Cytokine-induced killer (ClK) cells:from basic research to clinical translation

The accumulation of basic researches and clinical studies related to cytokine-induced killer(CIK) cells has confirmed their safety and feasibility in treating malignant diseases.This review summarizes the available published literature related to the biological characteristics and clinical applications of CIK cells in recent years.A number of clinical trials with CIK cells have been implemented during the progressive phases of cancer,presenting potential widespread applications of CIK cells for the future.Furthermore,this review briefly compares clinical applications of CIK cells with those of other adoptive immunotherapeutic cells.However,at present,there are no uniform criteria or large-scale preparations of CIK cells.The overall clinical response is difficult to evaluate because of the use of autologous CIK cells.Based on these observations,several suggestions regarding uniform criteria and universal sources for CIK cell preparations and the use of CIK cells either combined with chemotherapy or alone as a primary strategy are briefly proposed in this review.Large-scale,controlled,grouped,and multi-center clinical trials on CIK cell-based immunotherapy should be conducted under strict supervision.These interventions might help to improve future clinical applications and increase the clinical curative effects of CIK cells for a broad range of malignancies in the future.

Intraperitoneal perfusion of cytokine-induced killer cells with local hyperthermia for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM:To study the effect and tolerance of intraperitoneal perfusion of cytokine-induced killer(CIK) cells in combination with local radio frequency(RF) hyperthermia in patients with advanced primary hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).METHODS:Patients with advanced primary HCC were included in this study.CIK cells were perfused intraperitoneal twice a week,using 3.2 × 10 9 to 3.6 × 10 9 cells each session.Local RF hyperthermia was performed 2 h after intraperitoneal perfusion.Following an interval of one month,the next course of treatment was administered.Patients received treatment until disease progression.Tumor size,immune indices(CD3 +,CD4 +,CD3 + CD8 +,CD3 + CD56 +),alpha-fetoprotein(AFP) level,abdominal circumference and adverse events were recorded.Time to progression and overall survival(OS) were calculated.RESULTS:From June 2010 to July 2011,31 patients diagnosed with advanced primary HCC received intraperitoneal perfusion of CIK cells in combination with local RF hyperthermia in our study.Patients received an average of 4.2 ± 0.6 treatment courses(range,1-8 courses).Patients were followed up for 8.3 ± 0.7 mo(range,2-12 mo).Following combination treatment,CD4 +,CD3 + CD8 + and CD3 + CD56 + cells increased from 35.78% ± 3.51%,24.61% ± 4.19% and 5.94% ± 0.87% to 45.83% ± 2.48%(P = 0.016),39.67% ± 3.38%(P = 0.008) and 10.72% ± 0.67%(P = 0.001),respectively.AFP decreased from 167.67 ± 22.44 to 99.89 ± 22.05 ng/mL(P = 0.001) and abdominal circumference decreased from 97.50 ± 3.45 cm to 87.17 ± 4.40 cm(P = 0.002).The disease control rate was 67.7%.The most common adverse events were low fever and slight abdominal erubescence,which resolved without treatment.The median time to progression was 6.1 mo.The 3-,6-and 9-mo and 1-year survival rates were 93.5%,77.4%,41.9% and 17.4%,respectively.The median OS was 8.5 mo.CONCLUSION:Intraperitoneal perfusion of CIK cells in combination with local RF hyperthermia is safe,can efficiently improve immunological status,and may prolong survival in HCC patients.

Immunotherapy with dendritic cells and cytokine-induced killer cells for hepatocellular carcinoma: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) has been revealed as the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The introduction of cell-based immunotherapy, including dendritic cells(DCs) and cytokine-induced killer cells(CIKs), has brought HCC patients an effective benefit. However, the efficacy and necessity of cellular immunotherapy after different interventional therapy remains to be further explored.AIM To investigate the efficacy of cellular immunotherapy, involving DCs and CIKs,combined with different conventional treatments of HCC.METHODS We performed a literature search on PubMed and Web of Science up to February15, 2019. Long-term efficacy(overall survival and recurrence) and short-term adverse effects were investigated to assess the effectiveness of immunotherapy with DCs and/or CIKs. Review Manager 5.3 was used to perform the analysis.RESULTS A total of 22 studies involving 3756 patients selected by eligibility inclusion criteria were forwarded for meta-analysis. Combined with the conventional clinical treatment, immunotherapy with DCs and/or CIKs was demonstrated to significantly improve overall survival at 6 mo [risk ratio(RR) = 1.07;95%confidence interval(CI): 1.01-1.13, P = 0.02], 1 year(RR = 1.12;95%CI: 1.07-1.17, P< 0.00001), 3 years(RR = 1.23;95%CI: 1.15-1.31, P < 0.00001) and 5 years(RR =1.26;95%CI: 1.15-1.37, P < 0.00001). Recurrence rate was significantly reduced by cellular immunotherapy at 6 mo(RR = 0.50;95%CI: 0.36-0.69, P < 0.0001) and 1 year(RR = 0.82;95%CI: 0.75-0.89, P < 0.00001). Adverse effect assessment addressed that immunotherapy with DCs and/or CIKs was accepted as a safe,feasible treatment.CONCLUSION Combination immunotherapy with DCs, CIKs and DC/CIK with various routine treatments for HCC was evidently suggested to improve patients’ prognosis by increasing overall survival and reducing cancer recurrence.

Effect of anti-asthma Chinese medicine Chuankezhi on the anti-tumor activity of cytokine-induced killer cells

Chuankezhi(CKZ),a new Chinese medicine,plays an important role in immunoregulation.Cytokineinduced killer(CIK)cells have been commonly used for immunotherapy in recent years.In this study,we aimed to investigate the immunoregulatory effect of CKZ on CIK cells.Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from healthy donors,and CIK cells were generated by culturing monocytes with interferon-gamma(IFN-γ)and interleukin 2.Different concentrations of CKZ were added on day 2.After incubation for 14days in culture,the antitumor effects of CIK cells were measured by cytotoxicity assay.Flow cytometry was used to explore the effect of CKZ on CIK cell immunophenotype,intracellular cytokine production,and apoptosis.The effect of CKZ on the antitumor activity of CIK cells in nude mice was also investigated.CKZ increased the percentage of CD3+CD56+CIK cells but did not significantly change the percentage of CD4+,CD8+,or CD4+CD25+CIK cells.CKZ-conditioned CIK cells showed a greater ability to kill tumor cells,as well as a higher frequency of IFN-γand TNF-αproduction,compared with the CIK cells in the control group.CKZ also suppressed the apoptosis of CIK cells in vitro.Furthermore,CKZ combined with CIK cells had a stronger suppressive effect on tumor growth in vivo than the CIK,CKZ,or normal saline control groups.Our results indicate that CKZ enhances the antitumor activity of CIK cells and is a potential medicine for tumor immunotherapy.

Adjuvant treatment for triple-negative breast cancer: a retrospective study of immunotherapy with autologous cytokine-induced killer cells in 294 patients

Objective: To examine the efficacy and safety of a sequential combination of chemotherapy and autologous cytokine-induced killer(CIK) cell treatment in triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC) patients.Methods: A total of 294 post-surgery TNBC patients participated in the research from January 1, 2009 to January 1, 2015. After adjuvant chemotherapy, autologous CIK cells were introduced in 147 cases(CIK group), while adjuvant chemotherapy alone was used to treat the remaining 147 cases(control group). The major endpoints of the investigation were the disease-free survival(DFS) and overall survival(OS). Additionally, the side effects of the treatment were evaluated.Results: In the CIK group, the DFS and OS intervals of the patients were significantly longer than those of the control group(DFS:P = 0.047;OS: P = 0.007). The multivariate analysis demonstrated that the TNM(tumor-node-metastasis) stage and adjuvant CIK treatment were independent prognostic factors for both DFS [hazard ratio(HR)= 0.520, 95% confidence interval(CI):0.271-0.998, P = 0.049;HR = 1.449, 95% CI:1.118-1.877, P = 0.005, respectively] and OS(HR=0.414, 95% CI:0.190-0.903, P = 0.027;HR= 1.581, 95% CI:1.204-2.077, P = 0.001, respectively) in patients with TNBC. Additionally, longer DFS and OS intervals were associated with increased number of CIK treatment cycles(DFS: P = 0.020;OS: P = 0.040). The majority of the patients who benefitted from CIK cell therapy were relatively early-stage TNBC patients.Conclusion: Chemotherapy in combination with adjuvant CIK could be used to lower the relapse and metastasis rate, thus effectively extending the survival time of TNBC patients, especially those at early stages.

Hepatocellular carcinoma-specific immunotherapy with synthesized α1,3-galactosyl epitope-ulsed dendritic cells and cytokine-induced killer cells

AIM： To evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of a new immunotherapy using both α-Gal epitope-pulsed dendritic cells （DCs） and cytokine-induced killer cells. METHODS： Freshly collected hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） tumor tissues were incubated with a mixture of neuraminidase and recombinant αl,3-galactosyltrans- ferase （αI,3GT） to synthesize α-Gal epitopes on car- bohydrate chains of the glycoproteins of tumor mem- branes. The subsequent incubation of the processed membranes in the presence of human natural anti-Gal IgG resulted in the effective phagocytosis to the tumor membrane by DCs. Eighteen patients aged 38-78 years with stage 111 primary HCC were randomly chosen for the study; 9 patients served as controls, and 9 patients were enrolled in the study group.RESULTS： The evaluation demonstrated that the pro- cedure was safe; no serious side effects or autoimmune diseases were observed. The therapy significantly pro- longed the survival of treated patients as compared with the controls （17.1 ± 2.01 mo vs 10.1 ±4.5 mo, P = 0.00121）. After treatment, all patients in the study group had positive delayed hypersensitivity and robust systemic cytotoxicity in response to tumor lysate as measured by interferon-y-expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay. They also displayed increased numbers of CD8-, CD45RO- and CD56-positive cells in the peripheral blood and decreased α-fetoprotein level in the se- rum. CONCLUSION： This new tumor-specific immunotherapy is safe, effective and has a great potential for the treat- ment of tumors.

A randomized controlled trial of postoperative tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells and cytokine-induced killer cells immunotherapy in patients with localized and locally advanced renal cell carcinoma

Background It remains a challenge to inhibit the local recurrence or distant metastasis of localized or locally advanced renal cell carcinoma （RCC） after surgical resection. We investigated the feasibility, safety and efficacy of immunotherapy using autologous tumor lysate （TL）-pulsed dendritic cells （DCs） and cytokine-induced killer （CIK） cells in patients with localized or locally advanced RCC.

Antitumour activities of cytokine-induced killer cells and dendritic cells in vitro and in vivo

Solid tumour cells show a resistance to immunological effector cells in vitro. The resistance may be one reason why these tumours withstand immunotherapeutic approaches in humans. Dendritic cells （DC） play an important role in the immune response to tumour associated antigens in humans. DC in the periphery capture and process antigens, express lymphocyte costimulatory molecules, migrate to lymphoid organs and secrete cytokines to initiate immune response.

Clinical study of co-treatment with DC-CIK cells for advanced solid carcinomas

Objective： The aim of this study was to observe the therapeutic effect of cytokine induced killer （CIK） cells in combination with dendritic cells （DCs） on advanced solid carcinoma patients. Methods： Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMCs） from 110 advanced solid tumor patients. Added granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor （GM-CSF）, tumor necrosis factor-a （TNF-a） and interleukin-4 （IL-4） to adherent cells to induce DCs, and sensitized DCs with antigens of autologous tumor cells or extrinsic tumor cell lines. Cultured suspending cells with interferon-y （IFN-y）, interleukin-2 （IL-2） and CD3 monoclonal antibody （CD3 McAb） to prepare CIK cells, then co-cultured with DCs. After analyzing the phenotype and checking tumor markers and immune function, the autologous CIK cells and DCs were transfused into the cancer patients. Results： Forty-two patients with measurable nidus, 2 achieved complete remission （CR）, 9 partial remission （PR） and 15 stable disease （SD）, while 37 patients with immeasurable nidus, 25 had efficient response. The tumor markers and immune function both improved significantly compared with those before treatment. Conclusion： DCs and CIK cells combinational treatment is safe and effective on advanced solid carcinoma and provide a new and efficacious immunity therapeutic methods for the cancer patients.

Infusions of recipient-derived cytokine-induced killer cells of donor origin eradicated residual disease in a relapsed leukemia patient after allo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

A female patient diagnosed with acute myelocytic leukemia M5a （AML-M5a） relapsed 986 days after her allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation （alIo-PBSCT） from an unrelated male donor with matched human leukocyte antigen （HLA）. Three re-induction chemotherapies were administered, and partial remission was achieved. The patient was given repetitive infusion of cytokine-induced killer （CIK） cells expanded from recipient peripheral mononuclear cells of full donor chimerism due to loss of contact of quondam donor for donor lymphocyte infusion （DLI） and rejection of second transplantation. The patient achieved complete cytogenetical remission. This strategy might overcome the obstacle of donor unavailability and present an appealing new therapeutic alternative to donor-recruited adoptive immunotherapy for relapsed disease at post-transplantation.

Feeder-free differentiation of human iPSCs into natural killer cells with cytotoxic potential against malignant brain rhabdoid tumor cells

Natural killer(NK)cells are cytotoxic immune cells that can eliminate target cells without prior stimulation.Human induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs)provide a robust source of NK cells for safe and effective cell-based immunotherapy against aggressive cancers.In this in vitro study,a feeder-free iPSC differentiation was performed to obtain iPSC-NK cells,and distinct maturational stages of iPSC-NK were characterized.Mature cells of CD56^(bright)CD16^(bright)phenotype showed upregulation of CD56,CD16,and NK cell activation markers NKG2D and NKp46 upon IL-15 exposure,while exposure to aggressive atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor(ATRT)cell lines enhanced NKG2D and NKp46 expression.Malignant cell exposure also increased CD107a degranulation markers and stimulated IFN-γsecretion in activated NK cells.CD56^(bright)CD16^(bright)iPSC-NK cells showed a ratio-dependent killing of ATRT cells,and the percentage lysis of CHLA-05-ATRT was higher than that of CHLA-02-ATRT.The iPSC-NK cells were also cytotoxic against other brain,kidney,and lung cancer cell lines.Further NK maturation yielded CD56^(-ve) CD16^(bright)cells,which lacked activation markers even after exposure to interleukins or ATRT cells-indicating diminished cytotoxicity.Generation and characterization of different NK phenotypes from iPSCs,coupled with their promising anti-tumor activity against ATRT in vitro,offer valuable insights into potential immunotherapeutic strategies for brain tumors.

Increasing the frequency of CIK cells adoptive immunotherapy may decrease risk of death in gastric cancer patients

AIM: To analyze the correlation between cytokineinduced killer (CIK) cells adoptive immunotherapy and cancer-related death in gastric cancer patients. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-six gastric cancer patients after operation at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University were enrolled in this study. Their clinical data including demographic characteristics, operation time, tumor size, pathological type and staging, tumor metastasis, outcome of chemotherapy or CIK cells adoptive immunotherapy, survival time or time of death were collected with a standard structured questionnaire. Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the median survival time, and the 2- and 5- year survival rates. Hazard risk (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of CIK cells adoptive immunotherapy for gastric cancer were calculated using the two-stage time-dependent covariates Cox model. RESULTS: The survival time of gastric cancer patients was longer after CIK cells adoptive immunotherapy than after chemotherapy (χ 2 = 10.907, P = 0.001). The median survival time of gastric cancer patients was also longer after CIK cells adoptive immunotherapy than after chemotherapy (49 mo vs 27 mo, P < 0.05). The 2- and 5-year survival rates of gastric cancer patients were significantly higher after CIK cells adoptive immunotherapy than after chemotherapy (73.5% vs 52.6%, 40.4% vs 23.9%, P < 0.05). A significant difference was observed in the survival curve for patients who received CIK cells adoptive immunotherapy (0, 1-10, 11-25, and over 25 frequencies) (χ 2 = 14.534, P = 0.002). The frequencies of CIK cells adoptive immunotherapy were significantly related with the decreasing risk of death in gastric cancer patients after adjustment for sex and age of the patients, tumor stage and relapse (HR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.36-0.80) when the first stage Cox model was used to define the subjects who remained alive beyond 36 mo as survivors. However, no correlation was observed between the frequencies of death in CIK cells adoptive immunotherapy and the risk of gastric cancer patients (HR = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.63-0.89) when the second stage Cox model was used to define the subjects who survived for more than 36 mo as survivors. CONCLUSION: The survival time of the gastric cancer patients treated with chemotherapy combined with CIK cells adoptive immunotherapy is significantly longer than that of the patients treated with chemotherapy alone and increasing the frequency of CIK cells adoptive immunotherapy seems to benefit patients more.

动脉灌注化疗联合细胞因子诱导杀伤细胞治疗晚期卵巢癌疗效及对患者血清癌胚抗原、糖类抗原125、可溶性B7-H4蛋白水平的影响

目的:探讨卵巢癌动脉灌注化疗联合细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(CIK)治疗晚期卵巢癌疗效及对患者血清癌胚抗原(CEA)、糖类抗原125(CA125)、可溶性B7-H4蛋白(sB7-H4)水平的影响。方法:选择103例晚期卵巢癌患者,随机分为两组,对照组(n=52)行动脉灌注化疗,观察组(n=51)行动脉灌注化疗联合CIK治疗。评价两组患者治疗效果,比较治疗前后卵巢血流参数指标搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)、收缩期峰值流速(PSV)变化及血清癌胚抗原CEA、CA125、sB7-H4水平变化,随访3年,记录两组患者3年生存率。结果:观察组总有效率88.23%高于对照组的61.54%(P<0.05)。治疗后观察组PI、RI值较对照组升高,RSV值较对照组降低(均P<0.05)。治疗后观察组血清CEA、CA125、sB7-H4水平低于对照组(均P<0.05)。观察组3年生存率为78.43%高于对照组3年生存率为57.69%(P<0.05)。结论:卵巢癌患者行髂内动脉灌注化疗联合CIK治疗是一种安全、有效的治疗手段,但对于化疗中药物的使用及剂量大小仍需进一步研究,以确定选择最优药物和制定最佳治疗方案。

肿瘤特异性个体化多靶点DC-CIK治疗原发性肝癌的临床疗效与安全性

目的:评价肿瘤特异性个体化多靶点自体树突状细胞-细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(DC-CIK)治疗中晚期原发性肝癌(PLC)的临床疗效与安全性。方法:回顾性分析2019年10月至2021年9月东部战区总医院肿瘤科行DC-CIK治疗的119例中晚期PLC患者的临床资料。根据患者治疗时负载DC的抗原不同将患者分为两组,一组使用患者自体特异性多肽负载为pDC-CIK组(n=21),另一组使用肿瘤细胞裂解物负载为DC-CIK组(n=98)。分析两组患者治疗前后的临床资料,包括治疗效果和治疗前后甲胎蛋白、淋巴细胞亚群、细胞因子(IL-2、IFN-γ、TNF-α和IL-6)水平的变化、不良反应发生情况等。结果:119例PLC患者治疗后,pDC-CIK和DC-CIK组两组客观缓解率均为0%,疾病控制率分别为76.1%和72.4%(P>0.05)。治疗后两组患者CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)、CD56^(+)、CD25^(+)和CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞水平无统计学差异(均P>0.05),治疗后两组患者外周血IL-2、IFN-γ、TNF-α和IL-6的平均水平均显著高于治疗前(均P<0.001),两组患者治疗后外周血IL-2、TNF-α和IL-6的平均水平无显著差异(均P>0.05),而pDC-CIK组IFN-γ水平显著高于DC-CIK组(P<0.05)。pDC-CIK组患者平均生存时间为59.84个月,高于DC-CIK组的46.54个月,但无统计学差异(P=0.16)。治疗过程中无严重不良反应的发生。结论:PLC患者行肿瘤特异性个体化多靶点DC-CIK治疗是安全有效的,并能改善免疫功能,相较肿瘤细胞裂解物负载DC-CIK有进一步获益趋势。

DC-CIK不同输注方式治疗原发性肝癌的临床疗效和预后

目的:探讨不同途径输注DC-CIK对中晚期原发性肝癌(PLC)的治疗效果和预后价值。方法:回顾性分析2018年10月至2021年9月间东部战区总医院肿瘤科DC-CIK治疗的69例中晚期PLC患者的临床资料,根据DC-CIK治疗时采用的输注方式不同将患者分为肝动脉灌注(HAI)组(n=29)和静脉输注(Ⅳ)组(n=40),比较两组患者的临床疗效、外周血T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)T和CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)T细胞比值),以及细胞因子(IL-2、IL-6、IFN-γ和TNF-α)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)的变化、总生存期(OS)和不良反应发生情况。结果:69例PLC患者经DC-CIK治疗后,HAI组患者的客观缓解率(ORR)为0%,疾病控制率(DCR)为75.8%;Ⅳ组患者的ORR为0%,DCR为72.5%(P>0.05)。两组患者治疗前后T淋巴细胞亚群指标变化差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05),两组患者治疗后外周血IL-2、IL-6、IFN-γ和TNF-α的平均水平均显著高于治疗前(均P<0.01),两组间比较无显著差异(P>0.05);HAI组患者平均OS为48.17个月,Ⅳ组OS为39.65个月,两组间比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。治疗过程中无严重不良反应发生。结论:自体DC-CIK HAI治疗PLC安全有效,较Ⅳ治疗有提升临床获益的趋势,值得临床借鉴。

TACE联合PD-1抑制剂与DC-CIK治疗晚期肝细胞肝癌的临床研究

目的分析经肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)联合程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)抑制剂与树突状细胞(DC)-细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(CIK)治疗晚期肝细胞肝癌的临床效果。方法前瞻性选择2019年5月至2022年3月扬州大学医学院海安临床学院收治的92例晚期肝细胞肝癌患者,依照随机数字表法将其分为研究组(n=46)及对照组(n=46)。对照组接受TACE联合DC-CIK治疗,研究组在对照组的基础上联合PD-1抑制剂治疗,2组均治疗3个月。对比2组疾病控制率(DCR),成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)、CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)水平,癌症患者生活质量核心量表(QLQ-C30)评分,以及不良反应情况。结果研究组DCR(71.74%)比对照组(50.00%)高(P<0.05)。治疗后,2组FGF、CEA、AFP水平均降低(P<0.05),且研究组更低(P<0.05)。治疗后,2组患者CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)均升高(P<0.05),且研究组更高(P<0.05);CD8^(+)均降低(P<0.05),且研究组更低(P<0.05)。治疗后,2组QLQ-C30评分均升高(P<0.05),且研究组更高(P<0.05)。2组Ⅰ~Ⅳ级甲状腺功能减退、高血压、手足综合征、皮疹发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论TACE联合PD-1抑制剂与DC-CIK治疗晚期肝细胞肝癌有效,可降低FGF、CEA、AFP水平,提高免疫功能,改善生存质量,且安全可靠。

细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞可诱导bcr-abl阳性的K562细胞凋亡

表达bcr abl的K5 6 2细胞能抵抗不同化疗药物诱导的细胞凋亡 ,为了观察细胞因子诱导的杀伤 (CIK)细胞能否诱导表达bcr abl的K5 6 2细胞凋亡 ,应用流式细胞术DNA亚G1期分析法比较了CIK和化疗药物 (喜树碱和VP 16 )诱导K5 6 2及CEM细胞发生凋亡的情况。结果表明 ,RT PCR检测显示K5 6 2细胞表达bcr abl融合基因mRNA ,单独K5 6 2细胞对照组、K5 6 2 /喜树碱组及K5 6 2 /VP 16组均未见亚G1期峰 ,K5 6 2 /CIK组亚G1期峰值为38.1% ;单独CEM细胞对照组未见亚G1期峰 ,CEM /喜树碱组亚G1期峰值为 2 3.5 % ,CEM /VP 16组亚G1期峰值为 32 .3% ,CEM/CIK组亚G1期峰值为 4 5 .4 %。结论 :喜树碱和VP 16不能诱导表达bcr abl的K5 6 2细胞凋亡 ,而CIK细胞能诱导K5 6 2细胞凋亡 。

DC-CIK细胞的生物学活性及体外抗白血病作用的研究(英文)

本研究探讨树突状细胞(DC)对细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(CIK)增殖能力、免疫表型、分泌细胞因子水平及抗白血病细胞的作用。健康人外周血单个核细胞诱导DC和CIK,将DC与CIK共培养,以CIK细胞单独培养为对照。用台盼蓝活细胞计数计算细胞扩增倍数,MTT法测定杀伤活性,流式细胞术分析免疫表型,ELISA双抗体夹心法测定干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、白介素-12(IL-12)的水平。结果表明:DC-CIK细胞增殖能力明显高于CIK细胞(p<0.05);DC、CIK细胞共培养后,CD3+CD8+、CD3+CD56+细胞比率较相同条件下CIK细胞组显著增多(p<0.05);共培养3天,DC-CIK细胞上清液中IL-12、IFN-γ水平均比CIK细胞单独培养的水平高(p<0.01,p<0.05);在5∶1-40∶1的效靶比范围内,DC-CIK细胞对白血病细胞的杀伤率显著高于CIK细胞(p<0.05),且杀伤率与效靶比呈正相关。结论:DC增加CIK细胞的增殖能力和抗白血病活性,有可能作为一种临床有效的抗白血病免疫治疗手段。

结肠癌患者CME术后化疗联合DC-CIK细胞免疫治疗的临床疗效和安全性

目的:探讨结肠癌患者完整结肠系膜切除(complete mesocolic excision,CME)术后化疗联合DC-CIK细胞免疫治疗的临床疗效和安全性。方法:收集2012年6月至2013年12月河北省沧州中西医结合医院肿瘤外科的82例Ⅲ期结肠癌患者,随机分为两组,均接受CME手术。单纯化疗组(n=42)采用Cape OX方案,给予6周期化疗;DC-CIK细胞免疫治疗联合化疗组(联合治疗组,n=40)除采用Cape OX方案化疗外,同时给予负载自身肿瘤抗原的DC肿瘤疫苗和细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(CIK)进行细胞免疫治疗。观察两组患者治疗前后CEA的变化、细胞免疫指标(外周血CD3^+、CD4^+、CD8^+、CD19^+、CD56^+及CD4^+CD25^+FOXP3^+Treg细胞的百分比)、治疗期间的药物毒副作用以及比较两组2年肿瘤复发率。结果:两组患者术后2周CEA数值较术前均有明显下降(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗前、后及术后1年的CEA数值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。单纯化疗组术后2年的CEA数值与治疗后及与联合治疗组相比均明显升高(均P<0.05)。单纯化疗组化疗后CD8^+和Treg细胞的百分比明显下降(P<0.05),余指标变化无统计学意义。联合治疗组治疗后CD3^+、CD4^+、CD8^+、CD19^+、CD3^+ CD56^+细胞的百分比显著提高(P<0.05),Treg细胞的百分比明显下降(P<0.05)。联合治疗组患者的骨髓抑制、恶心呕吐、腹泻、外周神经毒性及手足综合征等药物毒副作用的发生率均明显降低(均P<0.05)。单纯化疗组的2年肿瘤复发率为23.81%,联合治疗组为7.5%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:DC-CIK细胞免疫治疗联合化疗可以提高结肠癌患者术后的机体免疫功能,改善生活质量,减少化疗药物的毒副作用,并明显降低肿瘤2年的复发率。

DC-CIK细胞治疗局部晚期和晚期胰腺癌患者的临床疗效

目的:探讨树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)联合细胞因子诱导的杀伤(cytokine-induced killer,CIK)细胞治疗局部晚期和晚期胰腺癌的安全性和有效性。方法:采集2011年7月至2012年5月在解放军第81医院生物治疗科治疗的24例Ⅲ～Ⅳ期胰腺癌患者外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC),体外诱导培养DC和CIK细胞。DC经胰腺癌细胞株(PANC-1)裂解物致敏后与CIK细胞回输至胰腺癌患者,观察DC-CIK细胞治疗前后患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群、血清肿瘤标志物的改变以及临床疗效。结果:DC-CIK细胞治疗3个月后,胰腺癌患者外周血CD3+T细胞、CD8+T细胞和CD4+CD25+Treg细胞比例均显著下降(均P<0.05),CD4+/CD8+比值升高[(1.1±0.7)vs(1.5±0.9),P<0.05]。血清肿瘤标志物CA19-9在治疗后1个月[(382.8±277.7)vs(213.8±214.6),P<0.05]和治疗后3个月[(213.8±214.6)vs(154.0±118.2),P<0.01)持续下降。24例患者无1例完全缓解,其中3例部分缓解,4例疾病稳定,17例疾病进展;治疗有效率为12.5%,疾病控制率为29.2%;中位生存期为5.7个月,6个月生存率为33%,9个月生存率为27%。治疗期间所有患者均未出现3～4级不良反应。结论:DC-CIK细胞治疗局部晚期和晚期胰腺癌患者安全可行,可改善患者免疫功能并产生临床获益。