Shale oil development techniques and application based on ternary-element storage and flow concept in Jiyang Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,East China

The ternary-element storage and flow concept for shale oil reservoirs in Jiyang Depression of Bohai Bay Basin,East China,was proposed based on the data of more than 10000 m cores and the production of more than 60 horizontal wells.The synergy of three elements(storage,fracture and pressure)contributes to the enrichment and high production of shale oil in Jiyang Depression.The storage element controls the enrichment of shale oil;specifically,the presence of inorganic pores and fractures,as well as laminae of lime-mud rocks,in the saline lake basin,is conducive to the storage of shale oil,and the high hydrocarbon generating capacity and free hydrocarbon content are the material basis for high production.The fracture element controls the shale oil flow;specifically,natural fractures act as flow channels for shale oil to migrate and accumulate,and induced fractures communicate natural fractures to form complex fracture network,which is fundamental to high production.The pressure element controls the high and stable production of shale oil;specifically,the high formation pressure provides the drive force for the migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons,and fracturing stimulation significantly increases the elastic energy of rock and fluid,improves the imbibition replacement of oil in the pores/fractures,and reduces the stress sensitivity,guaranteeing the stable production of shale oil for a long time.Based on the ternary-element storage and flow concept,a 3D development technology was formed,with the core techniques of 3D well pattern optimization,3D balanced fracturing,and full-cycle optimization of adjustment and control.This technology effectively guides the production and provides a support to the large-scale beneficial development of shale oil in Jiyang Depression.

Three-dimensional modeling of effect of surface intermetallic phase on surface defects of Al-Fe-Si aluminum foils during twin-roll casting

Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spectrum analysis show that the clusters of intermetallic AlFeSi particle are distributed on or near the aluminum foil stock surfaces heterogeneously. 3D finite element modeling shows that these clusters of hard particles induce the fracture of the nano-scale lubricant oil film at first and further lead to severe deformation in the nearby aluminum foil substrate along the rolling direction. Consequently, the optical property in this region differs from that in the surroundings, resulting in surface defects.

Brucea javanica oil emulsion improves the effect of radiotherapy on esophageal cancer cells by inhibiting cyclin D1-CDK4/6 axis

BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer is one of the most common cancers around the world, and it has high incidence and mortality rates. The conventional therapy for esophageal cancer is radiotherapy, although its effect is highly limited by the resistance of esophageal cancer cells. Thus, strong radiosensitizers can be very crucial during radiotherapy against esophageal cancer. Brucea javanica oil emulsion (BJOE) is a widely used drug against various cancers, such as liver, colon, and ovarian cancer. However, its anti-cancer effect and mechanism and the use of BJOE as a radiosensitizer have not been explored in esophageal cancer. AIM To evaluate the anti-cancer effect and mechanism of BJOE and explore the potential use of BJOE as a radiosensitizer during radiotherapy. METHODS The inhibitory effect of BJOE and its enhancement function with radiation on cell viability were examined with the calculated half-maximal effective concentration and half-maximal lethal concentration. The influence of BJOE on cell migration and invasion were measured with EC109 and JAR cells by wound-healing and transwell assay. Clonogenesis and apoptotic rate, which was measured by Hoechst staining, were investigated to confirm its enhancement function with radiation. To investigate the molecular pathway underlying the effect of BJOE, the expressions of several apoptosis- and cycle-related proteins was detected by western blotting.cell lines more than normal cell lines, and it markedly reduced migration and invasion in esophageal cancer cells (EC109 and JAR). Moreover, it promoted cell apoptosis and enhanced the effect of radiotherapy against esophageal cancerous cells. In the viability test, the values of half-maximal effective concentration and half-maximal lethal concentration were reduced. Compared to the control, only around 1/5 colonies formed when using BJOE and radiation together in the clonogenic assay. The apoptotic rate in EC109 was obviously promoted when BJOE was added during radiotherapy. Our study suggests that the expression of the apoptosis-proteins Bax and p21 were increased, while the expression of Bcl-2 was stable. Further detection of downstream proteins revealed that the expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 were significantly decreased. CONCLUSION BJOE has a strong anti-cancer effect on esophageal cancer and can be used as a radiosensitizer to promote apoptosis in cancerous esophageal cells via the cyclin D1-cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 axis.

Oil charging history and pathways of the Ordovician carbonate reservoir in the Tuoputai region,Tarim Basin,NW China

Geochemical analysis of 64 oils sampled from an Ordovician carbonate reservoir in the Tuoputai region was undertaken to study the composition of molecular markers. All the oils have similar geochemical characteristics and belong to a single oil family. They are presumed to derive from the same source kitchen and have similar oil charging history. A histogram of homogenization temperatures(Th) of aqueous inclusions in reservoir rocks shows a bimodal distribution pattern, indicating that the Ordovician reservoir has been charged twice. Coupling the measured Th(°C) with the burial and geothermal histories reconstructed using 1D basin modeling, we relate the homogenization temperature to the relevant geological ages: i.e.,425–412 and 9–4 Ma, corresponding to the Middle to Late Silurian and the Miocene to Pliocene, respectively. The oil filling orientation and pathways are traced using molecular indicators related to alkyldibenzothiophenes and benzo[b]naphthothiophenes. The oil charging orientation is from south to north generally. It can be predicted that the Ordovician reservoirs were sourced from a kitchen located to the south of the Tuoputai region, most probably between the Awati and Manjiaer Depressions. Traps located in the southern side of the Tuoputai region, along the oil charging pathways, should therefore be preferred oil exploration targets.

Evaluation of oil sands resources──A case study in the Athabasca Oil Sands,NE Alberta,Canada

Oil sands are the most important of the oil and gas resources in Canada. So the distribution and evaluation of oil sands form a critical basis for risk investment in Canada. Distribution of oil sands resources is severely controlled by the reservoir heterogeneity. Deterministic modeling is commonly used to solve the heterogeneity problems in the reservoir, but rarely used to evaluate hydrocarbon resources. In this paper, a lithofacies based deterministic method is employed to assess the oil sands resources for a part of a mining project in northern Alberta. The statistical analysis of Dean Stark water and oil saturation data and study of the core description data, regional geology and geophysical logs reveal that the lithofacies in the study area can be classified into reservoir facies, possible reservoir facies and non-reservoir facies. The indicator krigging method is used to build a 3D lithofacies model based on the classification of sedimentary facies and the ordinary krigging method is applied to petrophysical property modeling. The results show that the krigging estimation is one of the good choices in oil sand resources modeling in Alberta. Lithofacies-grade based modeling may have advantages over the grade-only based modeling.

Discussion on the sweep efficiency of hybrid steam-chemical process in heavy oil reservoirs: An experimental study

Non-condensable gas(NCG),foam and surfactant are the three commonly-used additives in hybrid steam-chemical processes for heavy oil reservoirs.Their application can effectively control the steam injection profile and increase the sweep efficiency.In this paper,the methods of microscale visualized experiment and macroscale 3D experiment are applied to systematically evaluate the areal and vertical sweep efficiencies of different hybrid steam-chemical processes.First,a series of static tests are performed to evaluate the effect of different additives on heavy oil properties.Then,by a series of tests on the microscale visualized model,the areal sweep efficiencies of a baseline steam flooding process and different follow-up hybrid EOR processes are obtained from the collected 2D images.Specifically,they include the hybrid steam-N_(2)process,hybrid steam-N2/foam process,hybrid steam-surfactant process and hybrid steam-N2/foam/surfactant process(N2/foam slug first and steam-surfactant co-injection then).From the results of static tests and visualized micromodels,the pore scale EOR mechanisms and the difference between them can be discussed.For the vertical sweep efficiencies,a macroscale 3D experiment of steam flooding process and a follow-up hybrid EOR process is conducted.Thereafter,combing the macroscale 3D experiment and laboratory-scaled numerical simulation,the vertical and overall sweep efficiencies of different hybrid steam-chemical processes are evaluated.Results indicate that compared with a steam flooding process,the areal sweep efficiency of a hybrid steam-N2process is lower.It is caused by the high mobility ratio in a steam-N2-heavy oil system.By contrast,the enhancement of sweep efficiency by a hybrid steam-N2/foam/surfactant process is the highest.It is because of the high resistance capacity of NCG foam system and the performance of surfactant.Specifically,a surfactant can interact with the oil film in chief zone and reduce the interfacial energy,and thus the oil droplets/films formed during steam injection stage are unlocked.For NCG foam,it can plug the chief steam flow zone and thus the subsequent injected steam is re-directed.Simultaneously,from the collected 2D images,it is also observed that the reservoir microscopic heterogeneity can have an important effect on their sweep efficiencies.From the 3D experiment and laboratory-scaled numerical simulation,it is found that a N2/foam slug can increase the thermal front angle by about 150 and increase the vertical sweep efficiency by about 26%.Among the four processes,a multiple hybrid EOR process(steam-N2/foam/surfactant process) is recommended than the other ones.This paper provides a novel method to systematically evaluate the sweep efficiency of hybrid steam-chemical process and some new insights on the mechanisms of sweep efficiency enhancement are also addressed.It can benefit the expansion of hybrid steam-chemical processes in the post steamed heavy oil reservoirs.

Development of Low Permeability Oilfields in Shengli Oil Province

ＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＬｏｗＰｅｒｍｅａｂｉｌｉｔｙＯｉｌｆｉｅｌｄｓｉｎＳｈｅｎｇｌｉＯｉｌＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅＷａｎｇＢｉｎｈａｉ（Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｏｒ，ＧｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＳｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ，ＳＰＡＢ）ＦａｎＮａ...

A Three-dimensional Forecasting Model for Oil Spill

A 3-D forecasting model for oil-spill is developed using the finite difference method to numerically solve the shallow water equation. The instantaneous flow distribution in the studied area is calculated and the trajectory of the oil-slick centroid is predicted by means of Lagrange’s method. The computed results agree with the observed data well, this shows that this 3-D forecasting model has high accuracy.

Mechanisms of remaining oil formation by water flooding and enhanced oil recovery by reversing water injection in fractured-vuggy reservoirs

To get a deeper understanding on the formation mechanisms and distribution laws of remaining oil during water flooding, and enhanced oil recovery(EOR) mechanisms by reversing water injection after water flooding, 3D visualization models of fractured-vuggy reservoir were constructed based on the elements and configuration of fractures and vugs, and typical fracture-vug structures by using advanced CT scanning and 3D printing technologies. Then, water flooding and reversing water injection experiments were conducted. The formation mechanisms of remaining oil during water flooding include inadequate injection-production well control, gravity difference between oil and water, interference between different flow channels, isolation by low connectivity channel, weak hydrodynamic force at the far end. Under the above effects, 7 kinds of remaining oil may come about, imperfect well-control oil, blind side oil, attic oil at the reservoir top, by-pass residual oil under gravity, by-pass residual oil in secondary channel, isolated oil in low connectivity channel, and remaining oil at far and weakly connected end. Some remaining oil can be recovered by reversing water injection after water flooding, but its EOR is related to the remaining oil type, fracture-cavity structure and reversing injection-production structure. Five of the above seven kinds of remaining oil can be produced by six EOR mechanisms of reversing water injection: gravity displacement, opening new flow channel, rising the outflow point, hydrodynamic force enhancement, vertically equilibrium displacement, and synergistic effect of hydrodynamic force and gravity.

Chemical Compositions of the Leaf Essential Oils of <i>Aralia spinosa</i>from Three Habitats in Northern Alabama

Aralia spinosa leaves were collected from three different habitats in north Alabama. The leaf essential oils were collected by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The most abundant components of A. spinosa essential oils were the sesquiterpenes germacrene D (28.0% - 37.3%), (E)-caryophyllene (8.2% - 15.7%), and α-humulene (1.9% - 4.9%);the monoterpene myrcene (up to 15.1%), and the fatty-acid-derivative (2E)-hexenal (trace to 28.9%). Fatty-acid derivatives and monoterpene hydrocarbons were more abundant in samples from suburban Huntsville than those from “natural” habitats (Monte Sano Mountain, Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge), while sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were more abundant in the natural/wild samples.

2D Janus polymer nanosheets for enhancing oil recovery:From material ppreparation to property evaluation

Janus amphiphilic polymer nanosheets(JAPNs)with anisotropic morphology and distinctive perfor-mance have aroused widespread interest.However,due to the difficulty in synthesis and poor dispersion stability,JAPNs have been scarcely reported in the field of enhancing oil recovery(EOR).Herein,a kind of organic-based flexible JAPNs was prepared by paraffin emulsion methods.The lateral sizes of JAPNs were ranging from hundreds of nanometers to several micrometers and the thickness was about 3 nm.The organic-based nanosheets were equipped with remarkably flexible structures,which could improve their injection performance.The dispersion and interfacial properties of JAPNs were studied systematically.By modification of crosslinking agent containing multiple amino groups,the JAPNs had excellent hydro-philicity and salt resistance compared with conventional inorganic or composite nanosheets.The settling time of nanosuspension with NaCl and CaCl_(2) at a low salinity of 1000 mg/L was over 240 h.The value could also remain 124 h under the salinity of 10,000 mg/L NaCl.With the dual functionalities of Janus amphiphilic nature and nanoparticles'Pickering effect,JAPNs could change rock wettability and form emulsions as"colloidal surfactants",In particular,a new technology called optical microrheology was pioneered to explore the destabilization state of nanosuspensions for the first time.Since precipitation lagged behind aggregation,especially for stable suspension systems,the onset of the unstable behavior was difficult to be detected by conventional methods,which should be the indicator of reduced effec-tiveness for nanofluid products.In addition,the oil displacement experiments demonstrated that the JAPNs could enhance oil recovery by 17.14%under an ultra-low concentration of 0.005%and were more suitable for low permeability cores.The findings can help for a better understanding of the material preparation of polymer nanosheets.We also hope that this study could shed more light on the nano-flooding technology for EOR.

Morphological classification and three-dimensional pore structure reconstruction of shale oil reservoirs: A case from the second member of Paleogene Kongdian Formation in the Cangdong Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, East China

This study combines large volume three-dimensional reconstruction via focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy(FIB-SEM) with conventional scanning electron microscope(SEM) observation, automatic mineral identification and characterization system(AMICS) and large-area splicing of SEM images to characterize and classify the microscopic storage space distribution patterns and 3D pore structures of shales in the second member of the Paleogene Kongdian Formation(Kong 2) in the Cangdong Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin. It is shown that:(1) The Kong 2 Member can be divided into seven types according to the distribution patterns of reservoir spaces: felsic shale with intergranular micron pores, felsic shale with intergranular fissures, felsic shale with intergranular pores, hybrid shale with intergranular pores and fissures, hybrid shale with intergranular pores, clay-bearing dolomitic shale with intergranular pores, and clay-free dolomitic shale with intergranular pores.(2) The reservoir of the intergranular fracture type has better storage capacity than that of intergranular pore type. For reservoirs with storage space of intergranular pore type, the dolomitic shale reservoir has the best storage capacity, the hybrid shale comes second, followed by the felsic shale.(3) The felsic shale with intergranular fissures has the best storage capacity and percolation structure, making it the first target in shale oil exploration.(4) The large volume FIB-SEM 3D reconstruction method is able to characterize a large shale volume while maintaining relatively high spatial resolution, and has been demonstrated an effective method in characterizing the 3D storage space in strongly heterogeneous continental shales.

A More Precise Determination of Gear Oil Viscosity at Low Temperatures

Low temperature fluidity of gear oils is an important fluid property as it directly impacts the useful life of a gear set.This paper compares low temperature fluidity measurement precision of ASTM D6821 and ASTM D2983.Both tests are identical in the way they thermally condition the sample prior to viscosity measurement.While ASTM D2983 is cited in many current specifications,ASTM D6821 offers users and formulators a more accurate estimate of gear oil low temperature fluidity.The primary benefit in using ASTM D6821 is better precision.ASTM D6821 accomplishes this by automating the steps from prior to preheat through to viscosity measurement at end of test.

Case History of 3D Seismic Survey in Aershan Oil Field

ＣａｓｅＨｉｓｔｏｒｙｏｆ３ＤＳｅｉｓｍｉｃＳｕｒｖｅｙｉｎＡｅｒｓｈａｎＯｉｌＦｉｅｌｄＬｕＹｏｕｓｈｅｎｇ（ＢｕｒｅａｕｏｆＯｉｌＧｅｏｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌＰｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｉｎｇ，ＣＮＰＣ）Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：Ｏｉｌｆｉｅｌｄ，３Ｄ，Ｓｅｉｓｍｉｃ，Ｐ...

3D Slicing of Weighted Index for Reservoir Quality of Lower Miocene Rocks, Belayim Marine Oil Field, Gulf of Suez, Egypt

This study aims to have a single coefficient resulting from the integration of all the reservoir parameters through which a decision can be taken to determine the best quality places in the reservoir. The conventional well logging data in nine wells were used to determine the reservoir parameters in the study area. Seven different parameters were calculated, five of them were directly proportional to the quality of the reservoir, while the remaining two parameters which represent shale volume and water saturation were inversely proportional to the reservoir quality. The index of each parameter was calculated. A new value was created from the integration of the seven different parameter indexes called the weighted index for the reservoir quality. The reservoir quality values were sliced in the three dimensions depending on the effect of all reservoir parameters and not on any single parameter. It is clear from the results of this study that horizontal and vertical slicing, as well as cut-off values, illustrates that the middle and upper parts are the best places for the reservoir to explore hydrocarbons, where the values of the weighted index of the reservoir quality range from 0.65 to 0.9. Meanwhile, the quality of the reservoir decreases in its lower parts.

Citrus oils as chain transfer agents in the cross-metathesis degradation of polybutadiene in block copolymers using Ru-alkylidene catalysts

The cross-metathesis degradation of poly(styrene-co-butadiene) (styrene, 30 wt%) (SB-1) and poly(styrene-co-butadiene) (styrene, 21 wt%) (SB- 2) in the presence of essential oils and d-limo-nene as chain transfer agents (CTAs) using Rualkylidene catalysts (PCy3)2(Cl)2Ru = CHPh (I) and (1,3-diphenyl-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene) (PCy3)Cl2Ru=CHPh (II) was studied. Terpene-terminated butadiene oligomers and polystyrene blocks were obtained as products of the degradation of SB-1 and SB-2. Catalysts I and II showed high activity in the degradation of SB copolymers to produce the low molecular weight products (Mn = 276 - 335 g·mol-1) and yields ranging from 91% - 95%. The cross-metathesis degradation of copolymers in organic solvents and in citrus oils (mandarin, orange and lemon oils) proceeded with similar efficiency and resulted in the same molecular weight butadiene oligomers. According to GS/MS (EI) analysis, the main products of the degradation of SB-1 copolymer with d-limonene were limonene-terminated oligomers of series Am (m = 1 - 4).

The Research Application of 3D Laser Scanning Technology in the Deformation Detection of Large Cylindrical Oil Tank

In order to ensure the safety in using a large cylindrical storage tank,it is necessary to regularly detect its defonnatioii.The traditional total station method has high accuracy in determining the deformation,however,it has a low measxirement efficiency.Long-term observation means,there are more risks in the petrochemical plant,therefore,this paper proposes the usage of the 3D laser scanner,replacing the traditional total station to determine the defbnnation of a large cylindrical storage tank.The Matlab program,is compiled to calculate the point cloud data,while the tank deformation is analyzed from two different points which are,the local concave convex degree and the ovality degree.It is concluded that,the difference between the data obtained by 3D laser scanning,and total station is within the range of oil tank deformation limit,therefore,3D laser scanner can be used for oil tank deformation detection.

“双碳”目标下油气行业固定资产投资对碳排放的影响研究

为了厘清油气行业固定资产投资与碳排放之间的关系,本文将2002—2021年我国油气行业面板数据作为研究样本,通过构建固定效应模型实证研究了油气行业固定资产投资对碳排放的影响作用,并采用中介效应模型,运用逐步回归方法验证了油气行业固定资产投资、人均研发投入与碳排放之间的作用关系及其影响机制。研究结果表明:1)油气行业固定资产投资显著降低了碳排放比值,其影响系数为-1.913,表明通过加大油气行业的固定资产投资能够显著降低该行业的二氧化碳排放。本文在运用替换被解释变量、替换解释变量,以及增加控制变量等方法开展进一步回归分析后发现,上述检验结果依然稳健。2)人均研发投入在固定资产投资与碳排放比值之间发挥着部分中介作用,其中介效应值为24.7%。此外,油气行业的固定资产投资还显著降低了人均研发投入,而人均研发投入通过推动绿色技术创新则可以有效抑制碳排放比值。3)油气行业固定资产投资对碳排放的影响作用是短期的且影响系数较小,对主营业务收入的影响作用是长期的且影响系数较大。4)在我国油气行业的稳定增长时期与转型升级时期之内,固定资产投资对碳排放比值的影响作用具有明显的差异性。异质性检验结果表明,在油气行业的稳定增长期内,固定资产投资与碳排放比值之间并无显著的相关关系,而在油气行业的转型升级期内,固定资产投资则显著抑制了碳排放比值。

吴茱萸挥发油的GC-MS分析

为分析不同干燥方法处理的吴茱萸挥发油成分,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取烘干、晒干处理的吴茱萸的挥发油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)检测两者挥发油成分,采用面积归一化法计算各成分的相对含量;结果表明两者挥发油的提取率分别为0.21%和0.29%;从两者挥发油中鉴定到的交集化合物有65种,但含量差异较大;两者中相对含量前三的化合物相同,分别是β-榄香烯、β-石竹烯和大根香叶烯D;其中含量最高的β-榄香烯具有良好的抗肿瘤作用。本研究为吴茱萸挥发油的开发利用提供了实验基础。

基于Design-Expert优化一款中药空气抑菌剂配方的研究

目的:以多种中药挥发油作为原料,开发一款高效广谱抑菌的空气抑菌剂。方法:选取丁香、艾叶、香茅3种挥发油,采用Design-Expert 12.0中自带的Optimal(custom)试验设计进行最优混料配方筛选试验。通过采样我校饭堂空间空气浮游菌,先按软件设计配方加样抑菌孵育并计数,再拟合出孵育菌落数与各挥发油配方比例的模型方程,最后计算出最佳抑菌效能配方比例,并采用实验室试验和现场试验验证优选配方。结果:利用286组抑菌孵育数据计算得出,孵育菌落数(Y)与各挥发油配方比例之间的拟合方程为Y=17.60A+53.01B+36.76C-106.11AB-84.87AC-63.93BC+782.79A^(2)BC-1178.89AB^(2)C+413.15ABC2。丁香与艾叶、香茅挥发油抑菌的交互作用对孵育菌落数量有显著影响(p<0.05)。最终选择的丁香、艾叶、香茅挥发油比例为45.2:41.6:13.2,该配方的实验室试验和现场试验验证了其抑菌效能良好。结论:中药抑菌挥发油复配后具有明显的增效作用。该配方的空气抑菌剂抑菌效果明显,气味芳香易于被人们接受,具有良好的市场前景和推广价值。