HIGH PERFORMANCE ELECTRIC FIELD MICRO SENSOR WITH COMBINED DIFFERENTIAL STRUCTURE

This paper presents a high performance electric field micro sensor with combined differential structure.The sensor consists of two backward laid micro-machined chips,each packaged by polymer and metal.The novel combined differential structure effectively reduces various environmental affections,such as thermal drift,humidity drift and electrostatic charge accumulation.The sensor is tested in near-ground place as well as balloon-borne sounding.In different weather conditions,the measurement results showed good agreement with those of the commercial electric field mill.

A BPR-CNN Based Hand Motion Classifier Using Electric Field Sensors

In this paper,we propose a BPR-CNN(Biometric Pattern Recognition-Convolution Neural Network)classifier for hand motion classification as well as a dynamic threshold algorithm for motion signal detection and extraction by EF(Electric Field)sensors.Currently,an EF sensor or EPS(Electric Potential Sensor)system is attracting attention as a next-generationmotion sensing technology due to low computation and price,high sensitivity and recognition speed compared to other sensor systems.However,it remains as a challenging problem to accurately detect and locate the authentic motion signal frame automatically in real-time when sensing body-motions such as hand motion,due to the variance of the electric-charge state by heterogeneous surroundings and operational conditions.This hinders the further utilization of the EF sensing;thus,it is critical to design the robust and credible methodology for detecting and extracting signals derived from the motion movement in order to make use and apply the EF sensor technology to electric consumer products such as mobile devices.In this study,we propose a motion detection algorithm using a dynamic offset-threshold method to overcome uncertainty in the initial electrostatic charge state of the sensor affected by a user and the surrounding environment of the subject.This method is designed to detect hand motions and extract its genuine motion signal frame successfully with high accuracy.After setting motion frames,we normalize the signals and then apply them to our proposed BPR-CNN motion classifier to recognize their motion types.Conducted experiment and analysis show that our proposed dynamic threshold method combined with a BPR-CNN classifier can detect the hand motions and extract the actual frames effectively with 97.1%accuracy,99.25%detection rate,98.4%motion frame matching rate and 97.7%detection&extraction success rate.

ELECTRIC FIELD SENSORS BASED ON MEMS TECHNOLOGY

The design and optimization of two types of novel miniature vibrating Electric Field Sensors (EFSs) based on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology are presented.They have different structures and vibrating modes. The volume is much smaller than other types of charge-induced EFSs such as field-mills. As miniaturizing, the induced signal is reduced enormously and a high sensitive circuit is needed to detect it. Elaborately designed electrodes can increase the amplitude of the output current, making the detecting circuit simplified and improving the signal-to-noise ratio. Computer simulations for different structural parameters of the EFSs and vibrating methods have been carried out by Finite Element Method (FEM). It is proved that the new structures are realizable and the output signals are detectable.

Impact of coupled ground wire interference on the precision of electric field sensors

Electric field measurement holds immense significance in various domains.The power supply and signal acquisition units of the sensor may be coupled with ground wire interference,which could result in reduced measurement accuracy.Moreover,this problem is often ignored by researchers.This paper investigated the origin of ground coupling interference in electric field sensors and its impact on measurement accuracy.A miniature undistorted electric field sensor with wireless transmission was compared with existing D-dot,microelectromechanical systems(MEMS),and optical sensors.The results indicate that MEMS and D-dot exhibit diminished accuracy in measuring electric fields under uniform conditions,owing to interference from ground wires.In the case of transmission lines with non-uniform conditions,the wireless sensor exhibited a measurement error of 5%,whereas the optical sensor showed an error rate of approximately 8%.However,the D-dot sensor displayed a measurement error exceeding 50%,whereas the MEMS sensor yielded an error as high as 150%.This means that the wireless sensor isolates the ground-coupled interference signal and realizes the distortion-free measurement of the electric field.The wireless sensors will find extensive applications in new power systems for intelligent equipment status perception,fault warning,and other scenarios.

Driving and Braking Control of PM Synchronous Motor Based on Low-resolution Hall Sensor for Battery Electric Vehicle

Resolvers are normally employed for rotor positioning in motors for electric vehicles, but resolvers are expensive and vulnerable to vibrations. Hall sensors have the advantages of low cost and high reliability, but the positioning accuracy is low. Motors with Hall sensors are typically controlled by six-step commutation algorithm, which brings high torque ripple. This paper studies the high-performance driving and braking control of the in-wheel permanent magnetic synchronous motor （PMSM） based on low-resolution Hall sensors. Field oriented control （FOC） based on Hall-effect sensors is developed to reduce the torque ripple. The positioning accuracy of the Hall sensors is improved by interpolation between two consecutive Hall signals using the estimated motor speed. The position error from the misalignment of the Hall sensors is compensated by the precise calibration of Hall transition timing. The braking control algorithms based on six-step commutation and FOC are studied. Two variants of the six-step commutation braking control, namely, half-bridge commutation and full-bridge commutation, are discussed and compared, which shows that the full-bridge commutation could better explore the potential of the back electro-motive forces （EMF）, thus can deliver higher efficiency and smaller current ripple. The FOC braking is analyzed with the phasor diagrams. At a given motor speed, the motor turns from the regenerative braking mode into the plug braking mode if the braking torque exceeds a certain limit, which is proportional to the motor speed. Tests in the dynamometer show that a smooth control could be realized by FOC driving control and the highest efficiency and the smallest current ripple could be achieved by FOC braking control, compared to six-step commutation braking control. Therefore, FOC braking is selected as the braking control algorithm for electric vehicles. The proposed research ensures a good motor control performance while maintaining low cost and high reliability.

A MICROFABRICATED METAL GRATING OSCILLATOR FOR ELECTRIC FIELD DETECTION

This letter proposes a novel design of a Micro Electro Mechanical System （MEMS） device featuring a metal grating vibratory mierostructure driven by electrostatic force to sense the spatial electric field. Due to the advantages in slide-film damping and large vibration amplitude, such a device makes atmospheric packaging a low-cost option for practical manufacture. In this letter, we present the operating principles and specifications, the design structure, as well as the finite element simulation. Computational analysis shows that our design obtains good results in device parameters setting, while its simplicity and low-cost features make it an attractive solution for applications.

<i>γ</i>-Ray Irradiation Effect on MCF Rubber Solar Cells with both Photovoltaics and Sensing Involving Semiconductors Fabricated under Magnetic and Electric Fields

For cases in which a robot with installed solar cells and a sensor operates in a nuclear reactor building or in space for extravehicular activity, we require elastic and extensible solar cells. More than two different types of sensing are also required, minimally with photovoltaics and built-in electricity. Magnetic compound fluid (MCF) rubber solar cells are made of rubber, so they are elastic and extensible as well as sensitive. To achieve flexibility and an effective photovoltaic effect, MCF rubber solar cells must include both soluble and insoluble rubbers, Fe3O4, TiO2, Na2WO4∙2H2O, etc. On the basis of this constitution, we propose a consummate fabrication process for MCF rubber solar cells. The characteristics of these cells result from the semiconductor-like role of the molecules of TiO2, Fe3O4, Ni, Na2WO4∙2H2O, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), natural rubber (NR), oleic acid, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), water and magnetic cluster involved in the MCF rubber. Their tendencies can be deduced by synthesizing knowledge about the enhancement of the reverse-bias saturation current IS and the diode ideality factor N, with conventional knowledge about the semiconductor affected by γ-irradiation and the attenuation of the photon energy of γ-rays.

A seafloor electromagnetic receiver for marine magnetotellurics and marine controlled-source electromagnetic sounding

In planning and executing marine controlled-source electromagnetic methods, seafloor electromagnetic receivers must overcome the problems of noise, clock drift, and power consumption. To design a receiver that performs well and overcomes the abovementioned problems, we performed forward modeling of the E-field abnormal response and established the receiver＇s characteristics. We describe the design optimization and the properties of each component, that is, low-noise induction coil sensor, low-noise Ag/AgCI electrode, low-noise chopper amplifier, digital temperature-compensated crystal oscillator module, acoustic telemetry modem, and burn wire system. Finally, we discuss the results of onshore and offshore field tests to show the effectiveness of the developed seafloor electromagnetic receiver and its performance： typical E-field noise of 0.12 nV/m/rt（Hz） at 0.5 Hz, dynamic range higher than 120 dB, clock drift lower than 1 ms/day, and continuous operation of at least 21 days.

基于电场逆问题的双差分式D-dot过电压传感器研究

通过测量电场获取电力系统遭受的过电压,对于电力系统故障分析、绝缘配合设计以及过电压的特性研究具有指导作用。为此,该文设计一种双差分式D-dot过电压传感器,以实现对过电压信号快速精确地测量。首先,介绍该传感器的基本测量原理;其次,通过仿真对传感器进行仿真论证和参数优化设计;最后,根据仿真结果制作传感器实物,并搭建试验平台对设计的传感器进行稳态性能和暂态性能试验。结果表明:双差分式D-dot过电压传感器具有良好的稳态和暂态特性,相位和幅值误差小,测得的雷电波上升时间的相对误差在±1.65%以内,对雷电波峰值的测量相对误差小于±1.85%。

基于D-dot传感器的弓网离线放电瞬态电场时域测试方法

弓网离线放电电磁辐射具有瞬态、宽频带的特性,可使用D-dot传感器对其进行时域瞬态电场测量,但在对传感器所测微分信号积分还原时,存在信号恢复失真问题严重。搭建了包含脉冲电场发生装置和测量装置的瞬态电场时域波形还原系统,开展了基于D-dot传感器的去直流、数值积分、消除趋势项以及系统辨识低频补偿在内的瞬态电场时域波形测试方法的研究,利用该方法测试了不同电压下弓网离线放电电磁辐射的电场时域波形。理论与实验结果表明:本文所提出的方法能准确、稳定地还原弓网离线放电所辐射瞬态电场的原始时域波形,还原信号与实测微分信号的主要频率分量均在7.5 MHz,二者的相关系数达到93%以上。

Integrated Optical Waveguide Sensor for Lighting Impulse Electric Field Measurement

A Lithium niobate （LiNbO3） based integrated optical E-field sensor with an optical waveguide Mach-Zehnder interferometer （MZI） and a tapered antenna has been designed and fabricated for the measurement of the pulsed electric field. The minimum detectable E-field of the sensor was 10kV/m. The sensor showed a good linear characteristic while the input E-fields varied from 10kV/m to 370kV/m. Furthermore, the maximum detectable E-field of the sensor, which could be calculated from the sensor input/output characteristic, was approximately equal to 1000kV/m. All these results suggest that such sensor can be used for the measurement of the lighting impulse electric field.

QAM signal with electric field sensor based on thin-film lithium niobate [Invited]

Large-bandwidth,high-sensitivity,and large dynamic range electric field sensors are gradually replacing their traditional counterparts.The lithium-niobate-on-insulator(LNOI)material has emerged as an ideal platform for developing such devices,owing to its low optical loss,high electro-optical modulation efficiency,and significant bandwidth potential.In this paper,we propose and demonstrate an electric field sensor based on LNOI.The sensor consists of an asymmetric Mach–Zehnder interferometer(MZI)and a tapered dipole antenna array.The measured fiber-to-fiber loss is less than−6.7 dB,while the MZI structure exhibits an extinction ratio of greater than 20 dB.Moreover,64-QAM signals at 2 GHz were measured,showing an error vector magnitude(EVM)of less than 8%.

渐进圆锥D-dot电场传感器频响分析

基于等效电路建立渐进圆锥D-dot电场传感器的传递函数模型,使用CST仿真分析了端接负载阻值、地平面半径和有效面积对传感器频域响应的影响。给出展宽传感器工作频带时端接负载阻值、地平面半径和有效面积的约束条件,为渐进圆锥D-dot电场传感器的优化设计提供参考。

石墨烯柔性压阻传感器微织构压缩应变机制

为满足智能机器人、电子皮肤等领域对柔性传感器高灵敏度日益增加的需求,通过设计高表面积形貌以制备石墨烯凸台微织构柔性传感器,并对比分析有无微织构传感器的灵敏度;基于结构力学方程与静电方程,建立微织构柔性传感器模型,开展了电场作用不同基底厚度以及微织构间距下柔性传感器微织构应变的数值模拟,研究柔性压阻传感器微织构压缩应变机制,探寻机械载荷和电载荷的交互作用关系。结果表明,柔性基底的微织构化处理能有效提高柔性压阻传感器的灵敏度。模型总位移的最大值随基底厚度的增加呈非线性增加,微织构应变随着厚度的增加而减小。电场作用下微织构应变受机电耦合压力叠加的影响均大于无电场作用。框状微织构类似于悬臂梁,作用在微织构上的力矩随间距增加而增大,同时刚度减小,微织构的压缩形变增加,应变增大。组合尺寸微织构的应变随着微织构间距的增加而增大,制备多尺寸微结构传感器可使用(150+350)μm的组合尺寸,能够有效增加接触面积提高传感器灵敏度。机械载荷和电载荷的耦合作用,组合尺寸对力矩与刚度的分配有效增加了基底的应变,提高了柔性传感器的灵敏度。

里德堡原子电场传感器的自校准性解析及测量不确定度评定

传统电场传感器需要标准场或更高准确度等级的传感器进行校准,而基于原子固有能级结构和光谱特征的里德堡原子电场测量可溯源至基本物理常数,量子传感自带校准功能。该文阐述了里德堡原子与外场相互作用的量子相干效应,说明了里德堡原子传感器的电场测量原理,并解析了其自校准性。基于所构建的针对低频电场的里德堡原子传感测量系统,分析了误差来源,定义和计算了各种不确定度分量,得到合成相对标准不确定度为3.885%;保守考虑,在大于或等于95.45%的包含概率下得到扩展不确定度为7.77%。在此过程中,明确了不确定度的主要影响因素并提出了减小其影响的建议。最后给出传感系统实测电磁诱导透明(EIT)光谱频移量与电场强度之间的拟合函数,拟合确定系数达到0.9969,验证了所构建的低频电场量子测量系统的准确性。

绝对式纳米时栅传感器栅尺污染误差分析与抑制方法研究

针对服役状态下油污降低位移传感器精度和可靠性的问题,本文基于绝对式纳米时栅传感器,开展了栅尺油污污染误差分析与抑制方法研究。首先阐述了绝对式纳米时栅传感器测量原理;其次建立了栅尺油污污染的数学理论模型和电场仿真模型。通过理论和仿真分析表明:均匀油污污染对传感器没有影响,非均匀油污污染主要引入一次谐波误差,并且误差随着污染油污的厚度和宽度的增加而增加;最后搭建实验平台验证了以上理论分析的正确性。同时提出差动结构,有效抑制了一次谐波误差,提高了传感器抗污能力。研究油污造成的误差影响对提高传感器环境适应性有重要意义,同时也为提高传感器长期可靠性和增强环境适应性提供了理论基础。

低轴间耦合的三维电场传感器

使用正交排列的电容式传感单元的三维电场传感器(Three-dimensional electric field sensor,3D EFS)测量空间电场时,轴间耦合效应会严重影响EFS的测量精度。为此,提出了一种电场屏蔽电极,以降低3D EFS的轴间耦合效应,提高测量精度。首先,利用多物理场仿真软件构建电场分布模型。其次,根据仿真结果建立带屏蔽电极的3D EFS电容式传感单元的屏蔽电极模型。最后,建立任意角度的测试平台,将带有屏蔽电极的3D EFS和无屏蔽电极的3D EFS进行实验对比。结果显示,有屏蔽电极的3D EFS的测量偏差在3.2%以内,比无屏蔽电极的3D EFS的测量偏差减少12%。因此,所设计的基于电场屏蔽结构的3D EFS可以使解耦矩阵更加可靠,有效降低空间电场测量偏差。

基于多级电容电场感应取能周期性供电电源的优化设计方法

电场能因具有供能稳定的特点可作为输变电设备上在线监测设备的可靠供电来源,但在实际应用场景中存在因取能功率密度低而使在线监测装置工作间歇时间较长的问题。针对该问题,该文提出一种基于多级电容的电场感应取能电源结构及控制方式,协调各级取能电容充放电工作模式,并通过采用多绕组变压器能量传输媒介、优化配置取能电源关键参数,有效降低装置损耗与体积,提升能量转移效率。最终通过实验测试可在高压电场下进行能量采集,当采用两级取能电路进行取能的情况下,通过优化关键取能参数使得每周期取能能量可达226 mJ,工作时间增加至优化前的2.11倍,可满足无线电流传感器工作1.648 s,发送3次在线监测数据。

基于电场传感器阵列的输电线路电压非接触式测量方法

电压作为表征线路运行状态的重要参量,实现其灵活准确的测量对保证电力系统稳定运行至关重要。传统的接触式电压测量方法,因电压互感器体积较大、会产生电磁谐振和高频振荡、额外测量需断电安装等问题,对于海量化测量并不便利。相比较而言,非接触式测量不接触导线,更加安全和便捷,将成为未来电压测量的发展方向。文中提出了基于电场传感器阵列的输电线路电压非接触式测量方法,该方法为了解决导线位置信息未知的问题,设计了与导线方向垂直排列的电场传感器阵列;求解了含导线未知信息量的方程组;构建了比例系数矩阵,反推出导线电压瞬时值;分析了电场传感器对测量的影响;最后,进行了10 kV电压等级电压瞬时值仿真验证,结果显示最大测量误差为2.219%。

面向架空输电线路的防外破装置设计

针对传统防外破技术抗干扰能力弱、适配性低、报警效果差以及平板电容型传感器对称结构中存在的边缘效应问题,研制一种适用于多组态与多电压等级架空输电线路的防外破装置。首先,分析感应电压与场强关系,进行等位环结构改进并完成PCB设计制作,利用Ansys Maxwell搭建多组态与多电压等级架空输电线路仿真模型,为报警阈值设定提供理论依据;其次,完成防外破装置的硬件与软件设计,实现不同线路情况下的电压档位选择、电场信号采集处理以及声光报警等功能;最后,搭建10 kV模拟架空输电线路高压实验环境并进行现场验证,测试分析装置的工作性能。结果表明,所设计的防外破装置感应电压测量平均相对误差在3%以内,与测试电压线性相关系数R=0.9997,其变化规律符合电场分布规律;现场报警成功率为100%,装置稳定可靠、兼顾精准性与线性度要求。