Haemodynamic management in brain death donors:Influence of aetiology of brain death

BACKGROUND In brain death donors(BDDs),donor management is the key in the complex donation process.Donor management goals,which are standards of care or clinical parameters,have been considered an acceptable barometer of successful donor management.AIM To test the hypothesis that aetiology of brain death could influence haemodynamic management in BDDs.METHODS Haemodynamic data(blood pressure,heart rate,central venous pressure,lactate,urine output,and vasoactive drugs)of BDDs were recorded on intensive care unit(ICU)admission and during the 6-h observation period(Time 1 at the beginning;Time 2 at the end).RESULTS The study population was divided into three groups according to the aetiology of brain death:Stroke(n=71),traumatic brain injury(n=48),and postanoxic encephalopathy(n=19).On ICU admission,BDDs with postanoxic encephalopathy showed the lowest values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure associated with higher values of heart rate and lactate and a higher need of norepinephrine and other vasoactive drugs.At the beginning of the 6-h period(Time 1),BDDs with postanoxic encephalopathy showed higher values of heart rate,lactate,and central venous pressure together with a higher need of other vasoactive drugs.CONCLUSION According to our data,haemodynamic management of BDDs is affected by the aetiology of brain death.BDDs with postanoxic encephalopathy have higher requirements for norepinephrine and other vasoactive drugs.

Extended criteria brain-dead organ donors:Prevalence and impact on the utilisation of livers for transplantation in Brazil

BACKGROUND Despite its association with higher postoperative morbidity and mortality,the use of extended criteria donor(ECD)livers for transplantation has increased globally due to the high demand for the procedure.AIM To investigate the prevalence of ECD in donation after brain death(DBD)and its impact on organ acceptance for transplantation.METHODS Retrospective analysis of DBD organ offers for liver transplantation between 2017 and 2020 in a high-volume transplant centre.The incidence of the Eurotransplant risk factors to define an ECD(ET-ECD)among DBD donors and the likelihood of organ acceptance over the years were analysed.The relationship between organ refusal for transplantation,the occurrence,and the number of ET-ECD was assessed by simple and multiple logistic regression adjustment.RESULTS A total of 1619 organ donors were evaluated.Of these,78.31%(n=1268)had at least one ET-ECD criterion.There was an increase in the acceptance of ECD DBD organs for transplantation(1 criterion:from 23.40%to 31.60%;2 criteria:from 13.10%to 27.70%;3 criteria:From 6.30%to 13.60%).For each addition of one ETECD variable,the estimated chance of organ refusal was 64.4%higher(OR 1.644,95%CI 1.469-1.839,P<0.001).Except for the donor serum sodium>165 mmol/L(P=0.310),all ET-ECD criteria increased the estimated chance of organ refusal for transplantation.CONCLUSION A high prevalence of ECD DBD was observed.Despite the increase in their utilisation,the presence and the number of extended donor criteria were associated with an increased likelihood of their refusal for transplantation.

Protective effects of glycine pretreatment on brain-death donor liver

BACKGROUND: Morphological and functional changes commonly occur in livers of brain-death donors. Preven- tion of liver injury from brain-death will benefit the results of transplantation. This study was conducted to evaluate the protection effects of glycine on the liver of brain-death donor. METHODS: Fourty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into brain-death donor (BDD) group (B), glycine pretreatment group with BDD (G), and strychnine pre- treatment group with BDD(S). For these groups, brain death model was established in donor rats and liver trans- plantation was performed subsequently utilizing microsur- gical techniques. After the establishment of the model and during cold rinsing of liver donors or liver reperfusion of recipients, glycine was given at a dose of 0. 6 mmol, 25 μmol and 25 μmol in the group G, and a same dose of gly- cine and strychnine (1000 :1) was prescribed for the group S, but nothing for the group B. Before cold rinsing at 2 and 6 hours after portal vein(PV) reperfusion, blood sam- ples were taken from infrahepatic vena cava (IHVC) to de- termine the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as- partate aminotransferase (AST), tumor necrosis factor al- pha (TNF-α) and hyaluronic acid (HA). At 6 hours after PV reperfusion, graft samples were fixed for morphological observation and apoptosis of hepatocytes was detected using the TUNEL method. RESULTS: Before liver cold rinsing and at 2 and 6 hours af- ter PV reperfusion, the serum levels of ALT, AST, TNF-α, HA and apoptosis index (AI) in the groups B and S were significantly higher than those in the group G (P <0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups B and S (P>0.05). Electron microscopy showed that Kupffer cells were activated and hepatic cells injured more obvious- ly in the groups B and S than in the group G. CONCLUSION: Glycine pretreatment can improve the via-bility of the liver of the brain-death donor rat.

伴急性肾损伤的DBD供肾肾移植的临床结局

目的探讨伴急性肾损伤(AKI)的脑死亡器官捐献(DBD)供者供肾肾移植的临床结局。方法回顾性分析216例DBD供者的资料,按照改善全球肾脏病预后组织(KDIGO)标准将分为AKI组(69例)与正常组(147例),AKI组进一步分为KDIGO 1期和2~3期两组,AKI组受者135例,正常组受者288例。总结受者术后肾功能恢复情况及临床结局。分析移植物功能延迟恢复(DGF)发生的危险因素。结果AKI组供者血清肌酐(Scr)最高值、获取前Scr值、血钠最高值、获取前血钠值均高于正常组,升压药物应用时间长于正常组,48 h内液体复苏用量高于正常组,入院HCO3−值低于正常组,尿崩症、低血压发生率高于对照组;KDIGO 2~3期供者Scr最高值、获取前Scr值较KDIGO 1期供者高(均为P<0.05)。与正常组比较,AKI组受者DGF、急性排斥反应发生率较高,行连续性肾脏替代治疗的比例较高,术后90 d内Scr水平较高,术后3 d尿量较少;与KDIGO 1期受者比较,KDIGO 2~3期受者术后3、4、5、15 d Scr水平较高,术后2 d尿量较少(均为P<0.05)。单因素分析结果显示供者年龄、Scr最高值、血钠最高值、48 h内液体复苏用量是肾移植术后受者发生DGF的危险因素,多因素分析结果显示,供者年龄是肾移植术后受者发生DGF的独立危险因素(均为P<0.05)。结论伴AKI的DBD供者供肾用于肾移植,经过积极的器官维护可纠正AKI,对术后6个月移植物功能和存活率没有影响,可达到与非AKI供肾同样的效果,可作为扩大供肾来源。

Does the use of double hormone replacement therapy for trauma patient organ donors improve organ recovery for transplant

BACKGROUND With an ongoing demand for transplantable organs,optimization of donor management protocols,specifically in trauma populations,is important for obta-ining a high yield of viable organs per patient.Endocrine management of brain-dead potential organ donors(BPODs)is controversial,leading to heterogeneous clinical management approaches.Previous studies have shown that when levo-thyroxine was combined with other treatments,including steroids,vasopressin,and insulin,BPODs had better organ recovery and survival outcomes were increased for transplant recipients.AIM To determine if levothyroxine use in combination with steroids in BPODs increased the number of organs donated in trauma patients.METHODS A retrospective review of adult BPODs from a single level 1 trauma center over ten years was performed.Exclusion criteria included patients who were not solid organ donors,patients who were not declared brain dead(donation after circulatory death),and patients who did not receive steroids in their hospital course.Levothyroxine and steroid administration,the number of organs donated,the types of organs donated,and demographic information were recorded.Univariate analyses were performed with P<0.05 considered to be statistically significant.RESULTS A total of 88 patients met inclusion criteria,69(78%)of whom received levothyroxine and steroids(ST/LT group)vs 19(22%)receiving steroids without levothyroxine(ST group).No differences were observed between the groups for gender,race,pertinent injury factors,age,or other hormone therapies used(P>0.05).In the ST/LT group,68.1%(n=47)donated a high yield(3-5)of organ types per donor compared to 42.1%(n=8)in the ST group(P=0.038).There was no difference in the total number of organ types donated between the groups(P=0.068).CONCLUSION This study suggests that combining levothyroxine and steroid administration increases high-yield organ donation per donor in BPODs in the trauma patient population.Limitations to this study include the retrospective design and the relatively small number of organ donors who met inclusion criteria.This study is unique in that it mitigates steroid administration as a confounding variable and focuses specifically on the adjunctive use of levothyroxine.

Evaluation of the updated definition of early allograft dysfunction in donation after brain death and donation after cardiac death liver allografts

BACKGROUND:An updated definition of early allograft dysfunction(EAD) was recently validated in a multicenter study of 300 deceased donor liver transplant recipients.This analysis did not differentiate between donation after brain death(DBD) and donation after cardiac death(DCD) allograft recipients.METHODS:We reviewed our prospectively entered database for all DBD(n=377) and DCD(n=38) liver transplantations between January 1,2006 and October 30,2011.The incidence of EAD as well as its ability to predict graft failure and survival was compared between DBD and DCD groups.RESULTS:EAD was a valid predictor of both graft and patient survival at six months in DBD allograft recipients,but in DCD allograft recipients there was no significant difference in the rate of graft failure in those with EAD(11.5%) compared with those without EAD(16.7%)(P=0.664) or in the rate of death in recipients with EAD(3.8%) compared with those without EAD(8.3%)(P=0.565).The graft failure rate in the first 6 months in those with international normalized ratio ≥1.6 on day 7 who received a DCD allograft was 37.5% compared with 6.7% for those with international normalized ratio <1.6 on day 7(P=0.022).CONCLUSIONS:The recently validated definition of EAD is a valid predictor of patient and graft survival in recipients of DBD allografts.On initial assessment,it does not appear to be a useful predictor of patient and graft survival in recipients of DCD allografts,however a study with a larger sample size of DCD allografts is needed to confirm these findings.The high ALT/AST levels in most recipients of DCD livers as well as the predisposition to biliary complications and early cholestasis make these parameters as poor predictors of graft failure.An alternative definition of EAD that gives greater weight to the INR on day 7 may be more relevant in this population.

BAL联合M-ROSE在潜在供肺维护中的作用

目的探讨BAL联合M-ROSE在潜在供肺维护中的作用。方法选取昆明医科大学附属甘美医院重症医学科2020年09月至2022年12月收治的符合纳入标准的脑死亡患者行BAL,留取灌洗液行M-ROSE比较病原菌检出率及初步诊断时间。根据M-ROSE结果阳性的患者采用经验性抗感染治疗,评估抗感染治疗48 h前后的氧合指数、胸部X线评分、感染指标(WBC、CRP、PCT)变化。结果(1)病原菌检出率比较:MROSE对细菌感染初步诊断结果与检验科报告的结果表现出高度一致性(Kappa=0.921,P<0.001);(2)诊断时效性比较:M-ROSE初步诊断时间与常规涂片报告时间、微生物培养时间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);(3)抗感染治疗48 h的疗效比较:抗感染治疗前后氧合指数,白细胞,超敏C反应蛋白差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);抗感染治疗前后胸部X线,降钙素原差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论BAL联合M-ROSE在潜在供肺肺部感染中的诊断时效性高,可以为供肺维护早期抗感染治疗提供初步的依据。

中国遗体器官捐献供肾体外低温机械灌注保存指南

为促进遗体器官捐献供肾体外低温机械灌注保存技术的规范应用,中华医学会器官移植学分会组织制定了《中国遗体器官捐献供肾体外低温机械灌注保存指南》。该指南整合了肾脏移植学和遗体器官捐献学领域的专家共识,依据现有的临床指南、系统评价、病例研究、专家共识等资料,并结合近年国内外遗体器官捐献供肾体外低温机械灌注保存技术的临床问题。在多次专家研讨和达成一致意见后,完成了该指南的撰写。该指南共包含11个临床问题,14条推荐意见,并按照2009版牛津大学循证医学中心的证据分级与推荐强度标准,对每个临床问题的推荐意见强度与证据级别进行了分级。该指南旨在为临床实践提供指导,提高我国遗体器官捐献供肾保存水平,减少器官弃用率,缓解器官短缺问题。

脑死亡器官捐献供体评估和供心选择临床分析

目的总结73例脑死亡器官捐献供体评估和供心选择的临床经验。方法回顾73对脑死亡器官捐献心脏移植供受者临床资料,评估供体,选择供心,分析心脏移植受者生存情况和边缘供心使用情况。结果发现潜在供体,在判定脑死亡状态后,明确供体家属同意器官捐献后,评估供体,选择供心,使供受体最大限度匹配。73例心脏移植受者手术成功率为94.5%(69/73),围手术期死亡4例,术后随访1年死亡4例。边缘供心使用情况:供体年龄≥45岁17例,供受体体质量不匹配2例,供体中毒1例,供心冷缺血时间≥4 h 43例,大部分心脏移植受者予主动脉内球囊反搏和(或)体外膜肺氧合辅助,最终顺利出院。结论供受体最大限度匹配可使心脏移植患者获益最大;同时,适当放宽供心选择标准,增加供心数量,将为众多等待心脏移植患者带来希望。

肝移植术后缺血性胆道病变诊断与治疗中国实践指南

我国肝移植历经多年的探索发展,其技术及预后已得到显著提高,术后并发症发生率也随之降低,但缺血性胆道病变仍是一个不容忽视的问题。中山大学附属第三医院于2015年制订并发表《中国大陆地区肝移植后缺血性胆道病变诊断及治疗专家共识》,现结合现阶段情况及文献报道进行更新并形成指南。本指南从缺血性胆道病变的定义、发生率、发病机制、诊断、高危因素的预防以及治疗等方面进行详细阐述,旨在为肝移植术后缺血性胆道病变的诊断与治疗提供标准化、规范化的指导,以降低再移植率和病死率,提高肝移植受者的整体生存质量。

床旁超声心动图评估不同脑死亡原因的潜在成人心脏移植供体的价值

目的:探讨床旁超声心动图评估不同脑死亡原因的潜在成人心脏移植供体的价值。方法:选取2018年2月至2020年12月在中国医学科学院阜外医院评估的670例潜在成人心脏移植供体的床旁超声心动图及临床资料。根据不同脑死亡原因将供体分为脑卒中组(包括出血性脑卒中和缺血性脑卒中,n=398)和非脑卒中组(包括脑外伤、脑肿瘤、缺血缺氧性脑病,n=272),比较两组供体超声心动图及临床特点。由中国人体器官分配系统分至我院且符合供体入选标准的供体350例,脑卒中组195例,非脑卒中组155例,我院外科行获取手术,比较两组心脏有效获取率。结果:(1)670例潜在成人心脏移植供体中,与非脑卒中组比,脑卒中组供体的年龄更大、体重指数更高、左心室舒张末期内径更大、室间隔厚度更厚、有高血压史比例更高、不符合超声心动图入选标准比例更高,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.001)。670例潜在成人心脏移植供体中,共检出不符合超声心动图入选标准供体117例(17.5%),主要原因为左心室壁增厚有59例(50.4%)、左心室射血分数<50%有27例(23.1%)、室壁运动异常有21例(17.9%)、左心扩大有14例(12.0%)。(2)由中国人体器官分配系统分至我院且符合供体入选标准的350例供体中,心脏成功获取并移植246例(70.3%),其中脑卒中供体110例(44.7%),非脑卒中供体136例(55.3%)。与非脑卒中组比,脑卒中组的心脏获取成功率低[87.7%(136/155) vs. 56.4%(110/195),P<0.001]。外科手术未能成功获取104例(29.7%),获取不成功的主要原因为供心的冠状动脉任何一支主干发生堵塞,为91例(87.5%)。结论:应用床旁超声心动图筛查潜在移植供体的心脏,具有重要价值。脑死亡原因为脑卒中的潜在供体与非脑卒中供体的心脏结构有差异。即使初步供体评估合格,脑卒中供体的心脏获取成功率仍比非脑卒中供体低。

脑死亡供者外周血IL-6和IL-10对移植肾功能延迟恢复的预测作用

目的探讨脑死亡供者外周血白细胞介素(IL)-6和IL-10对肾移植受者发生移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)的预测作用。方法回顾性收集21例脑死亡供者和42例肾移植受者的临床资料和血液样本,将受者是否发生DGF作为因变量,评估供者外周血IL-6和IL-10对DGF的预测价值。结果42例肾移植受者中,10例发生DGF。单因素分析结果显示,DGF组和非DGF组比较,供者的IL-6和血肌酐水平以及供肾的冷缺血时间的差异有统计学意义。受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线显示,供者外周血IL-6和IL-10对肾移植受者发生DGF有一定的预测价值(分别为AUC=0.82,95%CI:0.64~0.99;AUC=0.73,95%CI:0.51~0.95)。在校正供者的血肌酐水平、供肾的冷缺血时间后,IL-6仍对DGF的发生有一定的预测价值。结论脑死亡供者外周血IL-6可能是肾移植受者术后发生DGF的一个预测因子。

Kidney donation after cardiac death

There is continuing disparity between demand for and supply of kidneys for transplantation. This review describes the current state of kidney donation after cardiac death （DCD） and provides recommendations for a way forward. The conversion rate for potential DCD donors varies from 40%-80%. Compared to con-trolled DCD, uncontrolled DCD is more labour intensive, has a lower conversion rate and a higher discard rate. The super-rapid laparotomy technique involving direct aortic cannulation is preferred over in situ perfusion in controlled DCD donation and is associated with lower kidney discard rates, shorter warm ischaemia times and higher graft survival rates. DCD kidneys showed a 5.73-fold increase in the incidence of delayed graft function （DGF） and a higher primary non function rate compared to donation after brain death kidneys, but the long term graft function is equivalent between the two. The cold ischaemia time is a controllable factor that signifcantly infuences the outcome of allografts, for example, limiting it to 〈 12 h markedly reduces DGF. DCD kidneys from donors 〈 50 function like stan-dard criteria kidneys and should be viewed as such. As the majority of DCD kidneys are from controlled dona-tion, incorporation of uncontrolled donation will expand the donor pool. Efforts to maximise the supply of kid-neys from DCD include： implementing organ recovery from emergency department setting; improving family consent rate; utilising technological developments to optimise organs either prior to recovery from donors or during storage; improving organ allocation to ensure best utility; and improving viability testing to reduce primary non function.

心脏移植的发展现状和新挑战

心脏移植是终末期心力衰竭患者的首选治疗。供者不足一直以来都是限制心脏移植数量增长的主要问题,随着新技术的不断更新和引入,供者池被不断扩大,比如使用年龄较大的供者、丙型肝炎病毒感染的供者、毒品过量致死的供者或心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)供者的心脏等。与此同时,高龄、多器官功能不全、机械循环支持及人类白细胞抗原抗体致敏受者的比例近几年明显增加。供者数量的不足、受者状况的复杂化、免疫抑制治疗的个体化管理和远期移植物血管病的防治等都是心脏移植领域面临的挑战。本文通过概述现今全球在扩大供者库、提高受者质量、加强排斥反应的诊治和心脏移植物血管病变的预防等方面的新进展,以期有助于改善在等待或已经接受心脏移植的终末期心力衰竭患者的生存时间和生活质量。

心脏机械灌注技术的研究现状

高质量的供心是移植成功的先决条件和根本保障,合理的供心保存技术对提升供心质量、改善心脏移植预后具有关键作用。静态冷保存(SCS)是目前移植心脏的标准保存技术,但该技术易造成供心严重的冷缺血损伤,且保存过程中无法评估心脏功能。机械灌注技术作为当前器官保存的重要新型技术,比SCS更符合生理状态,能够在器官保存过程中清除代谢废物、提供代谢需求的基本物质,一定程度延长保存时间、提升保存效果;也能有效评估器官功能,改善心脏移植预后;同时还能修复器官损伤,显著优化器官质量,提高供器官利用率。本文就心脏机械灌注技术的研究现状展开综述。

Outcome of kidney transplantation between controlled cardiac death and brain death donors： a meta-analysis

Background Our goal was to evaluate the outcomes of kidney transplants from controlled cardiac death donors compared with brain death donors by conducting a meta-analysis of cohort studies.Methods The PubMed database and EMBASE were searched from January 1980 to July 2013 to identify studies that met pre-stated inclusion criteria.Reference lists of retrieved articles were also reviewed.Two authors independently extracted information on the designs of the studies,the characteristics of the study participants,and outcome assessments.Results Nine cohort studies involving 84 398 participants were included in this meta-analysis; 3 014 received kidneys from controlled cardiac death donors and 80 684 from brain death donors.Warm ischemia time was significantly longer for the controlled cardiac death donor group.The incidence of delayed graft function was 2.74 times （P 〈0.001） greater in the controlled cardiac death donor group.The results are in favor of the brain death donor group on short-term patient and graft survival while this difference became nonsignificant at mid-term and long term.Sensitivity analysis yielded similar results.No evidence of publication bias was observed.Conclusion This meta-analysis of retrospective cohort studies suggests that the outcome after controlled cardiac death donors is comparable with that obtained using kidneys from brain death donors.

The influence of brain death on donor liver and the potential mechanisms of protective intervention

Brain-dead donors have become one of the main sources of organs for transplantation in Western countries.The quality of donor organs is closely related to the outcome of the transplantation.Experimental studies have confirmed the inferior graft survival of livers from brain-dead donors compared with those from living donors.Studies conducted in the past 10 years have shown that brain death is associated with effects on the decreased donor organ quality.However,whether the decrease in the viability of donor organs is caused by brain death or by the events before and after brain death remains uncertain.The purpose of this review is to introduce the advances and controversies regarding the influence of brain death on the viability of donor livers and to summarize the mechanisms of the different protective interventions for donor livers.

国际标准化脑死亡供肺获取经验介绍(附1例体会)

目的总结国际标准化脑死亡供体肺的获取经验,以形成一套适用于我国临床肺移植的脑死亡供体获取标准和规范。方法对1例机械通气50小时的志愿捐献者经脑死亡评估和供体器官功能评估后,行国际标准化供肺获取术。结果本例供体成功完成了心、肺、肝、肾、角膜的获取。所获取供肺被成功植入受体,且术后呼吸功能恢复良好。结论脑死亡供体肺获取的成功,可为今后我国脑死亡供体按国际标准化多脏器获取积累经验,使脑死亡供体的利用得到推广、普及。

民用航空超长距离转运供肺肺移植(附6例报告)

目的：探讨应用民用航空超长距离转运心脏死亡器官捐献（DCD）或脑死亡器官捐献（DBD）供肺进行肺移植的可行性。方法回顾性分析2015年2月至3月在南京医科大学附属无锡人民医院应用民用航空超长距离转运供肺施行肺移植手术的6例患者的临床资料。结果供体6例，为 DCD 或 DBD 供体。供肺从取出转运至肺移植手术室共耗时5.0～8.5 h，其中含飞行时间2.0～3.0 h （里程＞1500 km）。受者接受序贯式双肺移植5例，右单肺移植1例。手术过程顺利，肺冷缺血时间7～12 h。受者术后接受呼吸机辅助呼吸，于术后2～4 d 脱机。截止至投稿日，6例受者均恢复良好。结论使用 DCD 或者 DBD 的肺移植供体行序贯式双肺移植手术，若供、受体所在移植单位的两个城市间有直达航班，且飞行时间在3.0 h 内，长距离转运是可行的。

急性脑死亡对移植供体心脏形态学损害的研究

目的 探讨急性脑死亡对移植供体心脏形态学影响。方法 对 7例急性脑外伤后脑死亡患者 ,紧急气管插管人工辅助呼吸 ,维持循环和呼吸的相对稳定 ,确定为供体后 ,开胸 ,主动脉根部阻断 ,心脏冷停跳液灌注 ,心脏停搏后 ,取出心脏 ,取小块右心房和右心室肌 ,进行光镜和电镜检查。结果 7例中有 5例心肌的光镜显示肌原纤维间有水样变性 ,胞浆不均匀 ,肌原纤维之间有空隙 ,心肌内血管呈收缩状态 ;电镜下显示线粒体肿胀 ,有肌浆网扩张 ,部分区域有线粒体崩解 ,呈空胞变性。心肌细胞线粒体肿胀 ,脊断裂。结论 急性脑死亡可导致移植心脏形态学的损害 ,对心脏移植的效果具有一定影响。