Numerical three-dimensional modeling of earthen dam piping failure

A physically-based numerical three-dimensional earthen dam piping failure model is developed for homogeneous and zoned soil dams.This model is an erosion model,coupled with force/moment equilibrium analyses.Orifice flow and two-dimensional(2D)shallow water equations(SWE)are solved to simulate dam break flows at different breaching stages.Erosion rates of different soils with different construction compaction efforts are calculated using corresponding erosion formulae.The dam's real shape,soil properties,and surrounding area are programmed.Large outer 2D-SWE grids are used to control upstream and downstream hydraulic conditions and control the boundary conditions of orifice flow,and inner 2D-SWE flow is used to scour soil and perform force/moment equilibrium analyses.This model is validated using the European Commission IMPACT(Investigation of Extreme Flood Processes and Uncertainty)Test#5 in Norway,Teton Dam failure in Idaho,USA,and Quail Creek Dike failure in Utah,USA.All calculated peak outflows are within 10%errors of observed values.Simulation results show that,for a V-shaped dam like Teton Dam,a piping breach location at the abutment tends to result in a smaller peak breach outflow than the piping breach location at the dam's center;and if Teton Dam had broken from its center for internal erosion,a peak outflow of 117851 m'/s,which is 81%larger than the peak outflow of 65120 m3/s released from its right abutment,would have been released from Teton Dam.A lower piping inlet elevation tends to cause a faster/earlier piping breach than a higher piping inlet elevation.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION FOR 2D SHALLOW WATER EQUATIONS BY USING GODUNOV-TYPE SCHEME WITH UNSTRUCTURED MESH

In order to establish a well-balanced scheme, 2D shallow water equations were transformed and solved by using the Finite Volume Method （FVM） with unstructured mesh. The numerical flux from the interface between cells was computed with an exact Riemann solver, and the improved dry Riemann solver was applied to deal with the wet/dry problems. The model was verified through computing some typical examples and the tidal bore on the Qiantang River. The results show that the scheme is robust and accurate, and could be applied extensively to engineering problems.

SOLUTION OF 2D SHALLOW WATER EQUATIONS BY GENUINELY MULTIDIMENSIONAL SEMI-DISCRETE CENTRAL SCHEME

A numerical two-dimensional shallow water method was based on method for solving the equations was presented. This the third-order genuinely multidimensional semi-discrete central scheme for spatial discretization and the optimal third-order Strong Stability Preserving （SSP） Runge-Kutta method for time integration. The third-order compact Central Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory （CWENO） reconstruction was adopted to guarantee the non-oscillatory behavior of the presented scheme and improve the resolution. Two kinds of source terms were considered in this work. They were evaluated using different approaches. The resulting scheme does not require Riemann solvers or characteristic decomposition, hence it retains all the attractive features of central schemes such as simplicity and high resolution. To evaluate the performance of the presented scheme, several numerical examples were tested. The results demonstrate that our method is efficient, stable and robust.