Interaction Mechanisms between Natural Debris Flow and Rigid Barrier Deflectors:A New Perspective for Rational Design and Optimal Arrangement

Rigid barrier deflectors can effectively prevent overspilling landslides,and can satisfy disaster prevention requirements.However,the mechanisms of interaction between natural granular flow and rigid barrier deflectors require further investigation.To date,few studies have investigated the impact of deflectors on controlling viscous debris flows for geological disaster prevention.To investigate the effect of rigid barrier deflectors on impact mechanisms,a numerical model using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)method with the Herschel–Bulkley model is proposed to simulate the interaction between natural viscous flow and single/dual barriers with and without deflectors.This model was validated using laboratory flume test data from the literature.Then,the model was used to investigate the influence of the deflector angle and multi-barrier arrangements.The optimal configuration of multi-barriers was analyzed with consideration to the barrier height and distance between the barriers,because these metrics have a significant impact on the viscous flow pile-up,run-up,and overflow mechanisms.The investigation considered the energy dissipation process,retention efficiency,and dead-zone formation.Compared with bare barriers with similar geometric characteristics and spatial distribution,rigid barriers with deflectors exhibit superior effectiveness in preventing the overflow and overspilling of viscous debris flow.Recommendations for the rational design of deflectors and the optimal arrangement of multi-barriers are provided to mitigate geological disasters.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation on the Aerodynamic Characteristics of High-Speed Pantographs with Supporting Beam Wind Deflectors

Aiming to mitigate the aerodynamic lift force imbalance between pantograph strips,which exacerbates wear and affects the current collection performance of the pantograph-catenary system,a study has been conducted to support the beam deflector optimization using a combination of experimental measurements and computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulations.The results demonstrate that the size,position,and installation orientation of the wind deflectors significantly influence the amount of force compensation.They also indicate that the front strip deflectors should be installed downwards and the rear strip deflectors upwards,thereby forming a“π”shape.Moreover,the lift force compensation provided by the wind deflectors increases with the size of the deflector.Alternative wind compensation strategies,such as control circuits,are also discussed,putting emphasis on the pros and cons of various pantograph types and wind compensation approaches.

Research on the jet characteristics of the deflector–jet mechanism of the servo valve

In view of the complicated structure of the deflector-jet mechanism,a mathematical model based on the turbulent jet flow theory in the deflector-jet amplifier is proposed.Considering the energy transformation and momentum variation,an equation of the flow velocity distribution at the key fluid region is established to describe the morphological changes of the fluid when it passes through the deflector and jets into the receiver.Moreover,the process is segmented into four stages.According to the research results,the oil enters the deflector and impinges with the side wall.Then one part of the oil＇s flow velocity decreases and a high pressure zone is formed by the oil accumulation,the other part of the oil reverses out of the deflector along the side wall.Prior to entering the receiver,the flow is a kind of plane impinging jet.Virtually,the working pressure of the receiver is generated by the impact force,while the high speed fluid flows out of the receiver and forms a violent vortex,which generates negative pressure and causes the oil to be gasified.Compared with the numerical simulation results,the turbulent jet model that can effectively describe the characteristics of the deflector-jet mechanism is accurate.In addition,the calculation results of the prestage pressure characteristic have been verified by experiments.

Numerical Analysis and Verification of the Gas Jet from Aircraft Engines Impacting a Jet Blast Deflector

The process of the gas jet from aircraft engines impacting a jet blast deflector is not only a complex fluid–solid coupling problem that is not easy to compute, but also a safety issue that seriously interferes with flight deck envi?ronment. The computational fluid dynamics(CFD) method is used to simulate numerically the impact e ect of gas jet from aircraft engines on a jet blast deflector by using the Reynolds?averaged Navier?Stokes(RANS) equations and turbulence models. First of all, during the pre?processing of numerical computation, a sub?domains hybrid meshing scheme is adopted to reduce mesh number and improve mesh quality. Then, four di erent turbulence models includ?ing shear?stress transport(SST) k-w, standard k-w, standard k-ε and Reynolds stress model(RSM) are used to compare and verify the correctness of numerical methods for gas jet from a single aircraft engine. The predicted values are in good agreement with the experimental data, and the distribution and regularity of shock wave, velocity, pressure and temperature of a single aircraft engine are got. The results show that SST k?w turbulence model is more suitable for the numerical simulation of compressible viscous gas jet with high prediction accuracy. Finally, the impact e ect of gas jet from two aircraft engines on a jet blast deflector is analyzed based on the above numerical method, not only the flow parameters of gas jet and the interaction regularity between gas jet and the jet blast deflector are got, but also the thermal shock properties and dynamic impact characteristics of gas jet impacting the jet blast deflector are got. So the dangerous activity area of crew and equipments on the flight deck can be predicted qualitatively and quantitatively. The proposed research explores out a correct numerical method for the fluid–solid interaction during the impact process of supersonic gas jet, which provides an e ective technical support for design, thermal ablation and structural damage analysis of a new jet blast deflector.

Numerical studies on four-engine rocket exhaust plume impinging on flame deflectors with afterburning

This paper studies the four-engine liquid rocket flow field during the launching phase.Using threedimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations and two-equation realizable k-epsilon turbulence model,an impact model is established and flow fields of plume impinging on the two different shapes of flame deflectors,including wedge-shaped flame deflector and cone-shaped flame deflector,are calculated.The finite-rate chemical kinetics is used to track chemical reactions.The simulation results show that afterburning mainly occurs in the mixed layer.And the region of peak pressure occurs directly under the rocket nozzle,which is the result of the direct impact of exhaust plume.Compared with the wedgeshaped flame deflector,the cone-shaped flame deflector has great performance on guiding exhaust gas.The wedge-shaped and cone-shaped flame deflectors guide the supersonic exhaust plume away from the impingement point with two directions and circumferential direction,respectively.The maximum pressure and temperature on the wedge-shaped flame deflector surface are 37.2%and 9.9%higher than those for the cone-shaped flame deflector.The results provide engineering guidance and theoretical significance for design in flame deflector of the launch platforms.

High-Speed Time-Domain En Face Optical Coherence Tomography System Using KTN Optical Beam Deflector

We developed high-speed time-domain (TD) en face optical coherence tomography (OCT) system using KTN optical beam deflector. The KTN optical beam deflector operates at a high repetition rate of 200 kHz with a fairly large beam deflection angle. We proposed a high-speed en face OCT system that used a KTN optical deflector as the sample beam scanning. In the experiment, we obtained en face OCT images of human fingerprint with a frame rate of 800 fps, which is the fastest speed obtained by a TD-OCT imaging. Furthermore, a 3D-OCT image was also obtained at 0.2 s (=5 volumes/s) by our imaging system.

All-dielectric metasurface beam deflector at the visible frequencies

Beam deflectors are important optical elements which can control the propagation direction of the beam in free space.However,with the development of miniaturization of the optical systems,conventional reflector-based mechanical beam deflectors confront a huge challenge due to their large sizes and incompatibility to the device integration.Here we propose an all-dielectric flat metasurface beam deflector which is composed of a single layer array of TiO_2 nanoantennas resting on a fused-silica substrate.Numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate that the proposed deflectors are able to efficiently deflect the incident beam for different angles with transmission efficiency higher than 80%at visible frequencies.This ultrathin all-dielectric metasurface deflector may have great potential applications in integrated optics.

DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF SHAPING DEFLECTORS FOR VARIABLY SHAPED ELECTRON BEAM LITHOGRAPHY

In order to obtain uniform exposure in variably shaped electron beam lithography,the beam current density and edge resolution on the target must not change for different spotshapes and sizes.The key to the goal is the appropriate design of shaping deflectors.A linearand rotation compensation approach is presented.Values of linear and rotation compensationfactors versus the distances between electron source image and centers of deflectors are measuredon an experimental electron beam column with variable spot shaping.The experimental resultsare in good agreement with the calculated ones.

ANALYSIS AND COMPUTATION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD PRODUCED BY NON-RADIAL DEFLECTORS

Analytical expressions are given for computing the magnetic potential and charac-teristic functions produced by the non-radial deflectors.These expressions are useful for designingthe defiectors such as those used in the color picture tubes and the electron beam lithographysystem.The computing results are in agreement with the measured values.

Shock Wave Mitigation by Air Plasma Deflector

When the spacecraft flies much faster than the sound speed (~1200 km/h), the airflow disturbances deflected forward from the spacecraft cannot get away from the spacecraft and form a shock wave in front of it. Shock waves have been a detriment for the development of supersonic aircrafts, which have to overcome high wave drag and surface heating from additional friction. Shock wave also produces sonic booms. The noise issue raises environmental concerns, which have precluded routine supersonic flight over land. Therefore, mitigation of shock wave is essential to advance the development of supersonic aircrafts. A plasma mitigation technique is studied. A theory is presented to show that shock wave structure can be modified via flow deflection. Symmetrical deflection evades the need of exchanging the transverse momentum between the flow and the deflector. The analysis shows that the plasma generated in front of the model can effectively deflect the incoming flow. A non-thermal air plasma, generated by on-board 60 Hz periodic electric arc discharge in front of a wind tunnel model, was applied as a plasma deflector for shock wave mitigation technique. The experiment was conducted in a Mach 2.5 wind tunnel. The results show that the air plasma was generated symmetrically in front of the wind tunnel model. With increasing discharge intensity, the plasma deflector transforms the shock from a welldefined attached shock into a highly curved shock structure with increasing standoff distance from the model;this curved shock has increased shock angle and also appears in increasingly diffused form. In the decay of the discharge intensity, the shock front is first transformed back to a well-defined curve shock, which moves downstream to become a perturbed oblique shock;the baseline shock front then reappears as the discharge is reduced to low level again. The experimental observations confirm the theory. The steady of the incoming flow during the discharge cycle is manifested by the repeat of the baseline shock front.

Experiment and Large-Eddy Simulation on Free Air Jets Issuing from a Rectangular Nozzle with Deflectors

The purpose of the present study was to establish a passive flow control method for a rectangular jet using two types of deflectors installed symmetrically inside a nozzle. This deflector in a rectangular nozzle generates the rectangular coaxial jets. The effect of the slant angle of the deflectors on the flow characteristics and the spread of the rectangular jet was investigated experimentally and by large-eddy simulation. The experiment and the numerical simulation were carried out at a Reynolds number of 9000. The rectangular jet with no deflectors generates a vortex ring from the nozzle exit. The vortex ring collapses in the downstream region and the outline of the jet changes from rectangular to diamond-shaped as a result of the axis-switching phenomenon. The rectangular jet with divergent and convergent deflectors shows particularly noticeable changes in the flow characteristics and vortical structures, as compared to the case with no deflectors. In the case of the rectangular jet with divergent deflectors (slant angle of α = 6°), minor axis spread is promoted more than major axis spread, and axis switching occurs closer to the nozzle exit than that in the case of no deflectors. The outline of the jet also changes from lateral rectangular to vertical rectangular as a result of axis switching. On the other hand, in the case of a rectangular jet with convergent deflectors (α = -6°), minor axis spread is suppressed more than major axis spread, and axis switching occurs farther from the nozzle exit than that in the case with no deflectors. The outline of the jet does not change until the downstream region. Therefore, the spread and the axis-switching location for the rectangular jet can be controlled by the deflectors inside the rectangular nozzle.

A Comparative Study on Hydrodynamic Performance of Double Deflector Rectangular Cambered Otter Board

In the present work,the hydrodynamic performance of the double deflector rectangular cambered otter board was studied using wind tunnel experiment,flume tank experiment and numerical simulation.Results showed that the otter board had a good hydrodynamic performance with the maximum lift-to-drag ratio(K_(MAX) = 3.70).The flow separation occurred when the angle of attack(AOA) was at 45?,which revealed that the double deflector structure of the otter board can delay the flow separation.Numerical simulation results showed a good agreement with experiment ones,and could predict the critical AOA,which showed that it can be used to study the hydrodynamic performance of the otter board with the advantage of flow visualization.However,the drag coefficient in flume tank was much higher than that in wind tunnel,which resulted in a lower lift-to-drag ratio.These may be due to different fluid media between flume tank and wind tunnel,which result in the big difference of the vortexes around the otter board.Given the otter boards are operated in water,it was suggested to apply both flume tank experiment and numerical simulation to study the hydrodynamic performance of otter board.

Numerical Study of New-Type Receiver with Axially-Hollow Spiral Deflector for Parabolic Trough Direct-Steam-Generation Loop of Concentrating Solar Power System

The thermal stress-induced deformation issue of receiver is crucial to the performance and reliability of a parabolic-trough(PT) concentrating solar power(CSP) system with the promising direct steam generation(DSG) technology.The objective of the present study is to propose a new-type receiver with axially-hollow spiral deflector and optimize the geometric structure to solve the above issue.To this end,optical-flow-thermal multi-physics coupling models have been established for the preheating,boiling and superheating sections of a typical PT-DSG loop.The simulation results show that our proposed new-type receiver demonstrates outstanding comprehensive performance.It can minimize the circumferential temperature difference through the spiral deflector while lower the flow resistance cost through the axially hollow structure at the same time.As quantitatively evaluated by the temperature uniformity improvement(ε_(ΔT)) and the performance evaluation criteria(PEC),different designs are achieved based on different optimal schemes.When ε_(ΔT)is of primary importance,the optimal design with torsional ratio of 1 is achieved,with ε_(ΔT)=25.4%,25.7%,41.5% and PEC=0.486,0.878,0.596corresponding to preheating,boiling,superheating sections,respectively.When PEC is of primary importance,the optimal design with torsional ratio of 6-6.5 is achieved,with PEC=0.950,2.070,0.993 and ε_(ΔT)=18.2%,13.3 %,19.4% corresponding to preheating,boiling,superheating sections,respectively.

受电弓仿生导流罩对高速列车横风气动特性影响研究

横风作用下高速列车气动横向力和倾覆力矩显著增加,气动性能显著恶化,列车脱轨、倾覆可能性增大,严重影响列车运行安全。受电弓作为高速列车核心的外突部件,直接受到横风的影响,因此改善受电弓区域的横风气动性能显得尤为重要。以鞘翅目生物形态为原型,构建受电弓仿生导流罩几何外形,并以8车编组高速列车为基准,建立4种不同的计算模型:原始模型(模型Ⅰ)、仅受电弓Ⅰ加装导流罩(模型Ⅱ)、仅受电弓Ⅱ加装导流罩(模型Ⅲ)、受电弓Ⅰ和Ⅱ均加装导流罩(模型Ⅳ)。基于三维稳态SST k-ω双方程湍流模型,分析不同方案下高速列车整车以及受电弓区域的横风气动性能。研究结果表明:安装受电弓导流罩后,气流更为平顺地越过受电弓区域,阻滞效应减小,下游车体顶部和受电弓Ⅱ(升弓)区域的气流速度有所增加,同时造成列车背风侧的流场结构改变。相比原始模型(模型Ⅰ),导流罩模型(模型Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ)均可减小列车气动横向力和倾覆力矩,其中模型Ⅱ和模型Ⅲ的横向力分别减少9.65%、4.18%,倾覆力矩分别减少11.47%、4.37%;受电弓Ⅰ与受电弓Ⅱ均被包裹的模型Ⅳ效果最为显著,8车编组列车横向力和倾覆力矩分别减少11.39、16.81%。研究成果可为横风环境下新一代高速列车受电弓区域优化设计提供参考。

等离子体发生器导流板结构优化研究

高效滤芯是空气净化器的关键部件,当空气净化器中流向高效滤芯部分的送风不均匀时,会导致滤芯利用率较低,从而影响滤芯的过滤性能.为提高滤芯的使用效率进而改善装置的净化性能,可以在风机和高效滤芯之间放置导流型等离子体发生器,利用发生器的导流板使送风气流更均匀的吹向滤芯.为探究适宜的导流板结构参数,采用数值模拟的方法对不同结构参数导流板下的流动过程进行分析,通过对比滤芯使用率和送风均匀性等指标,给出适宜的导流板长度和张开角度设计方案.研究结果表明,对于本文研究的净化器尺寸,导流板设计长度为100 mm、张开角度为10°时的送风更均匀.优化后的尾部导流板结构简单、设计合理、使用方便,分散了送风气流的方向,更有利于提高后端高效滤芯的利用率和使用寿命.

基于微尺度光学偶极阱的一维单原子阵列的实验制备

光学偶极阱俘获的中性原子阵列是多体物理、量子计算、量子模拟等领域的重要实验平台.本文详细介绍了制备包含40个铯原子的一维均匀单原子阵列的实验过程,包括偶极阱阵列的产生装置、原子阵列荧光成像以及偶极阱阵列均匀性优化.偶极阱阵列的非均匀性主要是由声光偏转器(AOD)衍射效率的非线性和多频率射频信号在功率放大过程中的互调效应引起.测量偶极阱光强和受俘获原子光频移的起伏并反馈优化施加于AOD多频率射频信号的相位和振幅,将偶极阱阵列的强度均匀性优化为2%.另外,实验测量了偶极阱阵列内原子的振荡频率、装载率和寿命的均匀性.结果显示,振荡频率均匀性为2%;单原子平均装载率为58%,阱中原子的光谱一致性为3%;单原子暗阱平均寿命约为6(1) s,不同原子寿命的起伏为8%.

高速列车流线型转向架与底部导流板的气动减阻效果研究

为适应高速列车进一步提速的更低气动阻力实际需求,针对CR400AF型高速列车动车转向架和带头型简化车体,应用底部流动导向控制思想,采用附加轻质易造型材料包覆原有部件的理念,开展转向架各部件流线型化和车体底部导流板综合减阻效果的验证试验与数值仿真研究。验证试验选择有无导流板的流线型转向架带简化车体模型,在3种试验速度工况下阻力试验值与仿真值误差均少于10%,验证了数值仿真的可靠性,带导流板试验模型较不带导流板试验模型均有减阻。数值仿真研究运用Realizable k-ε湍流模型,采用切割体笛卡尔网格划分技术,并在边界层内采用棱柱层网格,控制第1层网格的厚度,确保y+值能满足壁面函数要求。经稳态明线运行的仿真模拟网格无关性检验后,探究了流线型动车转向架与导流板组合运用的气动减阻特性及效果。对比了流线型动车转向架与安装导流板前后动车转向架、简化车体以及转向架舱上的阻力变化情况和压力分布变化情况,分析了转向架区域的流场结构变化。数值仿真结果表明:流线型设计的动车转向架相较于原始动车转向架有一定的减阻效果,在400 km/h的运行速度下减阻率达到1.08%。流线型设计动车转向架与导流板组合运用后,转向架区域的流场结构显著改善,总体气动减阻效果明显,总气动阻力减少了5.87%。

预冷器入口流量周向不均匀性对流动换热的影响

空气预冷器可在短时间内降低进入压气机的空气温度,提高增压比,增加发动机推力。预冷器入口流量周向不均匀性会导致预冷降温不均匀,对预冷发动机循环效率产生重要影响。以某预冷发动机运行参数为参考,合理简化预冷器物理模型,建立了二维流场和三维管束单元耦合换热模型,实现了预冷器的全尺寸模拟。分析了预冷器导流外壳几何参数对流动的影响,明确了空气流经管束的流动机理,优化了导流结构参数,进出口压差降低13.1%,减阻效果显著。分析了入口流量不均匀对流场不均匀的影响,入口流量较多地分配到区域4管束处。来流空气在区域1形成的流动死区对空气产生阻碍,增大了区域1处单元管束的入射角度。分析了预冷器流量均匀性和空气流入角度等对流动换热性能的影响,明确了大温差微细管束换热器耦合动态换热机理,发现预冷器总换热量最大偏差为2.45%,因此可以忽略预冷器入口截面上流量周向不均匀对预冷器传热的影响。

宽温域下偏转板电液伺服阀温度场特性

针对电液伺服阀在极端温度服役环境下复杂零件各部位的温度分布规律无法测量的难题,在工作介质温度为-40~140℃和环境温度为-55~250℃的工况下,建立了一种考虑传热过程的电液伺服阀及其精密部件的温度分析方法,取得了各零部件的温度分布规律及其影响因素。结果表明:力矩马达壳体以及阀体的外表面温度最为恶劣,温度接近环境温度,阀体从外表面到内部呈现温度梯度;阀芯、阀套与工作介质直接接触,温度状况较好;力矩马达从上至下具有较大温度梯度,如高温工况下温度差值约为66℃,其中弹簧管上、下温差约为45℃,反馈杆上、下温差约为26℃。较大的温度梯度极易造成材料刚度、偶件配合尺寸等变化,显著影响服役性能,在材料选择上需要充分考虑;环境温度显著影响力矩马达组件中不与工作介质接触的部分,且对磁性材料性能、气隙、线圈均产生明显影响;介质温度通常低于环境温度,与介质接触的零部件受环境温度影响较小。本文分析方法和结果可用于宽温域下电液伺服阀的设计与分析。