High-temperature characteristics of SiC module and 100 kW SiC AC–DC converter at a junction temperature of 180 ℃

High-temperature,high-power converters have gained importance in industrial applications given their ability to operate in adverse environments,such as in petroleum exploration,multi-electric aircrafts,and electric vehicles.SiC metaloxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor(MOSFET),a new,wide bandgap,high-temperature device,is the key component of these converters.In this study,the static and dynamic characteristics of the SiC MOSFET,half-bridge module,are investigated at the junction temperature of 180℃.A simplified experimental method is then proposed pertaining to the power operation of the SiC module at 180℃.This method is based on the use of a thermal resistance test platform and is proven convenient for the study of heat dissipation characteristics.The high-temperature characteristics of the module are verified based on the conducted experiments.Accordingly,a 100 kW high-temperature converter is built,and the test results show that the SiC converter can operate at a junction temperature of 180℃in a stable manner in compliance with the requirements of high-temperature,high-power applications.

Automatic modulation recognition of radio fuzes using a DR2D-based adaptive denoising method and textural feature extraction

The identification of intercepted radio fuze modulation types is a prerequisite for decision-making in interference systems.However,the electromagnetic environment of modern battlefields is complex,and the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of such environments is usually low,which makes it difficult to implement accurate recognition of radio fuzes.To solve the above problem,a radio fuze automatic modulation recognition(AMR)method for low-SNR environments is proposed.First,an adaptive denoising algorithm based on data rearrangement and the two-dimensional(2D)fast Fourier transform(FFT)(DR2D)is used to reduce the noise of the intercepted radio fuze intermediate frequency(IF)signal.Then,the textural features of the denoised IF signal rearranged data matrix are extracted from the statistical indicator vectors of gray-level cooccurrence matrices(GLCMs),and support vector machines(SVMs)are used for classification.The DR2D-based adaptive denoising algorithm achieves an average correlation coefficient of more than 0.76 for ten fuze types under SNRs of-10 d B and above,which is higher than that of other typical algorithms.The trained SVM classification model achieves an average recognition accuracy of more than 96%on seven modulation types and recognition accuracies of more than 94%on each modulation type under SNRs of-12 d B and above,which represents a good AMR performance of radio fuzes under low SNRs.

Monolithically Integrated Laser Diode and Electroabsorption Modulator with Dual-Waveguide Spot-Size Converter Output

A 1.60μm laser diode and electroabsorption modulator monolithically integrated with a novel dual-waveguide spot-size converter output for low-loss coupling to a cleaved single-mode optical fiber are demonstrated.The devices emit in a single transverse and quasi single longitudinal mode with an SMSR of 25.6dB.These devices exhibit a 3dB modulation bandwidth of 15.0GHz,and modulator DC extinction ratios of 16.2dB.The output beam divergence angles of the spot-size converter in the horizontal and vertical directions are as small as 7.3°×18.0°,respectively,resulting in a 3.0dB coupling loss with a cleaved single-mode optical fiber.

An Electroabsorption Modulator Monolithically Integrated with a Semiconductor Optical Amplifier and a Dual-Waveguide Spot-Size Converter

A semiconductor optical amplifier and electroabsorption modulator monolithically integrated with a spotsize converter input and output is fabricated by means of selective area growth,quantum well intermixing,and asymmetric twin waveguide technology. A 1550-1600nm lossless operation with a high DC extinction ratio of 25dB and more than 10GHz 3dB bandwidth are successfully achieved. The output beam divergence angles of the device in the horizontal and vertical directions are as small as 7.3°× 18.0°, respectively, resulting in a 3.0dB coupling loss with a cleaved single-mode optical fiber.

DC–DC Converter with Pi Controller for BLDC Motor Fuzzy Drive System

The Brushless DC Motor drive systems are used widely with renewable energy resources.The power converter controlling technique increases the performance by novel techniques and algorithms.Conventional approaches are mostly focused on buck converter,Fuzzy logic control with various switching activity.In this proposed research work,the QPSO(Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm)is used on the switching state of converter from the generation unit of solar module.Through the duty cycle pulse from optimization function,the MOSFET(Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor)of the Boost converter gets switched when BLDC(Brushless Direct Current Motor)motor drive system requires power.Voltage Source three phase inverter and Boost converter is controlled by proportional-integral(PI)controller.Based on the BLDC drive,the load utilized from the solar generating module.Experimental results analyzed every module of the proposed grid system,which are solar generation utilizes the irradiance and temperature depends on this the Photovoltaics(PV)power is generated and the QPSO with Duty cycle switching state is determined.The Boost converter module is boost stage based on generation and load is obtained.Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter(SEPIC)and Zeta converter model is compared with the proposed logic;the proposed boost converter achieves the results.Three phase inverter control,PI,and BLDC motor drive results.Thus the proposed grid model is constructed to obtain the better performance results than most recent literatures.Overall design model is done by using MATLAB/Simulink 2020a.

Research on the Topology and Control Scheme of an Innovative Modular Multilevel Converter

This paper presents a new modular multilevel converter (MMC) topology. Compared to conventional multilevel converters, MMC has much lower switching frequency (50 Hz) resulting in lower switching losses, and consequently, lower total losses of the transmission system. The fundamental concept and the applied control scheme are introduced in detail. A modified multilevel fundamental switching modulation scheme adopting the multicarrier pulse width modulation concept is presented. A capacitor voltage balancing technique is proposed. With the established simulation model of the 11-level MMC, the modulation and balancing strategy presented are confirmed by MATLAB/SIMULINK simulations. The multicarrier pulse width modulation converter strategy enhances the fundamental output voltage and reduces total harmonic distortion. This new type of converter is suitable for high-voltage drive systems and power system applications such as high voltage dc (HVDC) transmission, reactive power compensation equipment and so on.

A Review of Modular Multilevel Converters

模块组合多电平变换器（modular multilevel converter，MMC）具有高度模块化、易于扩展、输出电压波形好等特点，尤其适用于中高压大功率系统应用。首先介绍MMC的电路拓扑和工作原理，总结MMC的主要技术特点；然后分别回顾MMC在脉冲调制、直流电压控制、预充电、环流、谐波、数学模型、主电路参数设计、故障保护等关键问题的最新研究进展，以及其在电力传动、电能质量问题治理领域的工程应用现状，在此基础上指出MMC今后亟待研究的关键问题。相关研究结果表明，MMC在电力系统中有广泛的应用前景，是未来中高压大功率系统，尤其是高压输电技术的重要发展方向。

Recent Developments of Modulation and Control for High-Power Current-Source-Converters Fed Electric Machine Systems

The pulse-width-modulated(PWM)current-source converters(CSCs)fed electric machine systems can be considered as a type of high reliability energy conversion systems,since they work with the long-life DC-link inductor and offer high fault-tolerant capability for short-circuit faults.Besides,they provide motor friendly waveforms and four-quadrant operation ability.Therefore,they are suitable for high-power applications of fans,pumps,compressors and wind power generation.The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively review recent developments of key technologies on modulation and control of high-power(HP)PWM-CSC fed electric machines systems,including reduction of low-order current harmonics,suppression of inductor–capacitor(LC)resonance,mitigation of common-mode voltage(CMV)and control of modular PWM-CSC fed systems.In particular,recent work on the overlapping effects during commutation,LC resonance suppression under fault-tolerant operation and collaboration of modular PMW-CSCs are described.Both theoretical analysis and some results in simulations and experiments are presented.Finally,a brief discussion regarding the future trend of the HP CSC fed electric machines systems is presented.

A Novel Square-wave Pulse Rotation Modulation Strategy for Modular Multilevel Converters

悬浮直流电容电压的均衡问题是模块组合多电平变换器（modular multilevel converter,MMC）的关键问题之一。提出一种可实现MMC直流电容电压平衡的方波脉冲循环调制（square-wave pulse rotation modulation,SWPRM）策略,在保证合成的阶梯波输出波形不变的前提下,根据MMC的拓扑结构和工作原理,对传统方波脉冲列进行脉冲优化,并按照一定的次序和切换周期进行循环和判断反相调整,获得的循环方波脉冲列作为最终驱动脉冲用于实现对MMC的控制。实验结果表明,采用提出的方波脉冲循环调制策略无需任何电容电压控制措施,在较低开关频率下,实现了MMC各功率单元间有功能量的平均分配和直流电容电压的均衡。

DC-Modulated PFC Buck-Type AC/AC Converter for Light Dimming

Dimmers are very widely applied in theatres,cinemas,dancing-parties, auditoriums and signal systems.They are usually supplied by single-stage AC/AC converters in the past with voltage regulation technique with the disadvantages of high total harmonic distortion,low power factor and poor power transfer efficiency.This paper introduces a novel method-DC-modulation that implements DC/DC conversion technology into AC/AC converters.The DC-modulated single-stage PFC AC/AC converters effectively improved the power factor up to 0.999 and the power transfer efficiency up to 97.8 %.The experimental results verified our design and calculation.This technique will be widely used in light dimming and other industrial applications.

PI and RST Control Design and Comparison for Matrix Converters Using Venturini Modulation Strategy

This paper presents a thorough design and comparative study of two popular control techniques, i.e., classical Proportional Integral (PI) and RST, for Matrix Converters (MCs) in terms of tracking the reference and robustness. The output signal of MCs is directly affected by unbalanced grid voltage. Some research works have attempted to overcome this problem with PI control. However, this technique is known to offer lower performance when it is used in complex and nonlinear systems. On the other hand, RST control offers better performance, even in case of highly nonlinear systems. Therefore, the RST can achieve better performance to overcome the limitation of PI control of nonlinear systems. In this paper, a RST control method is proposed as output current controller to improve the performance of the MC powered by unbalanced grid voltage. The overall operating principle, Venturini modulation strategy of MC, PI control and characteristics of RST are presented.

Pulse Skipping Modulated Buck Converter - Modeling and Simulation

Modeling and simulation results of a pulse skipping modulated buck converter for applications involving a source with widely varying voltage conditions with loads requiring constant voltage from full load down to no load is presented. The pulses applied to the switch are blocked or released on output voltage crossing a predetermined value. The regulator worked satisfactorily over a wide input voltage range with good transient response but with higher ripple content. Input current spectrum indicates a good EMI performance with crowding of components at audio frequency range for the se-lected switching frequency.

DIGITAL PWM OF AC-AC MATRIX CONVERTER BASED ON OUTPUT-VOLTAGE ERROR FUNCTION

Based on the output-voltage error function, a novel time discrete modulation technique is proposed for matrix converters （MCs） and time-discrete difference equations of a MC circuit are derived. Switch states of MC are obtained when the output voltage error function is minimized, thus the optimum combination of switch states is derived for the closed-loop control of MC. Meanwhile, advantages of the least calculation workload, the simple process, and the convenient for implementation are brought while switch states are described as space vectors in the α-β coordination system. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the validity of the time-discrete modulation technique and the feasibility of the control approach.

A 12bit 300MHz Current-Steering CMOS D/A Converter

The proposed DAC consists of a unit current-cell matrix for 8MSBs and a binary-weighted array for 4LSBs,trading-off between the precision,speed,and size of the chip.In order to ensure the linearity of the DAC,a double Centro symmetric current matrix is designed by the Q2 random walk strategy.To achieve better dynamic performance,a latch is added in front of the current switch to change the input signal,such as its optimal cross-point and voltage level.For a 12bit resolution,the converter reaches an update rate of 300MHz.

基于串联型DC module的光伏发电系统研究

提出了一种基于串联型直流功率单元(DC module)电路的光伏发电系统,讨论了采用单端反激变换器实现的DC module电路。由于反激变换器用于升压变换时变压器原边电流较大,当并联使用时效率较低,为了减小DC module电路升压压力,提高每组变换器能量传输效率,采用串联形式的DC module电路,且每组DC module电路使用独立的最大功率追踪算法,由此组成的光伏发电系统提高了DC module电路的升压效率,且可以实现每块光伏电池板的最大功率点跟踪,解决了不同光照(阴影)、不同规格以及不同朝向等因素引起的失配问题。实验结果表明,当一路或多路电路中的电池板受到阴影影响时,各路电池板在控制器的作用下仍然工作在各自的最大功率点处。

基于单边调制映射函数的LCC-HVDC直流侧阻抗精确建模

阻抗模型是电网换相换流器型高压直流输电系统小信号稳定性分析的重要基础,阻抗模型的准确程度直接影响系统小扰动稳定性分析。该文首先从同步触发原理出发,引入基于单边调制产生的映射函数,该函数蕴含控制及换相信息,可以准确建立换相/非换相期间交直流侧的映射关系;其次,考虑换相动态并通过谐波线性化和傅里叶变换建立完整的直流侧电压和交流侧电流的频域小信号动态模型;再次,考虑控制和换流阀阻尼回路,建立整流侧和逆变侧直流阻抗解析模型;最后,以CIGRE高压直流标准测试模型为例,基于PSCAD/EMTDC平台验证了直流侧阻抗模型的准确性及其用于小扰动稳定性分析的有效性。

A 16 bit Stereo Audio ΣΔ A/D Converter

A 16 bit stereo audio novel stability fifth-order ∑△ A/D converter that consists of switched capacitor ∑△ modulators, a decimation filter, and a bandgap circuit is proposed. A method for the stabilization of a high order single stage ∑△ modulator is also proposed. A new multistage comb filter is used for the front end decimation filter. The ∑△ A/D converter achieves a peak SNR of 96dB and a dynamic range of 96dB. The ADC was implemented in 0. 5μm 5V CMOS technology. The chip die area occupies only 4. 1mm × 2.4mm and dissipates 90mW.

基于D-分割法的直流变换器遗传自抗扰控制器设计

针对光伏发电系统中DC-DC变换器由于负载和工作环境条件变化等扰动引起的输出波动问题,提出一种基于D-分割法的直流变换器遗传自抗扰控制器(ADRC)设计方法。该方法适用于设计光伏发电领域中的双向DC-DC变换器,采用D-分割法获得满足闭环系统鲁棒稳定的ADRC控制器参数范围;利用具有全局寻优能力的遗传算法,按综合性能指标在该范围内进行参数寻优。实验结果表明,所提基于D-分割法的直流变换器遗传自抗扰控制器设计方法能有效抑制微网母线侧的电压波动和负载突变,提高控制器的鲁棒性,增强光伏发电系统的动态响应性能和抗干扰能力。

一种高速A/D转换器时域重构技术研究

A/D转换器在航空航天系统中的重要元器件,随着器件转换时钟频率不断提高而其工作环境不断恶化,如何准确测试其时间参数对于全面评价A/D转换器性能特别重要。目前对于高速A/D转换器时间参数测试,主流方法是通过示波器直接测试其输出,该方法对于示波器采样速度要求比较高。文章提出一种高速A/D转换器时域重构技术,可以通过计算机数字信号处理方法来实现高速A/D转换器时间参数测试,同时避免对示波器采样速度的依赖。同时,在研究高速A/D转换器时域重构技术方法及其应用的基础上,通过了相关试验验证。

改进D-Linknet的眼底视网膜血管分割

临床医生可通过观察眼底视网膜血管及其分支对人体是否患有疾病进行早期诊断,但由于视网膜中的血管错综复杂,模型在分割时会出现对微细血管分割精确度不足的问题。为此,提出一种结合残差模块Res2-net以及高效通道注意力机制(efficient channel attention,ECA)的D-Linknet模型。首先,利用Res2-net代替基础模型中的残差模块Res-net以提升每个网络层的感受野;其次,在Res2-net中添加一种结合压缩激励(squeeze and excitation,SE)和门通道(gated channel transformation,GCT)的注意力机制模块,改善处于复杂背景下的血管分割效果和效率;在网络的解码层加入ECA确保模型计算的性能,避免因降维导致的精度下降;最后,融合改进的模型输出图与掩膜图细化分割结果。在公开数据集DRIVE、STARE上进行分割实验,模型准确度(accuracy,AC)分别为97.11%、96.32%,灵敏度(sensitivity,SE)为84.55%、83.92%,曲线下方范围的面积(area under curve,AUC)为0.9873和0.9766,分割效果优于其他模型。实验证明了算法的可行性,为后续研究提供科学依据。