Characteristics of Laser-Induced Surface and Bulk Damage of Large-Aperture Deuterated Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate at 351 nm

Deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate damage performance at 351 nm is studied on a large-aperture laser system. Bulk and rear-surface damage are initiated under the 3ω fluences of 6.T J/cm2 and 33/cm2, and show different growth characteristics under multiple laser irradiations with the fluence of 6 J/cm2. The size and number of bulk damage keep unchanged once initiated. However, surface damage size also does not grow, while surface damage number increases linearly with laser shots. Different damage thresholds and growth behaviors suggest different formations of bulk and surface damage precursors. The cause of surface damage is supposed to be near-surface absorbing particles buried under the sol-gel coating.

Coulomb expansion of deuterated methane clusters irradiated by an ultrashort intense laser pulse

The simulations of three-dimensional particle dynamics show that when irradiated by an ultrashort intense laser pulse, the deuterated methane cluster expands and the majority of deuterons overrun the more slowly expanding carbon ions, resulting in the creation of two separated subelusters. The enhanced deuteron kinetic energy and a narrow peak around the energy maximum in the deuteron energy distribution make a considerable contribution to the efficiency of nuclear fusion compared with the ease of homonuelear deuterium clusters. With the intense laser irradiation, the nuclear fusion yield increases with the increase of the cluster size, so that deuterated heteronuelear clusters with larger sizes are required to achieve a greater neutron yield.

Overrun phenomenon and neutron yield in Coulomb explosion of deuterated alkane clusters driven by intense laser field

By using a simplified Coulomb explosion model, the laser-driven Coulomb explosion processes of three deuterated alkane clusters, i.e., deuterated methane（CD4）N, ethane（C2D6）N and propane（C3D8）N clusters are simulated numerically.The overrun phenomenon that the deuterons overtake the carbon ions inside the expanding clusters, as well as the dependence of the energetic deuterons and fusion neutron yield on cluster size, is discussed in detail. Researches show that the average kinetic energy of deuterons and neutron yield generated in the Coulomb explosion of（C2D6）N cluster are higher than those of（CD4）N cluster with the same size, in qualitative agreement with the reported conclusions from the experiments of（C2 H6）N and（CH4）N clusters. It is indicated that（C2D6）N clusters are superior to（CD4）N clusters as a target for the laser-induced nuclear fusion reaction to achieve a higher neutron yield. In addition, by comparing the relevant data of（C3D8）N cluster with those of（C2D6）N cluster with the same size, it is theoretically concluded that（C3D8）N clusters with a larger competitive parameter might be a potential candidate for improving neutron generation. This will provide a theoretical basis for target selection in developing experimental schemes on laser-driven nuclear fusion in the future.

Electrical Conduction in Deuterated Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate Crystals with Different Degrees of Deuteration

Conductivity measurements of deuterated ammonium dihydrogen phosphate （DADP） crystals with different deuterated degrees are described. The conductivities increase with the deuterium content, and the value of the a-direction is larger than that of the e-direction. Compared with DKDP crystals, DADP crystals have larger conductivities, which is partly due to the existence of A defects. The ac conductivity over the temperature range 25-170℃has shown a knee in the curve ofln（σT） versus T-1. The conductivity activation energy calculated by the slope of the high temperature region decreases with the deuterium content. The previously reported phase transition is not seen.

Synthesis and Pharmacokinetic Property Improvement of Deuterated Plinabulin 9

Plinabulin,a potent microtubule-targeting agent,is derived from marine natural diketopiperazine ‘phenylahistin'.To develop novel plinabulin analogue that could display better pharmacokinetic properties and less side effects,deuterated plinabulin 9 was synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo.In comparison with plinabulin,in vivo pharmacokinetic studies indicated that the deuterated derivative 9 could alter blood circulation behavior obviously,which was proved by increased area under the plasma concentration-time curve(AUC_(0–∞)),reduced clearance(CL),and prolonged total body mean residence time(MRT).The derivative 9 also has higher inhibition rates against Bx PC-3,Jurkat and A-431 tumor cell lines as compared with its prototype plinabulin.Therefore,the deuterated compound 9 might be developed as a potential agent for different cancer treatments.

Highly efficient electrocatalytic deuteration of acetylene to deuterated ethylene using deuterium oxide

Deuterated ethylene is an important building block for manufacturing various deuterated polyolefins and chemicals.However,low-cost and large-scale production of deuterated ethylene still remain a great challenge.Herein,with D_(2)O as the D source,we first propose an electrocatalytic deuteration strategy for continuous production of deuterated ethylene from acetylene under ambient conditions.Specially,Ag nanoparticles exhibit a very high deuterated ethylene Faradic efficiency of up to 99.3%at-0.6 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode.Meanwhile,Ag nanoparticles achieve a deuterated ethylene production rate of 3.72×10^(3)mmol h^(-1)g^(-1)cat and an excellent long-term stability with deuterated ethylene Faradaic efficiencies of~95%in a two-electrode flow cell,which substantially outperform state-of-the-art values for previously reported deuterated alkenes.In-situ electrochemical Infrared absorption and Raman spectroscopies reveal superior acetylene absorption and formation of deuterated ethylene on Ag nanoparticles.This efficient electrocatalytic deuteration strategy opens a new window for continuous and economic production of deuterated alkenes.

Rapid growth and properties of large-aperture 98%-deuterated DKDP crystals

In this paper,a highly deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate(DKDP)crystal with sizes up to 318 mm×312 mm×265 mm was grown by the rapid-growth method.The synthesis tank device was specially designed to synthesize a higher deuterium concentration and high-purity DKDP solution.The deuterium content of the as-grown crystal,which was 97.9%,was determined by two methods,including infrared(IR)spectroscopy and thermo-gravimetric analysis(TGA)measurements.The performances of the 97.9%DKDP crystal,including transmission,absorption coefficient,and laserinduced damage threshold(LIDT)were measured.The results indicate that,in the near-infrared band,the transmission of the 97.9%DKDP crystal is higher than that of KDP and 70%DKDP crystals,and the absorption coefficient is lower.The LIDT of the crystal reached 23.2 J·cm^-2(R-on-1,1064 nm,3 ns),which meets the engineering requirements for use in optical applications.

Deuterated polyethylene nanowire arrays for high-energy density physics

The interaction of intense,ultrashort laser pulses with ordered nanostructure arrays offers a path to the efficient creation of ultra-high-energy density(UHED)matter and the generation of high-energy particles with compact lasers.Irradiation of deuterated nanowires arrays results in a near-solid density environment with extremely high temperatures and large electromagnetic fields in which deuterons are accelerated to multi-megaelectronvolt energies,resulting in deuterium–deuterium(D–D)fusion.Here we focus on the method of fabrication and the characteristics of ordered arrays of deuterated polyethylene nanowires.The irradiation of these array targets with femtosecond pulses of relativistic intensity and joule-level energy creates a micro-scale fusion environment that produced 2×10^(6)neutrons per joule,an increase of about 500 times with respect to flat solid CD2 targets irradiated with the same laser pulses.Irradiation with 8 J laser pulses was measured to generate up to 1.2×10^(7)D–D fusion neutrons per shot.

Fabrication of disk-shaped,deuterated resorcinol/formaldehyde foam target for laser-plasma experiments

Resorcinol/formaldehyde(RF)foam resin is an attractive material as a low-density target in high-power laser–plasma experiments because of its fine network structure,transparency in the visible region,and low-Z element(hydrogen,carbon,and oxygen)composition.In this study,we developed disk-shaped RF foam and deuterated RF foam targets with 40–200μm thickness and approximately 100 mg/cm^(3) density having a network structure from 100 nm to a few micrometers cell size.By deuteration,the polymerization rate was drastically slowed down owing to kinetic isotope effects.These targets were used in high-power laser experiments where a megaelectronvolt proton beam was successfully generated.

Deuterated N-difluoromethylthiophthalimide:A stable,scalable reagent for radical and electrophilic deuteriodifluoromethylthiolations

A new,stable and scalable reagent for deuteriodifluoromethylthiolation(deuterated N-difluoromethylthiophthalimide,PhthSCF_(2)D)has been developed.This reagent can be applied for the photocatalytic radical deuteriodifluoromethylthiolation of various olefins and aldehydes(30 examples).Meanwhile,it can achieve the electrophilic deuteriodifluoromethylthiolation of a series of electrophilic substrates including electron-rich arenes,aryl/vinylboronicacids,alkynes,amines,thiols andβ-ketoesters(22 examples).Some complex molecules can also be applied in both radical and electrophilic deuteriodifluoromethylthiolation using PhthSCF_(2)D as the reagent.

Revealing the catalytic mechanism of an ionic liquid with an isotope exchange method

The alkylation mechanism catalyzed by an ionic liquid （as a Lewis acid） may be different from the traditional alkylation mechanism catalyzed by Br nsted acid,especially as their initiation steps are still not clear.In this paper,an isotope exchange method is used to investigate the catalytic mechanism of AlCl 3 /butyl-methyl-imidazolium chloride ionic liquid in the alkylation of benzene with 1-dodecene.The proposed catalytic mechanism was confirmed by analysis of ionic liquid before and after reaction and of the alkylation products of deuterated benzene （C 6 D 6） with 1-dodecene.The proposed mechanism consists of the equilibrium reaction between [Al 2 Cl 7 ] ＋H ＋ and [AlHCl 3 ] ＋ ＋[AlCl 4 ],in which the Br nsted acid [AlHCl 3 ] ＋ is supplied by the reaction of 2-H on the imidazolium ring and [Al 2 Cl 7 ].The alkylation reaction is initiated by the Br nsted acid [AlHCl 3 ] ＋ which reacts with 1-dodecene to form a carbonium ion,then the carbonium ion reacts with benzene to form an unstable σ complex,leading to the formation of 2-phenyldodecane.

Measurement of Raman scattering gain coefficient in large-aperture DKDP crystals irradiated by 351 nm pulses

Transverse stimulated Raman scattering （TSRS） gain coefficient in a large aperture 65% deu terated potassium dihydrogen phosphate （DKDP） is measured at 351 nm. The measurement involves the use of an optical fiber sensor system to detect Raman scattering light in the DKDP crystal. A Raman scattering gain coefficient of 0. 109 cm/GW is obtained and will be used to set upper limit of the DKDP crystals in our laser fa cility to avoid the TSRS induced energy loss and laser damage. The effect of bulk damage on growth behavior of TSRS is also examined and it is found that bulk damage has little impact on the TSRS growth. Thus the influ ence of bulk damage on the measurement of TSRS gain coefficient can be ignored.

Determination of the Coreactant Level in Crosslinked Polyurethane System by FTIR

Infrared spectrum is a general quantitation method which can be used to determine the concentration of a certain component in mixture.We proposed that it could also be used to determine the coreactant level of a reactive system.A two-part polyurethane film was used as a model system.The results showed that the height ratio of ring mode signal in urea and C—O signal in polyester polyol can be used to calculate the ratio of the two reactants.The assignments of the peaks were studied by in-situ reaction monitoring with moisture level changes and deuteration methods.The applicable conditions of this calibration curves were also discussed.

Effects of deuteration on the structure of NH_4H_2PO_4 crystals characterized by neutron diffraction

A series of deuterated ammonium dihydrogen phosphate(DADP) crystals were grown and their structures were investigated by using powder neutron diffraction method. In the entire composition range, the deuterated level in the crystals is lower compared with the aqueous growth solution. The deuterium segregation coefficient in the crystals decreases with increasing deuterium content of the solution. The deuterium content in the NH_4^+ group is higher than that in H_2PO_4^- group.In addition, the variations of lattice parameters are shown here.

Isotopic Shifts of the infrared Spectra of Cholic Acid and Sodium Cholate

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百年背包世家

创建于1898年的DEUTER，是德国历史最悠久的专业户外用品生产商，产品行销36个国家和地区，深受户外活动及旅行爱好者的欢迎。2003年底，DEUTER正式进入中国大陆，给背包市场增添不少亮彩。

A generic approach yields organic solar cells with enhanced efficiency and thermal stability

The use of deuterium are critical for promoting the fundamental understanding of aggregate materials and their new functions.Particularly,the solution structure of conjugated polymers can be hardly resolved without deuteration.However,studies about the isotopic effects of casting solvents on the aggregated structures of photovoltaic polymers and their bulk-heterojunction blends are deficient.Here,the impact of deuterated solvents on the thermal behavior,aggregated structures,and device performance of photovoltaic polymers is clearly delineated for the first time by multiple techniques.The enhanced π-π stacking order of photovoltaic polymers is highly relevant to their relatively poor miscibility with deuterated solvents.Benefiting from higher crystallinity and optimized morphology of deuterated solvents processed films,the devices are able to achieve better efficiency and notable improvement in thermal stability.Our results highlight the isotopic effects of solvents on the aggregated structure of conjugated polymer systems and reveal the potential of innovative approaches to fabricate thermally stable high-efficiency solar cells.

Transition metal-free photocatalytic reductive deuteration of ketone derivatives

Deuterium labelling techniques have shown widespread applications in organic synthesis,analytic chemistry,life science and material science.The design of practical deuteration reactions which is environmentally friendly is highly desired for pharmaceutical development and industrial processes while remaining underexplored.We herein report a convenient,transition metal-free strategy for reductive deuteration of ketone derivatives toα-deuterated alcohols by employing a conjugated aryl amine-based organophotocatalyst,a dipropyl disulfide cocatalyst and an inorganic reductant.Upon irradiation with visible light and under an air atmosphere,a variety of diaryl ketones,heteroaryl ketones,cyclic ketones,α-ketoesters,benzil derivatives,aliphatic ketones and drug-like molecules were converted into correspondingα-deuterated aryl alcohols in good to excellent yields and with high deuterium incorporation(up to 99%D-incorporation).Only low toxic side-products,such as sodium salts and carbon dioxide,were generated.Consequently,the synthetic utility of this method is highlighted by the preparation of several D-labeled drug-like molecules,including orphenadrine,carbinoxamine and modafinil.

Solvent-free mechanochemical synthesis of organic proton conducting salts incorporating imidazole and dicarboxylic acids

Solventless mechanochemical synthesis by manual grinding was applied to grow organic proton conducting salts,imidazole-succinic acid(C_(3)H_(4)N_(2)-HOOC(CH_(2))_(2)COOH)and imidazole-glutaric acid(C_(3)H_(4)N_(2)-HOOC(CH_(2))_(3)COOH).This synthesis method induces crystallization and provides the phase-pure compounds.The compounds exhibit different electric conducting behavior and activation energies Ea compared with the reported single crystals obtained from the solution method.The difference in conducting property can be related to intrinsic defects and structural disorder introduced by mechanochemical grinding,indicating that the mechanochemical method bears strong capability for tuning conductivities.Moreover,complete deuteration of the organic salts is achieved by the method.The mechanochemical synthesis of organic salts also holds high potential for the actual industrialized large-scale production.