Interleukin-1 Beta (IL-1<i>β</i>) in the Peripheral Blood of Dogs as a Possible Marker for the Detection of Early Stages of Inflammation

Background: Cytokines are mediators of disease. Expression levels in the blood could be of clinical relevance. Objective: Aim of this study was to show if serum levels of IL-1β could be of any clinical relevance concerning dogs. IL-1β was measured in serum samples of healthy dogs to find a reference range for healthy individuals. Measurements of IL-1β should show if this substance was a possible marker for early stages of inflammation. Therefore, a possible relation between serum levels and grades of leukocytosis was analyzed. Methods: IL-1β concentrations in the blood were assessed by the use of a human enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 39 dogs with different inflammatory diseases were analyzed to figure out if there was a correlation between IL-1β serum levels and the number of leukocytes in peripheral blood. The control group consisted of 16 healthy dogs. Results: about half of the samples IL-1β were detected. Most of the patients showed no detectable amounts of IL-1β. The IL-1β levels measured in the serum were stable for at least nine weeks when stored at ?20?C. The patients tested positively on IL-1β had mostly lower-grade leukocytosis compared to those who had no IL-1β in serum. All the dogs which were suffering from disease but still had no traceable IL-1β, showed a leukocytosis as a common symptom. Conclusion: This study showed that IL-1β could become an interesting marker for the detection of early stages of inflammation when leukocytosis does not yet appear in peripheral blood. Nonetheless, the possible use in diagnosis is restricted. This is due to the fact that there are only low amounts of IL-1β to be detected in the serum, even concerning patients are suffering from disease.

A Novel LNP-Based <i>Chlamydia</i>Subunit Vaccine Formulation That Induces Th1 Responses without Upregulating IL-17 Provides Equivalent Protection in Mice as Formulations That Induced IL-17 and Th1 Cytokines

We evaluated novel Chlamydial vaccines, consisting of major outer membrane protein (MOMP) alone or in combination with polymorphic membrane proteins D (PmpD) and G (PmpG) using a C57BL/6 mouse model. Native MOMP (nMOMP) isolated from C. muridarum elementary bodies (EBs) and recombinant PmpD and PmpG proteins were adjuvanted with Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), with either lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) or the cationic lipid dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA). Antibody titers to C. muridarum nMOMP, and EBs were evaluated by ELISA, and T-cell responses were analyzed by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS). Protection from challenge was determined by qPCR. Vaccine immunized mice showed significantly higher antibody titers to nMOMP (P < 0.001) and C. muridarum EBs (P < 0.001), when compared to the adjuvant alone group. Antibody titers in vaccine groups with Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) + LNP were higher as compared to the MPLA + DDA group (P < 0.001) except for (Cm nMOMP + PmpG + PmpD p73 + PmpD p82 + MPLA + DDA) vs (Cm nMOMP + PmpG + PmpD p73 + PmpD p82 + MPLA + LNP) for both C. muridarum EBs and PmpG. ICS analysis showed more robust CD4 + T-cell responses (IFN-γ/IL-2/TNF-a) in the DDA and LNP groups compared to the adjuvant alone group. The DDA + MPLA gave robust Th17 responses in comparison to MPLA and LNP group. Mice immunized with Chlamydia antigens also showed protection from C. muridarum challenge, by reduction in bacterial shedding for all groups (P < 0.003) compared to shedding from the adjuvant control. Both vaccine formulations generated robust immunological responses, and both were protective by reducing bacterial shedding after challenge. This data indicates equal protection can be achieved without the induction of Th17 responses.

Effect of Interleukin-1Beta (IL-1β) on the Cortical Neurons Survival and Neurites Outgrowth

Insults to the brain are known to cause a myriad of downstream effects, including the release of cytokines by astrocytes and resultant reactive gliosis. The author has examined effect of cytokine IL-1β on the survival of cortical neurons using mouse astrocyte-neuron co-culture. Five groups were used. These were neurons alone (Group 1), neurons with added IL-1β (Group 2), neurons co-cultured with astrocytes (Group 3), neurons co-cultured with astrocytes that was pre-treated with IL-1β before co-culture (Group 4) and neurons co-cultured with astrocytes and IL-1β added (post-treated) (Group 5). In Group 1 only a few neurons grew and survived only for 5-6 days. In Group 2, it was observed that more neurons survived up to 11 days. Moreover, in Group 3, more neurons grew and survived up to 16-18 days. They had large cell bodies and many long neurites that formed anastomosing networks. In Group 4, few neurons survived up to 13 days, whereas in Group 5, the growth of neurons were affected but to a much lesser extent than Group 4 and survived up to 15 days. In addition, it was found that IL-1β stimulated the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) by astrocytes. This study indicates that IL-1β affects the survival of cortical neurons and modulates the astrocytic support to neuronal survival and neurites outgrowth by acting directly on the astrocytes.

Effect of electroacupuncture at distal-proximal acupoint combinations on spinal interleukin-1 beta in a rat model of neuropathic pain

Objective:Pain from herniated disc is a common type of neuropathic pain.This study investigated whether electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation at distal-proximal combinations of acupoints in the rat model of neuropathic pain modulates spinal interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) to induce acupuncture analgesia and possibly serve as a pain-relief modality for herniated disc.Methods:A rat model of neuropathic pain was established.Rats were randomly divided into normal,model,sham,EA 1,EA 2,and EA 3 groups.EA 1 rats were needled at bilateral ExB2,BL25,BL40,and BL60 acupoints.EA 2 rats Were needled at bilateral BL40 and BL60.EA 3 rats were needled at bilateral L5 Ex-B2 and BL25.EA stimulation was administered once daily over 7 days.Mechanical withdrawal threshold from noxious mechanical stimulation was measured 1 day preoperatively and at 3,5,and7 days postoperatively.After 7 days of intervention,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to quantify IL-1β in the spinal cord.Results:Mechanical withdrawal threshold of rats in the model group decreased at 3 days postoperatively when compared with the normal group (P < 0.01),lasting 7 days postoperatively.Mechanical withdrawal thresholds in the EA 1,EA 2,and EA 3 groups were elevated over the model group (P < 0.05;P < 0.01).No obvious differences were found between EA 1,EA 2,and EA 3 groups.ELISA demonstrated an increase in IL-1β in the spinal cord of rats in the model group compared with the normal group (P < 0.01).EA treatment attenuated the increase in spinal IL-1β in the model group.Expression of spinal IL-1β was significantly lower in EA 1,EA 2,and EA 3 groups.Conclusion:EA at distal + proximal acupoints,distal points,as well as proximal points attenuated upregulation of spinal IL-1β,alleviated the extent of neuropathic pain hypersensitivity,and promoted mechanical withdrawal threshold,resulting in EA analgesia.

Measuring Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Interleukin-1 Beta Levels in Mustard Gas Exposed Patients

Sulfur mustard (SM) is an alkalizing chemical which has been used mostly as a weapon all over the world. Sulfur mustard can cause damages to many organs, especially the skin, respiratory system and the eyes. Generally, many complications of mustard gas result from its alkalizing potency and reaction with cellular components like DNA, RNA, proteins and lipid membranes. The damages caused by SM will lead to many complications which persist during the lifespan of exposed subjects. Pro-inflammatory cytokines including especially TNF-α and IL-1β can cause systemic inflammatory reactions and vast changes like altered cell signaling, migration, cytokine production changes and fever. This study was designed to analyze cytokine levels in mustard-gas-exposed people’s serum in the war between Iraq and Iran, who had the chronic dry-eye symptoms compared to the normal group, 30 years after exposure. In this study, 25 veterans who were exposed to mustard gas were compared to 25 healthy people as control group. The veterans with concurrent involvement of eye, lung, and skin were selected. We used ELISA method to assess the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in serum of people in both groups. All the results analyzed with T-test in SPSS 17 statistical software. The mean levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in serum of chemical exposed veterans were 52.3 ± 1.4 pg/ml and 3.43 ± 0.3 pg/ml while in the control group were 19.5±1.3 pg/ml and 2.25 ± 0.2 pg/ml, respectively. In the control group, the serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were significantly lower than the exposed group (P < 0.05). This study showed that there is a meaningful difference between TNF-α and IL-1β serum levels in the SM exposed group compared to the control group. There are some differences between the present study and others. However, studies on local inflammatory changes in these patients are also limited and need more reviews.

The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1-Ra) and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I (sTNF RI) in periodontal disease

The course and severity of periodontitis can be significantly affected by bacterial virulence as well as host immunity dysfunction. Periodontal tissue destruction has been proved to result from cascade of cytokines synthesized by reactive cells upon stimulation by pathogenic bacteria and lipopolysaccharides within their cell membranes. The clinical use of genetically programmed cells, producing substances blocking IL-1, based on recombinant IL-1 antagonist, as well as cytokines activating fibroblasts and osteoblasts to regenerate the destroyed periodontal tissue could prove alternative to the conventional treatment. Another cytokine of interest in respect to periodontitis ethiopathogenesis is soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I (sTNF RI). Observation of soluble TNF receptors as physiologic inhibitors of TNF led to its administration in therapeutic process as well as in therapy selected cases of aggressive periodontitis.

局部晚期非小细胞肺癌患者血清TGF-β_1及IL-6与放射性肺炎的相关性

目的评价局部晚期非小细胞肺癌(LA-NSCLC)同步放化疗患者放疗前、放疗中和放疗后血清转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的变化及调强放射治疗计划剂量体积直方图(DVH)参数与放射性肺炎的相关性。方法 49例行同步放化疗的LA-NSCLC患者,在治疗前、治疗过程中每周及治疗后第13周采用ELISA法检测血清TGF-β1和IL-6水平。应用Varian Eclipse DX计划系统,设计并评估调强放射治疗计划,并采集相关物理学参数。放射性肺炎按RTOG急性放射性肺炎标准评价,评价终点为≥2级放射性肺炎。结果 11例发生了放射性肺炎。放射性肺炎组放疗前血清TGF-β1浓度与无放射性肺炎组比较差异无统计学意义,有放射性肺炎组在放疗中各个时间点和放疗后均高于无放射性肺炎组(P<0.05);血清IL-6浓度在放疗前、放疗中各个时间点和放疗后有放射性肺炎组均高于无放射性肺炎组(P<0.05);放射性肺炎组DVH相关参数(包括肿瘤靶区的平均剂量、最大剂量、最小剂量,肺脏V5、V10、V20、平均剂量、正常组织并发症概率,食管V45,心脏平均受照剂量及脊髓最大受照剂量)与放射性肺炎组比较差异无统计学意义。结论 LA-NSCLC患者同步放化疗时,在使用DVH相关参数严格限制正常组织受照剂量的同时,血清TGF-β1和IL-6可以作为放射性肺炎的预测因子。

炎症因子IL-1β、IL-8、TNF-α与乳腺癌的关系

研究发现炎症在肿瘤的生长与增殖中发挥着重要的作用,特别是炎症因子IL-1β、IL-8、TNF-α与肿瘤的发生、发展关系更为密切。炎症因子IL-1β、IL-8、TNF-α可通过改变肿瘤细胞的生存微环境,促进肿瘤新生血管生成,从而促进肿瘤细胞生长与增殖,同时也促进了肿瘤的转移,因此研究炎症因子(IL-1β、IL-8、TNF-α)与乳腺癌的关系具有重要意义。

黄条鰤白介素-1β基因克隆及其免疫应答分析

白介素-1β是一种典型的促炎细胞因子,参与调控免疫细胞增殖、分化和凋亡等过程。本研究从黄条鰤(Seriola aureovittata)中鉴定到2个白介素-1β分子(分别命名为SaIL-1β1和SaIL-1β2)。SaIL-1β1全长c DNA序列为1292 bp,开放阅读框长度为828 bp,编码275个氨基酸;SaIL-1β2 cDNA序列为1337 bp,开放阅读框长度为960 bp,编码319个氨基酸。SaIL-1β1和SaIL-1β2编码的蛋白均含有IL-1保守的结构域和12个β折叠,具有结构上的保守性。组织表达分布显示,SaIL-1β1在头肾中表达量最高,脾脏和肝脏次之;而SaIL-1β2在鳃中表达量最高,头肾和脾脏次之。脂多糖(LPS)刺激后,SaIL-1β1和SaIL-1β2在头肾和脾脏中的表达量均显著增加。在头肾中,LPS刺激后6 h,SaIL-1β1急剧上升至对照组的10.03倍(P<0.05),随后逐渐回落,在12、24、48、72 h分别为对照组的7.15、4.09、2.71、3.03倍(P<0.05);在刺激后6 h,SaIL-1β2表达量急剧上升至对照组的11.49倍(P<0.05),最后逐渐回落,48h恢复至正常水平,72h下降至对照组的0.29倍(P<0.05)。脾脏中,LPS刺激后6h,SaIL-1β1表达量急剧上升至对照组的6.59倍(P<0.05),随后逐渐回落;SaIL-1β2转录水平表达模式与SaIL-1β2相似。综上,本研究在黄条鰤中鉴定了2种白介素-1β分子,并探讨了其在免疫应答中的表达规律,为研究白介素-1β分子在黄条鰤抗菌免疫中的作用提供了基础。

Interleukin-1β gene polymorphism associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B virus infection

AIM： To examine the effect of interleukin-l-beta （IL-113） promoter region C-511T and IL-1 receptor antagonist （IL-1RN） polymorphism among the patients with chronic hepatitis B virus （HBV） infection （HCC and non-HCC）. METHODS： Genomic DNA from 136 Thai patients with chronic HBV infection （HCC =46 and non-HCC= 90） and 152 healthy individuals was genotyped for IL-113 gene polymorphism （-511） using polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primers （PCR-SSP）. The variable number of tandem repeats （VNTR） of IL-1RN gene was assessed by a PCR-based assay. The association between these genes and status of the disease was evaluated by X^2 test. RESULTS： IL-1B-511 genotype c/c was found to be significantly different in patients with HCC when compared with healthy individuals （P = 0.036, OR = 2.29, 95%CI = 1.05-4.97） and patients without HCC （P=0.036, OR= 2.52, 95%CI=1.05-6.04）. Analysis of allele frequencies of IL-1B-511 showed that IL-1B-511 C allele was also significantly increased in patients with HCC, compared to that in healthy control （P=0.033, OR= 1.72, 95%CI=1.04-2.84）. However, no significant association in IL-1RN gene was found between the two groups. CONCLUSION： IL-1B-511C allele, which may be associated with high IL-1B production in the liver, is a genetic marker for the development of HCC in chronic hepatitis B patients in Thai population.

Interleukin-12 and Th1 immune response in Crohn’s disease: Pathogenetic relevance and therapeutic inplication

Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract that share clinical and pathological characteristics. The most accredited hypothesis is that both CD and UC result from a deregulated mucosal immune response to normal constituents of the gut microflora. Evidence, however, indicates that the main pathological processes in these two diseases are distinct. In CD, the tissue- damaging inflammatory reaction is driven by activated type 1 helper T-cell (Th1), whereas a humoral response predominates in UC. Consistently, a marked accumulation of macrophages making interleukin (IL)-12, the major Th1-inducing factor, is seen in CD but not in UC mucosa. Preliminary studies also indicate that administration of a monoclonal antibody blocking the IL-12/p40 subunit can be useful to induce and maintain clinical remission in CD patients. Notably, the recently described IL-23 shares the p40 subunit with IL-12, raising the possibility that the clinical benefit of the anti-IL-12/p40 antibody in CD may also be due to the neutralization of IL-23 activity. This review summarizes the current information on the expression and functional role of IL-12 and IL- 12-associated signaling pathways both in patients with CD and experimental models of colitis, thus emphasizing major differences between IL-12 and IL-23 activity on the development of intestinal inflammation.

Interleukin-1α, 6 regulate the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor A, C in pancreatic cancer

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, namely VEGF-A) is an angiogenic polypeptide and VEGF-C is a lymphangiogenic polypeptide that has been implicated in cancer growth, invasion and metastasis. Several cytokines and growth factors play an important part in cancer progression. These cytokines and growth factors are the principal mediators of cancer cells-stromal cell interaction , which is critical for invasion of cancer cells to the surrounding tissues and metastatic dissemination to distant organs. In this study, we studied VEGF-A, C expression in cultured human pancreatic cancer cell lines and whether the presence of VEGF-A, C in the cell lines is regulated by cytokines interleukin-lct (EL-1α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). METHODS: We used Northern blot and Western blot methods to analyze expression of the gene and protein of VEGF-A, C in all 6 tested cell lines (ASPC-1, CAPAN-1, MIA-PaCa-2, PANC-1, COLO-357 and T3M4) respectively. To analyze what is the regulator for this VEGF-A, C expression in pancreatic cancer,we used the reverse transcription -polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method to analyze VEGF-A, C expression in cultured human pancreatic cancer cell lines (CAPAN-1 and COLO-357) under the stimulation with IL-1α (10μg/L) or IL-6 (100 μg/L). RESULTS:Northern blot analysis revealed the presence of the 4.1-kb VEGF-A mRNA transcript and 2.4-kb VEGF-C mRNA transcript in all 6 tested cell lines. Immunoblotting with highly specific anti-VEGF-A, anti-VEGF-C antibody revealed the presence of a molecular weight of 43-kDa VEGF-A protein and 55-kDa VEGF-C protein in all the cell lines. RT-PCR analysis revealed the levels of the VEGF-A and VEGF-C gene were 1-2 fold and a 1-fold increase in the COLO-357 cell line by stimulation with IL-la, however, no effect was found in the CAPAN-1 cell line. The levels of the VEGF-A and VEGF-C gene were 2-5 fold and a 1-fold increase in the CAPAN-1 cell line by stimulation with IL-6, but, no effect was found in the COLO-357 cell line. CONCLUSION:These findings suggested that the expression of VEGF-A, C and their regulation by IL-1α, IL-6 in pancreatic cancer contributes to the lymphatic and distant metastasis and the disease progression.

Effect of HIV-1 Tat on Secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β by U87 Cells in AIDS Patients with or without AIDS Dementia Complex

Objective To explore the role of HIV-1 tat gene variations in AIDS dementia complex （ADC） pathogenesis. Methods HIV-1 tat genes derived from peripheral spleen and central basal ganglia of an AIDS patient with ADC and an AIDS patient without ADC were cloned for sequence analysis. HIV-1 tat gene sequence alignment was performed by using CLUSTAL W and the phylogentic analysis was conducted by using Neighbor-joining with MEGA4 software. All tat genes were used to construct recombinant retroviral expressing vector MSCV-IRES-GFP/tat. The MSCV-IRES-GFP/tat was cotransfected into 293T cells with pCMV-VSV-G and pUMVC vectors to assemble the recombinant retrovirus. After infection of gliomas U87 cells with equal amount of the recombinant retrovirus, TNF-α, and IL-1β concentrations in the supernatant of U87 cells were determined with ELISA. Results HIV-1 tat genes derived from peripheral spleen and central basal ganglia of the AIDS patient with ADC and the other one without ADC exhibited genetic variations. Tat variations and amino acid mutation sites existed mainly at Tat protein core functional area （38-47aa）. All Tat proteins could induce ug7 cells to produce TNF-α and IL-1β, but the level of IL-1β production was different among Tat proteins derived from the ADC patient＇s spleen, basal ganglia, and the non-ADC patient＇s spleen. The level of Tat proteins derived from the ADC patient＇s spleen, basal ganglia, and the non-ADC patient＇s spleen were obviously higher than that from the non-ADC patient＇s basal ganglia. Conclusion Tat protein core functional area （38-47aa） may serve as the key area of enhancing the secretion of IL-1β. This may be related with the neurotoxicity of HIV-1 Tat.

Leptin-induced Notch and IL-1 signaling crosstalk in endometrial adenocarcinoma is associated with invasiveness and chemoresistance

BACKGROUND Obesity is a recognized risk factor for endometrial cancer (EmCa) and other cancer types. Leptin levels are significantly increased in obese individuals. Leptin-induced signaling crosstalk [Notch, Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and leptin outcome, NILCO] has been associated with breast cancer progression. This complex signaling crosstalk affects cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, apoptosis and chemoresistance. NILCO expression was previously detected in human EmCa. However, it is unknown whether leptin regulates NILCO and alters EmCa’s response to chemotherapeutics. It is hypothesized that leptin induces NILCO and increases aggressiveness and chemoresistance in EmCa cells. AIM To determine whether leptin induces NILCO molecules in EmCa affecting cell proliferation, aggressiveness and chemoresistance. METHODS Leptin’s effects on the expression of NILCO molecules [mRNAs and proteins for Notch receptors (Notch1-4), ligands (JAG1 and DLL4) and downstream effectors (survivin, Hey2), and leptin (OB-R) and IL-1 (IL-1R tI) receptors] was examined in EmCa cells (type I: Ishikawa, and HEC-1A, and type II: An3Ca and KLE) using Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. In addition, the effects of leptin on cell cycle, proliferation and cell invasion were determined using cytometric analysis (Cellometer Vision CBA system), MTT cell proliferation and Matrigel-based invasion assays, respectively. Inhibitors of leptin (nanoparticlebound leptin peptide receptor antagonist-2, IONP-LPrA2), IL-1 (anti-IL-1R tI antibody) and Notch (siRNA interference RNA) were used to investigate NILCO’s effects on cell proliferation and invasion. Leptin’s effects on Paclitaxel cytotoxicity in EmCa cells was determined by the CCK8 and Cellometer-based Annexin V assays. RESULTS For the first time it was shown that leptin is an inducer of Notch in EmCa. Experimental data suggest that leptin induced the expression of NILCO molecules, promoted proliferation and S- phase progression, and reduced Paclitaxel cytotoxicity on EmCa cells. Leptin’s effects were higher in type II EmCa cells. The progression of this more aggressive form of the disease is associated with obesity. Remarkably, the use of the leptin signaling antagonist, IONPLPrA2, re-sensitized EmCa cells to Paclitaxel. CONCLUSION Present data suggest the notion that leptin-induced NILCO could be a link between obesity and EmCa progression and chemoresistance. Most aggressive type II EmCa cells were higher sensitive to leptin, which appears to increase proliferation, cell cycle progression, aggressiveness, and chemoresistance to Paclitaxel. Therefore, leptin and NILCO could be novel therapeutic targets for type II EmCa, which does not have targeted therapy. Overall, IONP-LPrA2 has a potential as a novel adjuvant drug to enhance the effectiveness of type II EmCa chemotherapy.

Inosine:A broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory against SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced acute lung injury via suppressing TBK1 phosphorylation

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)-induced cytokine storms constitute the primary cause of coronavirus disease 19(COVID-19)progression,severity,criticality,and death.Glucocorticoid and anti-cytokine therapies are frequently administered to treat COVID-19,but have limited clinical efficacy in severe and critical cases.Nevertheless,the weaknesses of these treatment modalities have prompted the development of anti-inflammatory therapy against this infection.We found that the broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory agent inosine downregulated proinflammatory interleukin(IL)-6,upregulated anti-inflammatory IL-10,and ameliorated acute inflammatory lung injury caused by multiple infectious agents.Inosine significantly improved survival in mice infected with SARS-CoV-2.It indirectly impeded TANK-binding kinase 1(TBK1)phosphorylation by binding stimulator of interferon genes(STING)and glycogen synthase kinase-3β(GSK3β),inhibited the activation and nuclear translocation of the downstream transcription factors interferon regulatory factor(IRF3)and nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB),and downregulated IL-6 in the sera and lung tissues of mice infected with lipopolysaccharide(LPS),H1N1,or SARS-CoV-2.Thus,inosine administration is feasible for clinical anti-inflammatory therapy against severe and critical COVID-19.Moreover,targeting TBK1 is a promising strategy for inhibiting cytokine storms and mitigating acute inflammatory lung injury induced by SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious agents.

Effects of ginkgo biloba extract on the expressions of IL-1β,TNF-α,IL-10 and IL-10R in heart of atherosclerotic rats

Objective： To study whether the anti-AS effect of ginkgo biloba extract （GbE） was related with inhibitory effects on the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α and up-regulation of IL-10 and IL-10R in the heart of atherosclerotic （AS） rats. Methods： The experimental model of AS rats were established by intraperitioneal injection of vitamin D3 with high fat and cholesterol diet. All rats were divided into 3 groups： control, AS and GbE. GbE （100 mg/kg） was administered to rats by ig. After 8 weeks, the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-10R in the heart of AS rats were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay, reverse transcriptase polymerasechain reaction and Western blotting. Results： The protein and mRNA expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-10R were markedly higher in AS group than those in control group （P〈0.01）. The protein and mRNA expressions of IL-1β and TNF-α were markedly lower in GbE group than those in AS group; while the protein and mRNA expressions of IL-10 and IL-10R were markedly higher in GbE group than those in AS group （P〈0.01）. Conclusion： GbE has significant inhibitory effects on proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β, TNF-α. The up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, IL-10R that may he partially responsible for its anti-AS effects.

Uncoupling tumor necrosis factor-αand interleukin-10 at tumor immune microenvironment of breast cancer through miR-17-5p/MALAT-1/H19 circuit

Triple Negative Breast Cancer(TNBC)immunotherapy has recently shown promising approach.However,some TNBC patients presented with resistance.One of the reasons was attributed to the excessive release of cytokines at the tumor microenvironment(TME)such as Tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α)and Interleukin-10(IL-10).Fine regulation of these cytokines’levels via non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs)might alleviate the immune quiescent nature of TME at TNBC tumors.However,the extrapolation of ncRNAs as therapeutic tools is highly challenging.Therefore,disentanglement the nature for the isolation of natural compounds that could modulate the ncRNAs and their respective targets is an applicable translational therapeutic approach.Hence,this study aimed to targeting the chief immune suppressive cytokines at the TME(TNF-αand IL-10)via ncRNAs and to examine the effects of Rosemary aerial parts extract on the expression levels of these ncRNAs in TNBC.Results revealed miR-17-5p as a dual regulator of TNF-αand IL-10.Moreover,an intricate interaction has been shown between miR-17-5p and the oncogenic lncRNAs:MALAT1 and H19.Knocking down of MALAT1 and/or H19 caused an induction in miR-17-5p and reduction in TNF-αand IL-10 expression levels.miR-17-5p was found to be down-regulated,while TNF-α,IL-10,MALAT1 and H19 were up-regulated in BC patients.Forced expression of miR-17-5p in MDA-MB-231 cells reduced TNF-α,IL-10,MALAT1 and H19 expression levels,as well as several BC hallmarks.In a translational approach,ursolic acid(UA)isolated from rosemary induced the expression of miR-17-5p,MALAT1 and decreased H19 expression levels.In conclusion,this study suggests miR-17-5p as a tumor suppressor and an immune-activator miRNA in BC through tuning up the immunological targets TNF-α,IL-10 at the TME and the oncological mediators MALAT1 and H19 lncRNAs.

AB041.A novel IL-1 receptor modulator prevents photoreceptor loss in a model of age-related macular degeneration

Background:The objective of this study is to evaluate the implications of interleukin-1β(IL-1β)in photoreceptor degeneration using a model of blue light in rodents.Methods:CD-1 mice(12-16 weeks-old)were exposed to blue LED light(6000 lux at 450 nm)for 1 hour and then sacrificed at day 3 post-illumination.Mice were intraperitoneally treated or not with a peptide antagonist of the IL-1βreceptor,named Rytvela(or 101.10)twice per day until sacrifice.Several markers related to the inflammatory process such as F4/80,NLRP3,Caspase-1,IL-1βand glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)were evaluated by immunohistochemistry.Photoreceptor cell death was assessed by TUNEL assay and Caspase-3 immunofluorescence.Results:Immunofluorescence experiments revealed an infiltration of positive F4/80 cells(microglia and macrophages)into the subretinal space in mice exposed to blue light,which was significantly(P<0.01)abrogated with Rytvela treatment.Co-localization of NLRP3,Caspase-1,and IL-1βwith F4/80 positive cells was clearly detected in the subretinal space,suggesting that these inflammatory cells are the main source of IL-1β.Interestingly,GFAP immunoreactivity,a marker of stress in Müller cells,was augmented in retinas exposed to the blue light,and reduced with Rytvela administration.The TUNEL assay showed that Rytvela prevents photoreceptor apoptosis in the retina of mice exposed to blue light.Likewise,co-culture of retinal explants with LPS-ATP activated bone marrow-derived macrophages resulted in a high number of TUNEL positive photoreceptors,which was reduced by treatment with Rytvela.Conclusions:These results show that Rytvela attenuated the inflammatory response and prevented the death of photoreceptors in a model of dry AMD.Modulation of IL-1βsignaling would be a useful therapeutic avenue for dry AMD,for which no approved treatment currently exists.

脂多糖活化星形胶质细胞并下调其内向整流性钾离子通道(Kir4.1)的表达

目的探讨脂多糖(LPS)对星形胶质细胞的活化作用及内向整流性钾离子通道4.1(Kir4.1)表达的影响。方法分离培养新生SD大鼠大脑皮层星形胶质细胞;LPS处理或者和白细胞介素1受体拮抗剂(IL-1ra)处理培养的细胞,MTT法检测细胞活力,免疫细胞化学技术检测星形细胞胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表达,ELISA检测细胞培养上清中的IL-1β的水平,实时定量PCR法检测星形胶质细胞IL-1β和Kir4.1 mRNA的表达情况。结果 LPS促进星形胶质细胞的活化具有浓度和时间依赖性。LPS可促进星形胶质细胞IL-1β的分泌和IL-1βmRNA的表达,下调Kir4.1 mRNA的表达;与LPS组相比较,IL-1ra可以有效对抗上述两结果。结论 LPS可诱导培养的星形胶质细胞活化;LPS下调星形胶质细胞Kir4.1 mRNA表达可能与IL-1β有关。

转化生长因子β1对软骨组织代谢影响的研究进展

背景:转化生长因子β1可以介导软骨合成、抑制胶原和蛋白多糖分解,在诱导软骨分化和维持软骨表型上起着重要作用,实现软骨缺损的功能性修复。目的:从生物学特性、在生物工程中的应用、基因多态性、信号通路及微小RNA等方面综述转化生长因子β1对软骨组织代谢影响的研究进展。方法:以"transforming growth factor-β1,Cartilage Differentiation,cartilage matrix"为英文检索词,以"转化生长因子β1,软骨分化,软骨基质"为中文检索词。经第一作者检索2007/2012CNKI数据库及SPRINGERLINK数据库有关转化生长因子β1对软骨组织代谢影响的研究进展方面的文献130篇,根据纳入排除标准保留54篇进行总结。结果与结论:转化生长因子β1可诱导间充质细胞向软骨细胞分化,促进软骨特异性基质的合成,保护软骨基质不被各种蛋白酶水解破坏,能够增强软骨组织自身再生能力,实现使软骨的损伤逆转,在软骨修复领域展现了巨大的潜在应用价值。