 in cell number）, while the other 8 were consisted ofcells containing chromosomes varying between tetraploid and triploid. It was also interesting to note that 3 mosaics even containedsome diploid cells with 20 chromosomes. A certain number of cells of 2 tetraploids and 8 mosaics spread with 32-37 well-scatteredand some clumped chromosomes at metaphase. The percentage of aneuploid cells with chromosomes varying between triploid andtetraploid correlated significantly with that of heteroploid mosaics cells with clumping chromosomes （P〈0.05）. Our findings sug-gested that reversion existed in both tetraploid and triploid oyster and chromosome clumping may underline the chromosome elimi-nation in tetraploid oyster. It seems that the reversing cells, at least some of them, continuously eliminate their chromosomes until themost stable diploid state is established.

Cytogenetics and germplasm enrichment in Brassica allopolyploids in China

This paper reviews research advances in cytogenetics and germplasm innovation in Brassica allopolyploids, particularly oilseed rape（Brassica napus）, in China. Three naturally evolved Brassica allotetraploid species are cytologically stable but tend to preferentially lose several chromosomes from one subgenome when induced by alien chromosome elimination. A-subgenome is extracted from B. napus, and the ancestral Brassica rapa was restituted after the total loss of C-subgenome chromosomes. Genome-wide genetic and epigenetic alterations were observed in both natural and synthetic Brassica allotetraploids. B. napus was subjected to extensive interspecific hybridization with landraces of B. rapa and Brassica juncea, which exhibit abundant phenotype variations, to widen the genetic diversity in breeding and select numerous elite germplasm resources and cultivars; these cultivars include the representative Zhongyou 821, which also parented numerous other varieties. Novel B. napus genotypes were obtained using Brassica trigenomic hybrids and allohexaploids（2 n=54, AABBCC） by combining subgenomes from extant allotetraploids and diploids as bridge. Alien additions, substitutions, and translocations of the B. napus genome were developed by intergeneric/intertribal sexual and somatic hybridizations with several crucifers. Furthermore, mitochondrial DNA recombination promoted the production of novel cytoplasmic male sterile lines.