DC流对液氦温区斯特林型脉管制冷机的影响

理论研究表明DC流(Direct Current flow)存在于大多数双向进气结构的脉管制冷机中。开展了10 K以下多级斯特林脉管的实验研究,考察了在液氦温区斯特林脉管内直流流动对制冷机性能影响的规律。在采用双向进气结构对DC流流向及流量适当控制时,制冷机性能得到明显提升,在8—7 K温区适当的DC流下冷端由7.42 K降低至7.16 K。

城市轨道交通DC1500V直流牵引供电系统故障处理

城市轨道交通DC1500V直流牵引供电系统包含变配电所、供电线路、分区开关等多部分结构,其职责以向列车提供牵引动力为主,在现代城市轨道交通系统中占据重要地位。文章对城市轨道交通DC1500V直流牵引供电系统故障处理进行了详细研究与总结,并提出了一系列改进措施。通过分析牵引供电系统常见的线路故障、绝缘故障和设备故障,我们探讨了相应的处理方法和流程。旨在提高城市轨道交通系统的运行可靠性和安全性。

脉管制冷机中复杂DC流的影响机理

为了进一步研究系统非对称性对DC流现象和脉管制冷机中直流分量对制冷性能的影响,采用数值模拟方法,引入了描述系统阻力元件的非对称性的几何参数—不对称率,详细研究了系统不对称性对脉管制冷机DC流、制冷性能的影响规律,并且在分析和比较不同流向和幅值大小的条件下,详细研究了DC流的流向和幅值对脉管制冷机的关键部件脉管和回热器的壁面温度分布特性的影响规律。数值验证了将壁面温度分布作为描述脉管制冷机中DC流的流动方向和大小的判定准则的正确性,且回热器和脉管的壁面温度分布的非线性越强烈,预示着系统内DC流的流向和幅值越大,对制冷性能的影响越剧烈,并间接指出系统热力不对称性是造成DC流的主要原因,为进一步发现和抑制直流现象提供了可靠的理论依据。

助剂(C_2H_4、NH_3)添加对AC/DC流光放电等离子体脱硝效果的影响

等离子体法脱硝被认为是一种非常环保有效的脱硝技术,为了探究等离子体对NO_x的作用过程,选用AC/DC流光放电等离子体及模拟烟气,考察了烟气流量和NO初始浓度、添加剂的种类与含量以及SO_2对等离子体脱硝的影响。结果表明:NO的脱除过程由氧化过程和还原过程同时作用,在同一功率下,NO_x脱除率随流量的增加而降低,NO初始浓度对NO_x脱除率无直接影响。氨的添加可以促进NO_x的还原脱除,乙烯的添加可以促进NO氧化转化为NO_2。烟气中SO_2存在会导致NO_x脱除效率降低,此时氨助剂的加入可以显著提高NO_x脱除率。当NH3∶SO_2=2∶1时,在15 W下SO_2脱除率可达100%,NO_x脱除率60%。

无变压器AC-DC恒流发光二极管驱动器

世界首款由85～240V交流电源供电的无外加变压器、无桥式整流器和电感元件的AC-DC恒流发光二极管(LED)驱动器IC(ZD832),其可编程输出恒流达30mA,在220V的AC输入电压下可以驱动78个(正向电压F=3.3V,正向电流F=30mA)白光或RGB LED串联在一起的LED串,并提供数字PWM或模拟电压调光功能和过热及过压保护,适用于各种形状因数的LED灯和照明系统。

A Current-Mode DC-DC Buck Converter with High Stability and Fast Dynamic Response

A current-mode DC-DC buck converter with high stability is presented. The loop gain＇s expression of the current-mode converter is derived by employing an advanced model of a current-mode control converter. After analyzing the loop gain＇s expression, which illustrates the method of selecting suitable frequency compensation for the control loop,a novel pole-zero tracking frequency compensation is proposed. Based on theoretical analysis, a DC-DC buck converter with high stability is designed with 0.5μm-CMOS technology. The simulated results reveal that the stability of the converter is independent of the load current and the input voltage. Moreover,the converter provides a full load transient response setting time of less than 5μs and overshoots and undershoots of less than 30mV.

直流电流潮流控制器分步选址与多目标优化定容方法

电流潮流控制器(DC current flow controller,DC CFC)具备直接控制特定线路电流的能力,且能够实现不同线路间功率的定向和定量交互,提高直流电网线路利用效率。为了最大化DC CFC的潮流调节能力,DC CFC的稳态建模及其选址定容问题亟待解决。针对一种新型电流潮流控制器,分析其拓扑结构、工作原理及外特性;提出基于直流线路潮流性能指标和换流站直流输出电压性能指标的综合安全指标,用于系统运行状态评估;根据系统运行状态评估结果,结合DC CFC选址原则,提出DC CFC两阶段分步选址方案;对DC CFC安装容量的经济性指标及电网安全性指标进行综合评估,提出一种DC CFC多目标优化定容策略,该策略可同时兼顾电网运行的安全性与经济性;最后,通过仿真算例校验所提方法的有效性与准确性。

DC FLOW SUPPRESSION IN A SINGLE-STAGE G-M TYPE PULSE TUBE COOLER

An experimental investigation on DC flow suppression in a single-stage G-M type pulse tube cooler is made. The influence of DC flow induced by the introduction of the double-inlet on the refrigeration performance of the cooler is experimentally examined. Two parallelplaced needle valves with an opposite flow direction called as double-valved configuration, instead of conventional single-valved configuration as the double-inlet is used to reduce the DC flow. With the double-valved configuration, the minimum temperatures of 18.4 K and 14.7 K, and the cooling powers of 11.5 W and 29.5 W are also obtained by RW2 and CP4000, respectively.

Enhancing the Performance of the Marine and Tidal Current Converters Using DC-DC Boost Converter

Due to the highly demand on the renewable energy sources as a free and a clean power resource, extracting energy from unsteady flow using marine and tidal current turbines has a distinct focusing nowadays. For their resource characteristic, extracting energy from marine/tidal current needs a simple and robust converter, which could overcome the drawbacks of the mechanical system such as gearbox and enhance conversion system stability. In this paper a new AC-DC-AC conversion system has been proposed. The new conversion system contains a middle stage DC-DC boost converter, which boost the generated rectified DC voltage higher enough that can enable the PWM inverter to generate the required voltage with the synchronized frequency. In order to investigate the efficient performance of the proposed conversion system especially at low current speed compared to the conventional one, different operating conditions have been studied. Moreover, the effect of including boost converter on the THD （total harmonic distortion） has also been checked. The new conversion system presents its capability to enhance and improve system performance not only with low current speed but also with high current speed.

Multi-converter Approach to Higher Power Density DC-DC Converter for 380 V DC Distribution System

Multi-converter approach based on the series and parallel connection topology of modular power converters has been proposed to realize higher power density DC-DC converter. The availability of the proposed approach has been verified through the design consideration and the experiment. The design consideration for two DC-DC converters has been carried out by utilizing the power converter exact loss simulator, and the design parameters to maximize their power densities have been extracted taking the trade-off between the conversion efficiency and the power density into account. The prototypes of a 2,400 W, 256-384 V boost chopper using SiC-MOSFETs and a 300 W, 32-48 V GaN-FETs boost chopper have been also developed based on the design. The SiC chopper achieved the efficiency of 97.8% and the power density of 12,8 W/cm3, and the GaN chopper accomplished 98.9% and 18.6 W/cm3 in the experiment. These results show the validity of the design and the availability of the proposed approach. The multi-converter approach enables the cost reduction of the modular power converters, and contributes to realizing the widespread use of power electronics converters in the future 380 V DC distribution system.

Design of small-area and high-efficiency DC-DC converter for 1 T SRAM

The direct current-direct current （DC-DC） converter is designed for 1 T static random access memory （SRAM） used in display driver integrated circuits （ICs）, which consists of positive word-line voltage （VpwL）, negative word-line voltage （VinyL） and half-VDD voltage （VHDo） generator. To generate a process voltage temperature （PVT）-insensitive VpWL and VNWL, a set of circuits were proposed to generate reference voltages using bandgap reference current generators for respective voltage level detectors. Also, a VOWL regulator and a VNWL charge pump were proposed for a small-area and low-power design. The proposed VpwL regulator can provide a large driving current with a small area since it regulates an input voltage （VCI） from 2.5 to 3.3 V. The VmvL charge pump can be implemented as a high-efficiency circuit with a small area and low power since it can transfer pumped charges to VNWL node entirely. The DC-DC converter for 1 T SRAM were designed with 0.11 μm mixed signal process and operated well with satisfactory measurement results.

High-Performance AC-DC Power Electronic Converter Generator for Hybrid-Solar Vehicles

This paper describes the principles of operation and the physical model of an advanced AC-DC converter generator （with the electronic converter acting as an AC-DC rectifier with reverse-conducting MOSFETs （metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors） as fast-electronic switches with a relatively low ON-state voltage drop） for HSVs. An AC-DC converter, when seen as an AC-DC rectifier, can be used in many fields, e.g., for multi-functional AC-DC/DC-AC convener generator^starter and conventional DC-AC convener motors and AC-DC converter generators or generator sets, welding machines, etc. The paper also describes a novel AC-DC convener, with reverse-conducting transistors and without the use of optoelectronic separation （which does not require a separate power supply）, which may be easily realized in IC （integrated-circuit） technology. Computer simulation allows for waveform evaluation for timing analysis of all components of the AC-DC-converter＇s physical model, both during normal operation as well as in some states of emergency. The paper also presents the results of bench experimental studies where the MOSFETs were used as fast-electronic switches with a relatively low ON-state voltage drop. For experimental studies, a novel AC-DC converter has been put together on the Mitsubishi FM600TU-3A module. The AC-DC converter with reverse-conducting transistors in a double-way connection has a lot of advantages compared to the conventional AC-DC convener acting as a diode rectifier, such as higher energy efficiency and greater reliability resulting from the lower temperature of electronic switches.

Fabrication of automatic switch for AC-DC completely automated measurement system at NIS

A fast automatic AC-DC switch is designed and fabricated mainly by a microcontroller and three double poles single throw reed relays.This new switch is introduced to establish a fully automated system for AC-DC measurements through ACDC transfer standards for the first time at the National Institute for standards(N IS)in Egypt.The implemented circuit of theautomatic AC-DC switch and its protection are presented in details.An AC voltage source is calibrated against DC voltagesource by using the demonstrated automatic switch as an application The calibrated voltage ranges are2V,6V,20V and60V as examples.The uncertainty budget is also evaluated for the calibrated values.

High Power Density Three-Level Three-Phase AC-DC 48 V Power Supply

International standards impose several constraints concerning the electric power quality and require that the harmonic content of the line current of grid connected equipment is below assigned limits; for this reason, operating of AC-DC converters with high power factor and low line current distortion has become essential. In this paper, the prototypal realization of a three-phase AC-DC 48 V power electronic converter for telecom system supplying is described and experimental testing results are discussed. The main constraints in the power supply design are the required power density of about 900 W per dm3 as well as the absence of the neutral wire in the supply grid. The carried out investigation is focused on three-level power converter configurations which are considered in order to reduce voltage rating of power switches. As a result of the reduced voltage, low on-resistance metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors can be used in the power stage, solution which allows to achieve improved efficiency as well as increased switching frequency with respect to the insulated gate bipolar transistors based two-level topologies.

Fundamental Study of High Step-down Non-isolated Multicellular DC-DC Converter for Future DC Distribution Systems

A novel high step-down non-isolated DC-DC converter has been proposed. The proposed converter consists of highly efficient non-isolated cell converters using bidirectional semiconductor power devices, and these cell converters are connected in ISOP （input series and output parallel）. The non-isolated ISOP converter achieves high step-down ratio of D/N, operating N cell converters under the duty ratio olD. Availability of the proposed converter has been shown by developing the 48 V-12 V laboratory prototype using two 24 V-12 V cell converters. Design consideration for the 48 V-3 V multicellular converter using four 12 V-3 V cell converters has been also conducted, and the potential to approach the efficiency of 97% has been discussed. The proposed topology is suitable for the POL （point of load） converters in the highly efficient next generation DC distribution system for data centers.

A Method to Obtain Complex Transfer Functions of Four Order DC-DC Converters

Two TFs （transfer functions） are needed to analyze switching DC-DC converters in control-voltage mode： the duty-cycle to output-voltage （control to output） and the input-voltage to output-voltage （line to output）. To obtain these TFs a small-signal analysis is required. The CCM （continuous conduction mode） and the DCM （discontinuous conduction mode） analysis are different. When a circuit includes the loss resistances of the components, the number of parameters increases considerably, making manual nodal-loop circuit analysis techniques impractical to obtain the TFs. Moreover, these circuits are bilinear （non-linear） and it is necessary to linearize the equations at a DC operating-point （approximate linearization）. Vorp6rian describes a PWM （pulse-width-modulated） switch model that includes all non-linear parts of the DC-DC switching converters. This model can be linearized and replaced on the switching converter schematic leading to a linear circuit. At this point it is possible to use symbolic analysis programs to obtain these TFs or to simply apply numerical values for either the Bode diagrams or the calculation of poles and zeros. Here we describe an application of Ekrem Cangeici＇s method on X DC-DC converter to obtain control to output and line to output TFs in CCM and DCM including loss resistances. The method presented in this paper is optimized to use in the online publishing platform OctaveRS. Also the control to output TF for PCC （peak current controlled） in CCM is obtained.

Constant Ripple Current Control for Switching DC-DC Converter

The adapted DC-DC converters should be smaller in size and have a small output current ripple to meet the increasing demand for low voltages with high performance and high density micro processors for several microelectronic load applications. This paper proposes a DC-DC converter using variable on-time and variable switching frequency control enhanced constant ripple current control and reduced magnetic components. The proposed converter is realized by making the turn-offtime proportional to the on-time of the converter, according to the input and output voltage, thereby reducing the corresponding current ripple on output voltage in the continuous conduction mode. A Buck DC-DC converter using the proposed control strategy is analyzed in detail, along with some experimental results to show the performance and effectiveness of this converter.

High Frequency Transformers for DC/DC Converter Used in Solar PV System

This paper presents and investigates planar and coaxial high frequency power transformers used for DC/DC converters in a three phase photo voltaic （PV） power systems. The winding structure including a Faraday shield between the primary and secondary windings is designed to minimize eddy current losses, skin and proximity effects, and to reduce the leakage inductance, and the inter winding coupling capacitance. Finite Element Method is employed to analyze the magnetic flux and eddy current distributions. The two different kinds of prototype high frequency transformers are designed and tested. The simulation and experiment results are demonstrated and compared with non-shielded transformers. The shielded transformers have achieved the expected results with a relatively small coupling capacitance, compared with the conventional high frequency transformer. This shield decreases the inter-winding coupling capacitance Cps. The topology of this shield has to be such that it acts as a Faraday screen while avoiding eddy current generation.

一种新型LD驱动电源的设计

本文详细介绍了半导体激光器驱动电源的工作原理,分别对基于晶体管、场效应管和专用芯片的驱动电源进行分析,对三种驱动电源进行了比较,并设计了一种基于DC/DC转换芯片的可调式激光器驱动电源,该电源输出恒流范围为0-4A,工作性能可靠、稳定,具有较大的应用价值。

Design of a novel 50kW fast charger for electric vehicles

A novel 50 kW fast charger was proposed for electric vehicles. The proposed fast charger is divided into two main sections an AC-DC converter performing a PFC function and a DC-DC converter performing a charging function. A transformer including leakage inductances was used in the AC-DC converter in order to obtain isolation and inductance. A series-connection topology was used in the DC-DC converter between the DC-bus and outlet. This topology enables high power conversion efficiency up to 95% for the DC-DC converter. In order to reduce the impact of the 50 kW charging on the AC grid, the proposed fast charger system includes a buffering battery unit between the two main power conversion units. This leads to reductions in the power installation costs of power companies and to improvements in the power quality were verified through simulations and experimental results. on the AC grid. The performances of the proposed fast charger system