Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Security Improvement with Encrypted Spreading Codes in a Partial Band Noise Jamming Environment

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) system is often deployed to protect wireless communication from jamming or to preclude undesired reception of the signal. Such themes can only be achieved if the jammer or undesired receiver does not have the knowledge of the spreading code. For this reason, unencrypted M-sequences are a deficient choice for the spreading code when a high level of security is required. The primary objective of this paper is to analyze vulnerability of linear feedback shift register (LFSRs) codes. Then, a new method based on encryption algorithm applied over spreading codes, named hidden frequency hopping is proposed to improve the security of FHSS. The proposed encryption security algorithm is highly reliable, and can be applied to all existing data communication systems based on spread spectrum techniques. Since the multi-user detection is an inherent characteristic for FHSS, the multi-user interference must be studied carefully. Hence, a new method called optimum pair “key-input” selection is proposed which reduces interference below the desired constant threshold.

A NEW DESIGN METHOD OF CDMA SPREADING CODES BASED ON MULTI-RATE UNITARY FILTER BANK

It is well-known that the multi-valued CDMA spreading codes can be designed by means of a pair of mirror multi-rate filter banks based on some optimizing criterion. This paper indicates that there exists a theoretical bound in the performance of its circulating correlation property, which is given by an explicit expression. Based on this analysis, a criterion of maximizing entropy is proposed to design such codes. Computer simulation result suggests that the resulted codes outperform the conventional binary balanced Gold codes for an asynchronous CDMA system.

THE STUDY OF AN M-ARY MC-CDMA SYSTEM BASED ON CYCLIC SPREADING CODES & PRE-EQUALIZATION

A novel fast despreading scheme for M-ary Multi-Carrier Code-Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) system is proposed based on cyclic spreading codes and pre-equalizer. In the transmitter, the M spreading codes of each user are generated by circularly shifting the prototype spreading code. A feedback pre-equalizer is employed to process the M-ary MC- CDMA signal before transmitted. The received signal is multiplied by the Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) result of the mirror image code of the prototype spreading code, and then demodulated by Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) demodulator. Compared with the conventional M-ary MC-CDMA receiver, the proposed scheme increases bandwidth efficiency, meanwhile, it achieves M-ary despread spectrum and multi-carrier demodulation, which reduces computation complexity remarkably.

Space-time spreading and space-time coding for correlated frequency-selective channel in the presence of interference

The space-time spreading （SIS）, superimposed training sequences and space-time coding （STC） are adopted to obtain a closed-form of average error probability upper bound and maximum likelihood esti- mation expression for multiple input and multiple output （MIMO） correlated frequency-selective channel in the presence of interference （colored interference）. Moreover, the correlation at both ends of the wire- less link that can be incorporated equivalently into correlation at the transmit end is derived. Finally, the mean square error （MSE） of the maximum likelihood estimate is also derived.

A New En-/de-coding Scheme of Spreading Time OCDMA

In this paper, we propose a new en /de coding scheme of spreading time OCDMA utilizing the dispersion of grating and filter in frequency domain. The key components of the scheme are grating pair, Fourier transformation lens, phase filter etc. The results of design and calculation are shown that the spreading time of input pulse can be up to nanosecond duration and the phase filter can provide pseudo noise bursts in time domain. The requirements for Laser and optical detection equipment in the scheme are reduced. So the new scheme proposed by us is effective for OCDMA en /de coding of coherent ultra short pulses.

Self-Encoded Multiple Access Multiuser Convolutional Codes in Uplink and Downlink Cellular Systems

Self-encoded spread spectrum eliminates the need for traditional pseudo noise (PN) code generators. In a self-encoded multiple access (SEMA) system, the number of users is not limited by the number of available sequences, unlike code division multiple access (CDMA) systems that employ PN codes such as m-, Gold or Kassami sequences. SEMA provides a convenient way of supporting multi-rate, multi-level grades of service in multimedia communications and prioritized heterogeneous networking systems. In this paper, we propose multiuser convolutional channel coding in SEMA that provides fewer cross-correlations among users and thereby reducing multiple access interference (MAI). We analyze SEMA multiuser convolutional coding in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels as well as fading channels. Our analysis includes downlink synchronous system as well as asynchronous system such as uplink mobile-to-base station communication.

Modeling and Simulation of CDMA Codes in Scilab

Prior to hardware implementation, simulation is an important step in the study of systems such as Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA). A useful technique is presented, allowing to model and simulate Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) for CDMA. It uses the Scilab package and its modeling tool for dynamical systems Xcos. PN-Generators are designed for the quadrature-phase modulation and the Gold Code Generator for Global Positioning System (GPS). This study gives a great flexibility in the conception of LFSR and the analysis of Maximum Length Sequences (MLS) used by spread spectrum systems. Interesting results have been obtained, which allow the verification of generated sequences and their exploitation by signal processing tools.

一种新的DBL-CDMA扩频码

构造了特殊的复数扩展矩阵,将基本松同步码(LS,Loose Synchronous)和复数扩展矩阵进行克罗内克积,设计出一种道本实验室码分多址(DBL-CDMA,Dan Ben Lab CodeDivision Multiple Access)互补分组地址码.分析了该地址码的自相关和互相关特性,以及该地址码的实现方法.分析结果表明,相对于基本LS码,在和基本LS码码长一致下,DBL-CDMA互补地址码增加了零相关窗口宽度、可用的码字数量和理想互补码的个数.该地址组码码字的自相关和组内码字间的互相关值仅在几个时间偏移处有附峰.理论推导与仿真结果相符.

New code match strategy for wideband code division multiple access code tree management

Orthogonal variable spreading factor channelization codes are widely used to provide variable data rates for supporting different bandwidth requirements in wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) systems. A new code match scheme for WCDMA code tree management was proposed. The code match scheme is similar to the existing crowed-first scheme. When choosing a code for a user, the code match scheme only compares the one up layer of the allocated codes, unlike the crowed-first scheme which perhaps compares all up layers. So the operation of code match scheme is simple, and the average time delay is decreased by 5.1%. The simulation results also show that the code match strategy can decrease the average code blocking probability by 8.4%.

Dual-channel Method for Fast Long PN-code Acquisition

Long PN-code acquisition is a difficult and time-consuming task due to long code period.To accelerate acquisition,folding methods like XFAST are widely used.In highdynamic environment however,the application of those methods are largely restricted due to nonnegligible residual frequency.This paper proposes a new dual-channel method for fast acquisition of long PN-code.In the proposed method,both non-overlapping local PNcode blocks are employed to correlate with input sample block;the detection process is eased through finding the maximum value among correlation results and verification is made with all the full and partial peaks taken into account.False alarm probabilities from analysis of the verification process are derived.Both theoretical and Monte Carlo simulations reveal that,with respect to acquisition probability and mean acquisition time under the same false alarm rate,dual-channel method has advantage over zero-padding and XFAST based folding methods under certain false alarm probabilities.

Efficient spread space-time block coding scheme in multiple antenna systems

Space-time coding is an important technique that can improve transmission performance at fading environments in mobile communication systems. In this paper, we propose a novel diversity scheme using spread spacetime block coding （SSTBC） in multiple antenna systems. At the transmitter, the primitive data are serial to parallel converted to multiple data streams, and each stream is rotated in constellation. Then Walsh codes are used to spread each symbol to all antenna space in a space-time block. The signals received from all receiver antennas are combined with the maximum ratio combining （MRC）, equalized with linear equalizer to eliminate the inter-code interference and finally demodulated to recover to transmit data by using the one-symbol maximum likelihood detector. The proposed scheme does not sacrifice the spectrum efficiency meanwhile maintains the transceiver with low complexity. Owing to the transmission symbols of different transmit antennas passing through all the spatial subchannels between transceiver antenna pairs, the system obtains the partial additional space diversity gain of all spatial paths. It is also shown that the diversity gain is better than the previous space-time block coding （STBC） schemes with full transmission rate.

Performance of Block Space-Time Code in Wireless Channel Dynamics

In this work, we observe the behavior of block space-time code in wireless channel dynamics. The block space-time code is optimally constructed in slow fading. The block code in quasistatic fading channels provides affordable complexity in design and construction. Our results show that the performance of the block space-time code may not be as good as conventionally convolutional coding with serial transmission for some channel features. As channel approaches fast fading, a coded single antenna scheme can collect as much diversity as desired by correctly choosing the free distance of code. The results also point to the need for robust space-time code in dynamic wireless fading channels. We expect that self-encoded spread spec-trum with block space-time code will provide a robust performance in dynamic wireless fading channels.

Fractional Sampling Improves Performance of UMTS Code Acquisition

An improved technique with a fractional sampling based on two samples per chip, according to the Nyquist criterion, has been employed by the authors to enhance the performance in the code synchronization of UMTS (or W-CDMA) systems. In this paper, we investigate on the theoretical rationale of such a promising behavior. The performance is analyzed for several wireless channels, in the presence of typical pedestrian and vehicular scenarios of the IMT2000/UMTS cellular systems.

THE STUDY OF A BOCC M-ARY SPREAD SPECTRUM SCHEME

M-ary spread spectrum technique has been found wide applications in wireless communications, but it needs too many orthogonal spreading codes and its despreading/demodulation is quite complex computationally, which limit its wider applications. This paper proposes a novel scheme for Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) communication systems based on M-ary spread spectrum, where only one prototype spreading code is assigned to each user and the codes for different users are orthogonal or quasi-orthogonal with each other. The M spreading codes of each user to represent K bits data are generated by circularly shifting the assigned code and reversing its polarity. The spreading codes generated like that are called as BiOrthogonal Cyclic Codes (BOCCs). At the receiver of the system, a transform domain matched-filter implemented by means of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is employed to despread and demodulate the received signals, which has very low computational complexity. The results of simulation experiments and bit-error performance analysis show that the proposed scheme is practical and very useful in many cases.

Performance analysis and code recognition for dual N-ary orthogonal hybrid modulation systems

A dual N-ary orthogonal hybrid modulation system is introduced in this paper, which can increase the data rate greatly compared with conventional N-ary orthogonal spread spectrum system, so it can be used for high rate data communication. Then, three code recognition algorithms are presented for dual N-ary orthogonal hybrid modulation system and the analytic bit error rate （BER） performance of the system in additive white Gaussian noise （AWGN） and fiat Rayleigh fading channel is derived. Finally, the computer simulation of the system with three code recognition algorithms is performed, which shows that the simplified maximum a posteriori （MAP） algorithm is the best for the system with a compromise between the performance and the complexity.

基于可逆元胞自动机加密的扩展码索引调制方案

针对直接序列扩频系统伪随机(Pseudo Noise,PN)码资源有限且码索引调制系统误码率性能下降的问题,提出了一种基于可逆的初等元胞自动机加密的扩展码索引调制方案。首先,针对PN码资源有限的问题,提出使用混沌规则的初等元胞自动机对PN码进行迭代的方案,从而实现扩展PN码的目的;其次,针对码索引调制误码率性能下降的问题,提出了一种可逆元胞自动机加密的码索引调制方案,在发射端,把信息比特切割成调制比特和映射比特,并分别映射为调制符号和扩频码索引,使用对应索引的扩频码对同相分量进行扩频,同时使用可逆元胞自动机对映射比特进行加密,加密后的映射比特为调制符号的正交分量选取对应索引的扩频码进行扩频。仿真与分析结果表明,在相同频谱效率条件下,在加性高斯白噪声信道中,当误码率为10-5时,扩展码索引调制方案的误码率性能优于码索引调制和广义码索引调制方案约2~4 dB,优于非正交码移键控码索引调制方案约0.5 dB。

软判决译码在多进制扩频通信系统中的应用

扩频通信技术能有效提高系统抗干扰能力,因此得到广泛应用;随着频带资源越来越拥挤,多进制扩频因其能够很好的对带宽和传输速率折中,越来越受到关注;同步一直是多进制扩频技术中的关键技术,对采用同步头同步法以及参考信号同步法的误码性能进行对比;系统采用软判决方式做数字调制解调输出提供给译码器,从对数似然比出发,提出一种适用于多进制扩频系统的次最优的软信息提取方式,分析了分别采用硬判决和软判决对系统带来的影响;仿真结果表明,单纯提取软信息后判决的方式对系统误码性能的提升不明显,在误码率BER=1×10^(-3)时,相比硬判决有0.2 dB左右的增益;加入卷积编码后,仿真参数不变分析对整个系统的性能改善时,相比于DSSS(Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum,直接扩频系统)系统的误码性能有5.2 dB左右的提升,软判决译码比硬判决译码有大约1 dB的增益;而考虑到编码效率,单独的分析软判决和硬判决对系统的误码性能的影响时,结果表明,在信噪比较高的信道环境下系统的误码性能得到较大改善,在误码率BER=1×10^(-3)时软判决译码比硬判决译码有0.7 dB左右的增益,软判决译码对整个系统的误码性能有2.5 dB左右的增益的。

一种扩展GMSK扩频多普勒捕获范围的方法

伪码捕获在短时猝发GMSK(高斯滤波最小频移键控)扩频通信中是不可缺少的一环,尤其是在接收端弱信号的情况下,多普勒频移会严重影响接收端伪码捕获性能。针对短时猝发GMSK扩频体制的特殊性,设计了接收端伪码捕获算法,推导分析了该捕获算法的相关公式,并在此基础上提出了一种多通道并行接收捕获的方法以适应短时猝发条件,该方法通过扩展多普勒适应范围以提升GMSK扩频通信系统伪码捕获性能,将该方法应用到短时猝发GMSK扩频通信系统中,可提升伪码捕获峰值阈值约2.7 dB以满足系统灵敏度要求,且占用硬件资源较少。

光纤组网全冗余PLC控制通信直接序列扩频编码

直接序列扩频通信需要大量线性复杂序列用作调制编码,为了达到理想编码效果,提出了光纤组网全冗余PLC控制通信直接序列扩频编码方法。采用双环网控制器,支持PLC控制机架冗余配置,根据扩频线性反馈逻辑输出值与双环网控制器之间关系,输出扩频序列。设计槽位机架冗余模式和旋转编码拨码开关,将二进制信息转化为扩频后调制符号向量所需扩频矩阵,采用香农-哈特利方法实现编码操作。由实验结果可知,该方法编码结果与理想结果一致,最高z方向振幅为0.8,可有效提高编码效率。