A stable implicit nodal integration-based particle finite element method(N-PFEM)for modelling saturated soil dynamics

In this study,we present a novel nodal integration-based particle finite element method(N-PFEM)designed for the dynamic analysis of saturated soils.Our approach incorporates the nodal integration technique into a generalised Hellinger-Reissner(HR)variational principle,creating an implicit PFEM formulation.To mitigate the volumetric locking issue in low-order elements,we employ a node-based strain smoothing technique.By discretising field variables at the centre of smoothing cells,we achieve nodal integration over cells,eliminating the need for sophisticated mapping operations after re-meshing in the PFEM.We express the discretised governing equations as a min-max optimisation problem,which is further reformulated as a standard second-order cone programming(SOCP)problem.Stresses,pore water pressure,and displacements are simultaneously determined using the advanced primal-dual interior point method.Consequently,our numerical model offers improved accuracy for stresses and pore water pressure compared to the displacement-based PFEM formulation.Numerical experiments demonstrate that the N-PFEM efficiently captures both transient and long-term hydro-mechanical behaviour of saturated soils with high accuracy,obviating the need for stabilisation or regularisation techniques commonly employed in other nodal integration-based PFEM approaches.This work holds significant implications for the development of robust and accurate numerical tools for studying saturated soil dynamics.

An integrated method of selecting environmental covariates for predictive soil depth mapping

Environmental covariates are the basis of predictive soil mapping.Their selection determines the performance of soil mapping to a great extent,especially in cases where the number of soil samples is limited but soil spatial heterogeneity is high.In this study,we proposed an integrated method to select environmental covariates for predictive soil depth mapping.First,candidate variables that may influence the development of soil depth were selected based on pedogenetic knowledge.Second,three conventional methods(Pearson correlation analysis(PsCA),generalized additive models(GAMs),and Random Forest(RF))were used to generate optimal combinations of environmental covariates.Finally,three optimal combinations were integrated to produce a final combination based on the importance and occurrence frequency of each environmental covariate.We tested this method for soil depth mapping in the upper reaches of the Heihe River Basin in Northwest China.A total of 129 soil sampling sites were collected using a representative sampling strategy,and RF and support vector machine(SVM)models were used to map soil depth.The results showed that compared to the set of environmental covariates selected by the three conventional selection methods,the set of environmental covariates selected by the proposed method achieved higher mapping accuracy.The combination from the proposed method obtained a root mean square error(RMSE)of 11.88 cm,which was 2.25–7.64 cm lower than the other methods,and an R^2 value of 0.76,which was 0.08–0.26 higher than the other methods.The results suggest that our method can be used as an alternative to the conventional methods for soil depth mapping and may also be effective for mapping other soil properties.

Landslide susceptibility mapping using an integrated model of information value method and logistic regression in the Bailongjiang watershed,Gansu Province,China

Bailongjiang watershed in southern Gansu province, China, is one of the most landslide-prone regions in China, characterized by very high frequency of landslide occurrence. In order to predict the landslide occurrence, a comprehensive map of landslide susceptibility is required which may be significantly helpful in reducing loss of property and human life. In this study, an integrated model of information value method and logistic regression is proposed by using their merits at maximum and overcoming their weaknesses, which may enhance precision and accuracy of landslide susceptibility assessment. A detailed and reliable landslide inventory with 1587 landslides was prepared and randomly divided into two groups,(i) training dataset and(ii) testing dataset. Eight distinct landslide conditioning factors including lithology, slope gradient, aspect, elevation, distance to drainages,distance to faults, distance to roads and vegetation coverage were selected for landslide susceptibility mapping. The produced landslide susceptibility maps were validated by the success rate and prediction rate curves. The validation results show that the success rate and the prediction rate of the integrated model are 81.7 % and 84.6 %, respectively, which indicate that the proposed integrated method is reliable to produce an accurate landslide susceptibility map and the results may be used for landslides management and mitigation.

Analysis of the integrated test and evaluation methods of tidal current energy generating devices in the offshore testing site

Actual sea condition testing and inspection and evaluation method research are carried out for tidal energy devices to provide scientific and effective technical support for the ocean high-tech achievement transformation and marine renewable energy development. By analyzing three core indicators, including the power output characteristics of the tidal current device, the generating capacity, energy conversion efficiency, proposed the test contents and evaluation methods of indicators are proposed in this paper; and based on the research of wind farms, power quality testing and assessment methods of offshore tidal energy device are proposed; given the security access to the test contents of tidal current energy device, tidal current energy device running conditions in the testing ground are comprehensively assessed.

Measurement of mouse liver glutathione S-transferase activity by the integrated method

Objective: The integrated method was investigated to measure Vm/Km of mouse liver glutathione S-transfer-ase (GST) activity on GSH and 7-Cl-4-nitrobenzofurazozan. Methods: Presetting concentration of one substrate twenty-fold above the other's and taking maximum product absorbance Am as parameter while Km as constant, Vm/Km was obtained by nonlinear fitting of GST reaction curve to the integrated Michaelis-Menten equation In [Am/(Am -Ai)] + Ai/ ( ξ× Km ) = ( Vm/Km )×ti (1). Results: Vm/Km for GST showed slight dependence on initial substrate concentration and data range, but it was resistant to background absorbance, error in reaction origin and small deviation in presetting Km. Vm/Km was proportional to the amount of GST with upper limit higher than that by initial rate. There was close correlation between Vm/Km and initial rate of the same GST. Consistent results were obtained by this integrated method and classical initial rate method for the measurement of mouse liver GST. Conclusion: With the concentration of one substrate twenty-fold above the other's, this integrated method was reliable to measure the activity of enzyme on two substrates , and substrate concentration of the lower one close to its apparent Km was able to be used.

Benefit allocation model of distributed photovoltaic power generation vehicle shed and energy storage charging pile based on integrated weighting-Shapley method

In this study,to develop a benefit-allocation model,in-depth analysis of a distributed photovoltaic-powergeneration carport and energy-storage charging-pile project was performed;the model was developed using Shapley integrated-empowerment benefit-distribution method.First,through literature survey and expert interview to identify the risk factors at various stages of the project,a dynamic risk-factor indicator system is developed.Second,to obtain a more meaningful risk-calculation result,the subjective and objective weights are combined,the weights of the risk factors at each stage are determined by the expert scoring method and entropy weight method,and the interest distribution model based on multi-dimensional risk factors is established.Finally,an example is used to verify the rationality of the method for the benefit distribution of the charging-pile project.The results of the example indicate that the limitations of the Shapley method can be reasonably avoided,and the applicability of the model for the benefit distribution of the charging-pile project is verified.

A coupled Legendre-Laguerre polynomial method with analytical integration for the Rayleigh waves in a quasicrystal layered half-space with an imperfect interface

The Laguerre polynomial method has been successfully used to investigate the dynamic responses of a half-space.However,it fails to obtain the correct stress at the interfaces in a layered half-space,especially when there are significant differences in material properties.Therefore,a coupled Legendre-Laguerre polynomial method with analytical integration is proposed.The Rayleigh waves in a one-dimensional(1D)hexagonal quasicrystal(QC)layered half-space with an imperfect interface are investigated.The correctness is validated by comparison with available results.Its computation efficiency is analyzed.The dispersion curves of the phase velocity,displacement distributions,and stress distributions are illustrated.The effects of the phonon-phason coupling and imperfect interface coefficients on the wave characteristics are investigated.Some novel findings reveal that the proposed method is highly efficient for addressing the Rayleigh waves in a QC layered half-space.It can save over 99%of the computation time.This method can be expanded to investigate waves in various layered half-spaces,including earth-layered media and surface acoustic wave(SAW)devices.

A Fault Risk Warning Method of Integrated Energy Systems Based on RelieF-Softmax Algorithm

The integrated energy systems,usually including electric energy,natural gas and thermal energy,play a pivotal role in the energy Internet project,which could improve the accommodation of renewable energy through multienergy complementary ways.Focusing on the regional integrated energy system composed of electrical microgrid and natural gas network,a fault risk warning method based on the improved RelieF-softmax method is proposed in this paper.The raw data-set was first clustered by the K-maxmin method to improve the preference of the random sampling process in the RelieF algorithm,and thereby achieved a hierarchical and non-repeated sampling.Then,the improved RelieF algorithm is used to identify the feature vectors,calculate the feature weights,and select the preferred feature subset according to the initially set threshold.In addition,a correlation coefficient method is applied to reduce the feature subset,and further eliminate the redundant feature vectors to obtain the optimal feature subset.Finally,the softmax classifier is used to obtain the early warnings of the integrated energy system.Case studies are conducted on an integrated energy system in the south of China to demonstrate the accuracy of fault risk warning method proposed in this paper.

基于Integrated Method的中小企业供应链融资风险管理研究

如何有效解决供应链融资中存在的风险问题已经成为供应链金融领域的热点问题。文章给出了建立中小企业供应链融资风险评估模型的整体思路和流程图。基于因子聚类分析法、主成分分析法和结构方程模型,构建了Integrated Method模型,建立风险评估体系以及如何确定各因素的权重。采用案例分析对构建的风险管理模型进行了验证,结果和实际情况相吻合,并为相关利益方提出了融资风险管控措施。

Highly Accurate Golden Section Search Algorithms and Fictitious Time Integration Method for Solving Nonlinear Eigenvalue Problems

This study sets up two new merit functions,which are minimized for the detection of real eigenvalue and complex eigenvalue to address nonlinear eigenvalue problems.For each eigen-parameter the vector variable is solved from a nonhomogeneous linear system obtained by reducing the number of eigen-equation one less,where one of the nonzero components of the eigenvector is normalized to the unit and moves the column containing that component to the right-hand side as a nonzero input vector.1D and 2D golden section search algorithms are employed to minimize the merit functions to locate real and complex eigenvalues.Simultaneously,the real and complex eigenvectors can be computed very accurately.A simpler approach to the nonlinear eigenvalue problems is proposed,which implements a normalization condition for the uniqueness of the eigenvector into the eigenequation directly.The real eigenvalues can be computed by the fictitious time integration method(FTIM),which saves computational costs compared to the one-dimensional golden section search algorithm(1D GSSA).The simpler method is also combined with the Newton iterationmethod,which is convergent very fast.All the proposed methods are easily programmed to compute the eigenvalue and eigenvector with high accuracy and efficiency.

Application of integrated geophysical techniques in geothermal exploration in Binhai County, Jiangsu Province

Integrated geophysical technology is a necessary and effective means for geothermal exploration.However,integration of geophysical technology for large‐scale surveys with those for geothermal reservoir localization is still in development.This study used the controlled source audio‐frequency magnetotelluric method technology for large‐scale exploration to obtain underground electrical structure information and micromotion detection technology to obtain underground wave velocity structure information.The combination of two detection technologies was used for local identification of geothermal reservoirs.Further,auxiliary correction and inversion constraint were implemented through the audio magnetotelluric sounding technology for maximum authenticity restoration of the near‐and transition‐field data.Through these technology improvements,a geothermal geological model was established for the Binhai County of Jiangsu Province in China and potential geothermal well locations were identified.On this basis,a geothermal well was drilled nearly 3000m deep,with a daily water volume of over 2000m3/day and a geothermal water temperature of 51°C at the well head.It is found that predictions using the above integrated geophysical exploration technology are in good agreement with the well geological formation data.This integrated geophysical technology can be effectively applied for geothermal exploration with high precision and reliability.

Application of Choquet Integral-Importance-Performance Analysis and TOPSIS Methods in Approaching the Preference Factors of Calligraphy and Seal Engraving Imagery

Classical Chinese characters,presented through calligraphy,seal engraving,or painting,can exhibit different aesthetics and essences of Chinese characters,making them the most important asset of the Chinese people.Calligraphy and seal engraving,as two closely related systems in traditional Chinese art,have developed through the ages.Due to changes in lifestyle and advancements in modern technology,their original functions of daily writing and verification have gradually diminished.Instead,they have increasingly played a significant role in commercial art.This study utilizes the Evaluation Grid Method(EGM)and the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP)to research the key preference factors in the application of calligraphy and seal engraving imagery.Different from the traditional 5-point equal interval semantic questionnaire,this study employs a non-equal interval semantic questionnaire with a golden ratio scale,distinguishing the importance ratio of adjacent semantic meanings and highlighting the weighted emphasis on visual aesthetics.Additionally,the study uses Importance-Performance Analysis(IPA)and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution(TOPSIS)to obtain the key preference sequence of calligraphy and seal engraving culture.Plus,the Choquet integral comprehensive evaluation is used as a reference for IPA comparison.It is hoped that this study can provide cultural imagery references and research methods,injecting further creativity into industrial design.

An integrated method for matching forest machinery and a weight-value adjustment

Proper matching of forestry machinery is important when raising mechanization levels for forestry production. In the matching process, forestry machinery needs not only expertise, but also improved methods for solving problems. I propose combination of case-based reasoning （CBR） and rule-based reasoning （RBR） by calculating the similarity of quantitative parameters of various forestry machines in an analytical and hierarchical process. I calculated the similarity of machin-ery used in forest industries to enable better selection and matching of equipment. I propose a weight-value adjusting method based on sums of squares of deviations in which the individual parameter weights were modified in the process of application. During the process of system design, I put forward a design method knowledge base and generated a dynamic web reasoning framework to integrate the processes of forest industry machinery selection and weight-value adjustment. This enables expansion of the scope of the complete system and enhancement of the reasoning efficiency. I demonstrate the validity and practicability of this method using a practical example.

Correlation of serum arylesterase activity on phenylacetate estimated by the integrated method to common classical biochemical indexes of liver damage

The correlation of serum arylesterase(PON1) activity on phenylacetate determined by an integrated method to clas-sical biochemical indexes of liver damage was investigated for the use of PON1 activity to evaluate liver damage.PON1 reaction curve as absorbance at 270 nm for 0.20 mmol/L phenylacetate hydrolysis was analyzed by the integrated method to determine maximal PON1 reaction rate.Classical biochemical indexes of liver damage were determined routinely.The 95% confidence threshold of PON1 activity in sera from healthy individuals was 2.12 mkat/L [(4.73±1.31) mkat/L,n=105].PON1 activity in clinical sera was closely correlated to serum albumin,total protein and the ratio of albumin to globulins,but was weakly correlated to both direct and total bilirubin in serum.There were no correlations of PON1 activity to γ-glutamyltransferase,alkaline phos-phatase,alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase.Among 127 clinical sera with PON1 activity>2.12 mkat/L,there were 92% healthy individuals examined by albumin,90% healthy individuals examined by total protein,88% healthy individuals examined by total bilirubin,86% healthy individuals examined by direct bilirubin and 64% healthy individuals examined by the ratio of albumin to globulins,respectively.In each group of healthy individuals judged by classical biochemical indexes of close correlation to PON1 activity,percentage of healthy individuals examined by PON1 activity was always >80%.These results suggested PON1 activity on phenylacetate estimated by the integrated method was also suitable for the evaluation of liver damage.

Construction of nursing standard of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for patients with COVID‑19 (mild and common) in Beijing based on Delphi method

Objective:The objective of this study is to establish a nursing standard of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for patients with COVID‑19(mild and common)in Beijing,to provide reference for clinical nursing of patients with COVID‑19(mild and common).Methods:Through online communication meeting with nurses who are in the frontline of anti‑epidemic,clinical investigation,literature research,and expert demonstration meeting are carried out to prepare the draft of the standard,and the Delphi method is applied to determine the standard of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine care for patients with COVID‑19(mild and common)in Beijing.Results:The nursing standard of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for patients with COVID‑19(mild and common)was established,which included 5 first‑level indicators,14 second-level indicators and 60 third‑level indicators.After two rounds of Delphi method,the positive coefficients of experts were 96%and 83%,the authoritative coefficients of experts were 0.89 and 0.91,and the Kendall’s coefficient of concordance(W)of experts were 0.12,0.09,0.10,0.13(P<0.05)and 0.44,0.43,0.37,0.39(P<0.05).Conclusion:The standard of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine nursing for patients with COVID‑19(mild and common)in Beijing constructed by the Delphi method is scientific and practical,which provides a reference for clinical application of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine nursing to fight against COVID‑19 infection.

A model for extracting large deformation mining subsidence using D-InSAR technique and probability integral method

Due to the difficulties in obtaining large deformation mining subsidence using differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar （D-InSAR） alone, a new algorithm was proposed to extract large deformation mining subsidence using D-InSAR technique and probability integral method. The details of the algorithm are as follows：the control points set, containing correct phase unwrapping points on the subsidence basin edge generated by D-InSAR and several observation points （near the maximum subsidence and inflection points）, was established at first; genetic algorithm （GA） was then used to optimize the parameters of probability integral method; at last, the surface subsidence was deduced according to the optimum parameters. The results of the experiment in Huaibei mining area, China, show that the presented method can generate the correct mining subsidence basin with a few surface observations, and the relative error of maximum subsidence point is about 8.3%, which is much better than that of conventional D-InSAR （relative error is 68.0%）.

A new method for integration of a Birkhoffian system

The idea of the gradient method for integrating the dynamical equations of a nonconservative system presented by Vujanovic is transplanted to a Birkhoffian system, which is a new method for the integration of Birkhoff＇s equations. First, the differential equations of motion of the Birkhoffian system are written out. Secondly, 2n Birkhoff＇s variables are divided into two parts, and assume that a part of the variables is the functions of the remaining part of the variables and time. Thereby, the basic quasi-linear partial differential equations are established. If a complete solution of the basic partial differential equations is sought out, the solution of the problem is given by a set of algebraic equations. Since one can choose n arbitrary Birkhoff＇s variables as the functions of n remains of variables and time in a specific problem, the method has flexibility. The major difficulty of this method lies in finding a complete solution of the basic partial differential equation. Once one finds the complete solution, the motion of the systems can be obtained without doing further integration. Finally, two examples are given to illustrate the application of the results.

基于DEMATEL-ISM的城市地下综合管廊火灾事故影响因素研究

针对城市地下综合管廊火灾事故的复杂性和不确定,基于人、机、环境、管理、信息5个方面的事故致因因素,考虑事故因素之间的交互与耦合作用,通过德尔菲法确定了城市地下综合管廊火灾事故的影响指标体系,提取了18个影响因素;采用实验室决策分析法找出了关键事故致因因素,在此基础上,利用解释结构模型法划分事故因素间的层次结构,构建城市地下综合管廊燃气舱火灾事故影响因素的多级递阶结构模型。结果表明:城市地下综合管廊火灾事故是近邻致因、过度致因和本质致因因素共同作用的结果,控制较低层级的影响因素是避免系统全面崩溃的有效途径。