Epidemiological, Clinical, and Evolutionary Profile of Type 1 Diabetics in the Internal Medicine Department of the Abass Ndao Hospital from 2010 to 2021 (about 659 Cases)

Introduction: Type 1 diabetes can have acute complications, sometimes requiring hospitalization. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and evolutionary aspects of type 1 diabetes in patients at the Abass Ndao National Hospital in Dakar. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study conducted from January 01, 2010 to December 31, 2021. It focused on hospitalized type 1 diabetic patients. Epidemiological, clinical and evolutionary data were evaluated. Results: Six hundred and fifty-nine (659) patients were enrolled, representing a frequency of 11.5%. The mean age was 29.47 years, giving a sex ratio (m/f) of 0.95. Average hospital stay was 6.1 days. One hundred and forty-four (144) patients (21.8%) had inaugural diabetes. The average consultation time was 14.89 days. Acute metabolic complications were ketoacidosis in 353 patients (56%), and hypoglycemia in 1.2%. Simple hyperglycemia was noted in 113 patients (18.0%). Infection was present in 522 patients (58.3%), of whom 95 (28.2%) had a skin infection.55 patients (16.3%) had a respiratory infection. 12.3% had a dietary imbalance.176 cases (27.7%) had no imbalance.26 patients (3.9%) died, with infectious pathologies accounting for the majority of decompensation factors among the deceased (57.7%). Conclusion: Type 1 diabetes is a cause of morbidity and mortality. It is essential to develop and implement a prevention and management program.

Hypoglycaemiac Medicinal Plants Used by Diabetics at CNHU-HKM

Introduction: Diabetes is a major public health problem. Medicinal plants are frequently used either combine with industrial treatment or exclusively, in Africa and particularly in Benin. Our study aims to identify the different medicinal plants used by diabetic patients at the CNHU-HKM. Method: we carried out a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study. It took place at the University Clinic of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition of CNHU-HKM over a of 3 months period from 20th of June to 16th of September, 2022, over diabetic followed-up. Results: One hundred and seventy-three (173) patients were gathered using an anonymous inquiry form. In the study population, the age of the patients varied between 31 and 75 years with an average age of 59 +/− 1.43 years, women represented 59% with a sex ratio (male/female) of 0.69. Sixty-five (65) or 37.6% of the population had used medicinal plants. Among given reasons for using medicinal plants were, mainly the positiveness on a third party. Data analysis outcome twenty-nine species of plants belonging to twenty (20) botanical families, the most represented being the Annonaceae and Fabaceae. The most used species are Phyllanthus amarus (hlenwé in fon), Mangifera indica (mangatin in fon), Momordica charantia (gninsikin in fon), Combretum micranthum (kinkéliba in fon), and Picralima nitida (ayorkpè in fon). Most used parts of the plants are the leaves. The recipes are prepared mainly by infusion and are administered exclusively by mouth. Most of the patients who used the hypoglycaemic medicinal plants were satisfied and no adverse effects were reported by them. Conclusion: Hypoglycaemic medicinal plants could be subjected to pharmacognosy and marketed due to their richness in active components, after further toxicological studies.

Dynamics in the Prevalence of Insulin Resistance between 2005 and 2023 in Type 2 Diabetics in South Kivu in the East of the Democratic Republic of Congo: Cross-Sectional Studies

Aim: Sub-Saharan Africa is undergoing an epidemiological transition responsible for a change in the metabolic profile in favour of insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to assess the dynamics of the prevalence of insulin resistance and associated risk factors in diabetic patients in the Democratic Republic of Congo between 2005 and 2023. Method: We measured fasting blood glucose and insulin levels and looked for metabolic syndrome parameters (2009 criteria) in type 2 diabetes patients in 2005-2008 (n = 176) and in 2018-2023 (n = 303). The HOMA model was used to measure insulin sensitivity and islet β-cell secretory function. Results: Between 2005 and 2013, the trend was towards an increase in the prevalence of insulin resistance (from 13.1% to 50.8%;p Conclusion: This present study shows an increase in insulin resistance in Congolese urban areas and a persistence of atypical diabetes mellitus in Congolese rural areas, confirming the particularity of the pathophysiology of the disease in African areas currently influenced by the epidemiological transition. Further studies using an appropriate methodology are required.

Echocardiographic Aspects of Type 2 Diabetics Patients Hospitalized in the Medicine and Endocrinology Department of the Mali Hospital

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in diabetics. The objective of our study was to investigate the echocardiographic aspects of type 2 diabetics. Patients and Method: Descriptive and cross-sectional study of 12 months from June 2020 to June 2021. We included hospitalized type 2 diabetics who underwent transthoracic cardiac ultrasound in the Department of Medicine and Endocrinology at the Mali Hospital. Results: We collected 128 type 2 diabetics. The predominance was male with a sex ratio of 1.2. The mean age of patients was 60.06 ± 11.54 years with extremes of 28 and 84 years. Echocardiographic abnormalities were dominated by abnormal relaxation of left ventricle in 62.5%, increased of left ventricle mass in 54.7% and left atrium dilation in 28.1%. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension had more left atrium dilation with a p of 0.02. Disorders of global kinetics and systolic dysfunction were more prevalent in smoking patients with statistically significant associations, respectively, p = 0.02;p = 0.03. Dyslipidemia had a statistically significant association with segmental kinetic disorders with a p of 0.008. Duration of diabetes greater than 5 years was associated with left atrium dilation and p-value was 0.04. Conclusion: Diabetes is responsible for cardiovascular manifestations that can be identified with transthoracic echocardiography. Its performance in diabetic patients makes it possible to refine the patient’s management.

Macroangiopathic Complications and Associated Factors in Type 2 Diabetics at CNHU-HKM

Nowadays, chronic clinical manifestations of diabetemellitus constitute an important disease and a huge public health issue. Aim: Study the macroangiopathic complications in type 2 diabetics. Method: It is a descriptive cross-sectional study with an analytical aim covering the period from January 2019 to December 31, 2021 in the Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition clinic of the National Teaching Hospital Hubert Koutoukou Maga (CNHU-HKM) We thus identified 150 type 2 diabetic patients. Results: The prevalence of macroangiopathy was 60% with 11.3% for stroke, 28.6% for acute coronary syndrom, 4% for cervical macroangiopathy, and 46.97% ± 25.36% for obliterating arteriopathy of the lower limbs (OALL). The mean age of the patients was 57.69 ± 1.77 years with a sex ratio 1. The duration of diabetes progression was greater than 10 years for more than half of the patients 52.6%. The main associated cardiovascular risk factors were arterial high blood pressure (64.7%), family history of diabetes (33.7%), obesity with 20.0%. The death rate was 7.3%. Conclusion: Macroangiopathy’s mortality rate of in type 2 diabetics is high. Prevention remains the best treatment and involves screening for factors associated with macroangiopathy.

Frequency of the C677T Polymorphism of MTHFR, G20210A of Prothrombin and R506Q of Factor V Leiden in Type 2 Diabetics in Abidjan

In Africa, the prevalence of diabetes is escalating and remains a concern due to the numerous complications it causes. Vascular damage associated with diabetes leads to a prothrombotic state observed in diabetic individuals. Diabetes is a complex and multifactorial disease involving genetic components. With the aim of preventing complications and contributing to an efficient management of diabetes, we investigated genes likely to lead to a risk of thrombosis, in particular the C677T of MTHFR, G20210A of prothrombin, and R506Q of factor V Leiden in type 2 diabetics in Abidjan receiving ambulatory care. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on consenting type 2 diabetic patients. Mutation detection was carried out using the PCR-RFLP method employing restriction enzymes. Hemostasis tests (fibrinogen, D-dimers, fibrin monomers, and von Willebrand factor) were performed using citrate tubes on the Stage? Star Max automated system. Plasminogen activator inhibitor was assayed by ELISA method, and biochemical parameters were determined using the COBAS C311. The study population consisted of 45 diabetic patients, 51.1% of whom presented vascular complications, mainly neuropathy. Disturbances in hemostasis parameters were observed, with 15.5% of patients showing an increase in fibrin monomers. Mutation analysis revealed an absence of factor V mutation (factor V Leiden) and of G20210A mutation of the prothrombin gene. However, 15.6% of subjects had a heterozygous C677T mutation of MTHFR, with 57% of them being anemic. The exploration of biological and genetic factors associated with thrombotic risk is of significant interest in the optimal management of African type 2 diabetics.

Blood Pressure Profile and Glycemic Control of Type 2 Diabetics and Hypertensives at the Yalgado Ouedraogo University Hospital: A Review of 116 Cases

Objective: The association hypertension and diabetes is important. The two pathologies may influence each other. The aim was to study the correlation between glycemic control and blood pressure control and to determine the factors associated with blood pressure control. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study with an analytical focus over 7 months. Patients were recruited as outpatients and all underwent ambulatory blood pressure measure, glycated hemoglobin and creatinine measurements, and assessment of compliance with treatment. Results: During this period 116 patients were collected. The predominance was female 69%. The mean age of the patients was 62 ± 7 years with a peak between 60 and 70 years. The average age of hypertension was 12 years and that of diabetes 6 1/2 years. The most frequently associated cardiovascular risk factor was a sedentary lifestyle (71.5%) after age. 57.8% of patients were not controlled at the office, with a predominance of systolic hypertension (58.2%). 61.6% of patients were controlled by ambulatory blood pressure measure, a rate of 47.8% of white coat hypertension. Glycemic control was observed in 42.2% of cases and 87% of patients had good renal function (glomerular filter rate ≥ 60 ml/mn). Therapeutic compliance was good in 53.4% of cases and dual therapy was the most used therapeutic modality 44.8% (52 patients) followed by triple therapy. The factors associated with poor blood pressure control were glycemic imbalance, non-compliance and monotherapy. Dual therapy had a protective effect. Conclusion: The association of hypertension and type 2 diabetes is frequent. The risk of occurrence increases with age. Ambulatory blood pressure measure is the best method to assess blood pressure control. Optimization of blood pressure control should also include optimization of glycemic control.

Epidemio-Clinical Aspects of Ecrectile Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetics at Abeche Chu

Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a frequent complication of diabetes and more frequently affects type 2 diabetics. It is often unrecognised or its management is delayed because it is often overshadowed by other complications. The aim of our study was to describe the epidemiological and clinical aspects of ED. Patients and Method: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study over an 8-month period from April to December 2021, of type 2 diabetic subjects with erectile dysfunction (ED) seen at the University Hospital of Abeche. Erectile function was assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEFS5). Results: Out of a total of 112 patients with type 2 diabetes, 64 agreed to take part in the study. Only 40 patients correctly completed the survey form. Of these, 34 (85%) had erectile dysfunction. On average, our patients were over 49.4 years old, and 55.9% of them had had diabetes for more than 10 years. Erectile dysfunction had affected the social life of 21 patients (61.76% of cases) and 28 (82.35%) had not been informed by a healthcare professional. Most of them, 31 cases or 91.17%, had never told their GP about their erectile dysfunction. The patients who thought that diabetes had an influence on their erectile dysfunction represented 74%. Diabetes was poorly controlled in 22 patients (64.70%). According to the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF5), 85% of diabetic patients suffer from erectile dysfunction, including 28.6% with severe erectile dysfunction, 35.7% with moderate erectile dysfunction and 14.3% with mild erectile dysfunction. Erectile dysfunction was significantly more frequent in diabetics with arterial hypertension and poor diabetic control. Conclusion: The hospital prevalence of erectile dysfunction in our patients is high. Early detection of this disorder therefore remains a challenge to be met in order to organise better psychological and drug treatment.

Peripheral Neuropathy and Associated Factors in Diabetics at the CNHU-HKM of Cotonou in 2021

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes. The main objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and associated factors in diabetics in the University Clinic of Endocrinology Metabolism Nutrition of the CNHU-HKM, Cotonou, Benin 2021. This was a cross-sectional, analytical study that ran from 23 September to 23 December 2021. Admitted diabetic patients seen in consultation during the study period were included. The DN4 tool was used as the basis for data collection. Data analysis was performed using R software version 3.6.1. Multivariate analysis was used to identify factors associated with DPN. Out of 155 diabetics, 54 patients had diabetic peripheral neuropathy, a prevalence of 34.8%. The average age of our patients was 56.8 years and 56.8% were female. Of the patients, 54.7% had unbalanced diabetes. An association between DPN and gender (p = 0.022), occupation (p = 0.004), education (p = 0.011), hypertension (p = 0.017), smoking (p = 0.031), diabetic imbalance (p = 0.001), diabetic retinopathy (p = 0.020) and dyslipidaemia (p = 0.015) was observed. DPN was also associated with erectile dysfunction in men (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is common (34.8). Its occurrence is indicative of the presence of associated factors.

Microalbuminuria and Associated Factors in Diabetics at the CNHU-HKM of Cotonou

Diabetes mellitus is a disease of great frequency and is a major public health problem. Several complications can occur during the course of diabetes such as diabetic nephropathy, which starts with microalbuminuria in diabetic patients. This was a cross-sectional and analytical study which took place from 23 September to 23 December 2021 in the Endocrinology-Metabolism-Nutrition Department of the CNHU-HKM of Cotonou, Benin. We carried out an exhaustive census of the patients. Type 2 diabetic patients were included in the study, and 24-hour microalbumunuria, fundus examination and assessment of complications were performed. We identified 145 type 2 diabetic patients of whom 44 had positive microalbuminuria, i.e. a prevalence of 30.3%. There were 61 men and 84 women with a sex ratio of 0.72. The mean age was 59 years with extremes of 26 and 85 years. The complications identified in diabetics with positive microalbuminuria were Neuropathy (43.2%), Nephropathy (22.7%) and Retinopathy (20.5%). Factors associated with microalbuminuria in diabetics were: age, occupation, hypertension, diabetes imbalance, erectile dysfunction. Conclusion: Microalbuminuria is common in type 2 diabetes. It should be managed early to slow the progression of kidney disease to the end stage.

Profile of Cardiovascular Diseases of Diabetics Admitted in Fann and Dantec Cardiology Departments

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes (T2D). The objective of this study was to describe the profile of cardiovascular diseases of diabetics admitted at the cardiology departments of Aristide Le Dantec and Fann hospitals. Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective, descriptive and analytical study conducted on January 1st and December 31st, 2020 at the Dantec and Fann cardiology departments in Dakar. We studied epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary data. The data 7 was analyzed with STATA 14 software. Results: Of the 1483 patients hospitalized in both cardiology departments, one hundred and thirty-three (133) were diabetic, the hospital frequency was 9.01%. The average age was 62.3 ± 11.2 years. The sex ratio (M/F) was 0.8. Almost half (47.4%) of patients had a duration of diabetes greater than 10 years. Cardiovascular risk factors were dominated by physical inactivity (84.2%), menopause (81.9%) and hypertension (64.7%). Heart failure was the most common clinical manifestation with 45.1%. The prevalence of acute coronary artery disease in our study was 37.59%, followed by lower limbs peripheral arterial disease (9.7%) and stroke (3%). Concerning the treatment, 119 patients were on anti-diabetic treatment. Most patients were on aspirin (79%), cholesterol-lowering drugs (78.95%) and ACE inhibitor (77.44%). Percutaneous coronary intervention was performed in 19 patients. 12.03% of patients diabetics died during hospitalization. Conclusion: Cardiovascular events are common during type 2 diabetes. Their management is important to avoid complications that can be fatal.

Frequency of B and C Hepatitis Viruses, and Metabolic Profile in Type 2 Diabetics: A Case of the YaoundéCentral Hospital, Cameroon

Poorly controlled type 2 diabetes alters the immune system, increasing the risk of susceptibility to viral infections such as hepatitis B and C infections. This study aimed to determine the frequency of hepatitis B and C and metabolic profiles in type 2 diabetics. This was a cross-sectional study conducted over six months. It was conducted at the National Obesity Center (NOC) of the Yaoundé Central Hospital (YCH), Cameroon. 100 diabetic patients, with a mean age of 58.41 ± 10.74 years were enrolled in the study. The socio-demographic characteristics of the study population and the risk factors for virus transmission were recorded using a pre-established questionnaire. HBsAg and anti-HCV antibodies were revealed by a rapid diagnostic test. Liver function markers’ activities were determined. Commercial kits were used to evaluate the patient’s serum lipid profile, serum fasting glucose level, urea, creatinine, and albumin. With a sex ratio of 3:1, women outnumbered men. Risk factors for HCV and HBV infections evocated by the population were dental care (50%), followed by alcohol consumption (41%). HBsAg and anti-HCV antibodies frequency was 3% and 8% respectively. No cases of coinfection were found. In general, hypertriglyceridemia with a mean of 1.61 ± 0.46 g/L and hyperglycemia of 1.35 ± 0.45 g/L were noted. A significant difference (p = 0.028) was found in HDL-cholesterol values between non-co-affected diabetics and HCV+ diabetics. The effect of the duration of diabetes on biochemical parameters revealed that albumin was the only significant decrease over time (p = 0.013). Based on these results, the metabolic profile of patients was altered. It is important to take note of the prevalence of hepatitis seen in type 2 diabetes mellitus since it demonstrates the potential link between both illnesses. Thus, early detection could prevent complications related to B and C hepatitis infections in type 2 diabetics.

Lower Limb Arteriopathy in Diabetics at the Oueme-Plateau Provincial Hospital in Porto-Novo: Frequency and Associated Factors

Introduction: The distribution of arteriopathy of the lower limbs (ALL) is not familiar in the city of Porto-Novo. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of ALL in diabetic patients in treatment at the Oueme-Plateau Provincial Teaching Hospital. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study from July 12 to October 10, 2021, at the Oueme-Plateau Provincial Teaching Hospital in Porto-Novo. ALL was screened by performing systolic pressure index (SPI) in all diabetic patients aged at least 18 years, seen in consultation or hospitalization during the study period and who had given their consent. Results: The study registered 165 diabetics and 98.2% of them were type 2. Subjects aged between 55 and 65 years were the most represented (33.9%), with an average age of 59.4 years. Women were in the majority (61.2%), with a sex ratio of 0.6. High blood pressure was associated with diabetes in 61.2% of patients. The prevalence of ALL was 48.5% (80 patients). Obliterative arteriopathy of the lower limbs (OALL) was observed in 70 patients (42.4%), mediacalcosis in 8 patients (4.8%), and mixed arteriopathy in 2 patients (1.2%). In 88.5% of patients, the pathology was symptomless. Factors significantly associated with ALL included advanced age (p = 0.01), the age of the glycemic imbalance (p = 0.03), lack of regular physical activity (p = 0.001) and dyslipidemia (p = 0.008). Conclusion: Pelvic limb arteriopathy is usual among diabetics at Oueme-Plateau Provincial Teaching Hospital. The use of SPI, which enables diagnosis, requires simple, low-cost means, and should be encouraged.

Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Diabetics in Conakry

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in diabetics, to identify risk factors associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in diabetics, and to describe the clinical features of the association of pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes. Materials and method: This was a cohort study that took place from November 18, 2015 to January 31, 2018 at the Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases of the University Hospital of Donka. Results: among the 1912 diabetic patients screened for tuberculosis, 46 had bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis, i.e. a prevalence of 2.4% and 01 had clinically diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis with 0.1%. A female predominance was noted with a sex ratio of 0.8. The 45 - 54 age group was the most affected with a mean age of 46 years. Body Mass Index (p = 0.001), smoking (p = 0.0101) and history of infection (p = 0.001) were significantly associated with pulmonary tuberculosis. The history of smoking (p = 0.0101), the notion of contagion (p = 0.001), the cough (p = 0.001), the fever (p = 0.001), the nocturnal sweat (p = 0.001) and the hemoptysis (p = 0.001) were the clinical characteristics significantly associated with pulmonary tuberculosis. Conclusion: The results of this study show a remarkably high prevalence of tuberculosis in diabetic patients in Guinea highlighting the need for urgent action to better understand and treat the double burden of tuberculosis and diabetes.

Accuracy of Narcotrend Index in Monitoring Depth of Anesthesia in Diabetics: a Case Report

NARCOTREND index （NI） is based on studies ofnormal human brain electrical data. It uses anordinary electrode to collect and analysis brainelectrical signals immediately at any positionof the head, to display the state of consciousness and depthof anesthesia of patients on the touch screen afterautomatic analysis and classification, so as to guide doseadjustment of anesthetics. NI may make the consciousnessand depth of anesthesia monitoring safe, simple, accurate,and economic. It is important that NI is more accurate thanclassical electroencephalographic variables.^1 Weber et al2believed that the NI was an objective and true index in theevaluation of propofol sedation in children.

Imbalanced Classification in Diabetics Using Ensembled Machine Learning

Diabetics is one of the world’s most common diseases which are caused by continued high levels of blood sugar.The risk of diabetics can be lowered if the diabetic is found at the early stage.In recent days,several machine learning models were developed to predict the diabetic presence at an early stage.In this paper,we propose an embedded-based machine learning model that combines the split-vote method and instance duplication to leverage an imbalanced dataset called PIMA Indian to increase the prediction of diabetics.The proposed method uses both the concept of over-sampling and under-sampling along with model weighting to increase the performance of classification.Different measures such as Accuracy,Precision,Recall,and F1-Score are used to evaluate the model.The results we obtained using K-Nearest Neighbor(kNN),Naïve Bayes(NB),Support Vector Machines(SVM),Random Forest(RF),Logistic Regression(LR),and Decision Trees(DT)were 89.32%,91.44%,95.78%,89.3%,81.76%,and 80.38%respectively.The SVM model is more efficient than other models which are 21.38%more than exiting machine learning-based works.

Anti-diabetics and antimicrobials:Harmony of mutual interplay

Diabetes is one of the four major non-communicable diseases,and appointed by the world health organization as the seventh leading cause of death worldwide.The scientists have turned over every rock in the corners of medical sciences in order to come up with better understanding and hence more effective treatments of diabetes.The continuous research on the subject has elucidated the role of immune disorders and inflammation as definitive factors in the trajectory of diabetes,assuring that blood glucose adjustments would result in a relief in the systemic stress leading to minimizing inflammation.On a parallel basis,microbial infections usually take advantage of immunity disorders and propagate creating a pro-inflammatory environment,all of which can be reversed by antimicrobial treatment.Standing at the crossroads between diabetes,immunity and infection,we aim in this review at projecting the interplay between immunity and diabetes,shedding the light on the overlapping playgrounds for the activity of some antimicrobial and anti-diabetic agents.Furthermore,we focused on the antidiabetic drugs that can confer antimicrobial or anti-virulence activities.

Prevalence of Microalbuminury and Associated Risk Factors in a Population of Diabetics Followed at the Marc Sankale Center of Dakar

Introduction: To describe the epidemiologic profile, clinical and paraclinical of diabetics presenting microalbuminuria at Marc Sankale center. Patients and methods: We have done cross-sectional and retrospective study in a descriptive and analytic view or way. It happened within 6 months. Diabetic patients who performed the nycthemeral urinary albumin dose and mentioned in the file were included. The last study is considered as a positive one from 30 to 299mg/24h: Microalbuminuria. The creatinine has been noted and the clearing of the creatinine is calculated through the formula of Cockcroft and Gault. The statistical analysis of data has been done thanks to software such as excel 2013 and SPSS VER 18.0. Results: 221 patients have been noted with 70% women and 30% men. The age varied between 30 years and 85 years with an average of 56, 62 against 9.97 years. Sixty three (63) patients have microalbuminuria (29%);creatinine has been regularized to 25 patients with 14.8% of cases. Among the microalbuminuria patients having completed the creatinine, 32 patients (42.7%) and 16 (21.3%) are respectively in a state of chronical renal failure, light and moderated. Conclusion: The microalbuminuria is frequent to diabetics. But in our series a starting renal insufficiency could precede that microalbuminuria.

Biochemical Assessment of the Relationship of Zinc and Glucose Concentration in Diabetics

Zinc plays a critical role in a variety of cell functions and elicits the fact that both its deficiency and excess may demonstrate deleterious situation. It has been proposed that zinc is required for multiple steps in insulin synthesis and release. This study investigated the relationship of zinc and glucose in diabetics. Using serum samples of diabetic patients whose glucose concentrations were above the threshold (10.0 mmol/l), spectroscopic methods were used to determine the concentration of glucose and zinc. Results obtained showed a negative correlation between level of glucose and zinc. Data were analyzed using student’s t-test with the aid of Graph Pad Prism (R) version 6.01 with a p value of <0.05 considered statistically significant. We concluded that reduced concentration of zinc observed in the study could be an uncommon factor to hyperglycemia and impose risk factor to diabetics. Its evaluation along with glucose levels is highly recommended in management of diabetic patients.

Diabetics Have the Same Risk and Benefits Regarding Postoperative Amiodarone Prophylaxis for Atrial Fibrillation When Undergoing Surgery for Lung Cancer

Background: To evaluate if the risk for developing atrial fibrillation after lung surgery is higher for diabetics than non-diabetic patients and whether diabetic status prolongs the length of in-hospital stay. Objective: To compare the outcome of amiodarone prophylaxis in diabetics and non-diabetics. Design: Subgroup analysis within a randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial. Results: Development of atrial fibrillation was equally frequent among diabetics (18.2%) and non-diabetics (20.5%) (p = 1.00). Atrial fibrillation occurred in 7.1% of prophylactic diabetics and in 9.3% of prophylactic non-diabetics, while 37.5% non-prophylactic diabetics and 31.3% non-prophylactic non-diabetics experienced atrial fibrillation (p = 0.31). Prophylactic amiodarone was equally effective in diabetics as in non-diabetics with a relative risk of 3.5 (1.8 - 67.0) and the number need to treat of 4.4 (3.3 - 8.3) (p = 0.31). The length of in-hospital stay for diabetics was equal to non-diabetics with an average stay of 7.1 versus 8 days at Aarhus University Hospital (p = 0.61) with similar stays at intermediary and intensive care unit as well as total in-hospital stay of 8.9 versus 10 days (p = 0.60). Conclusions: Diabetics have the same risk of atrial fibrillation and the same benefits from prophylactic amiodarone as non-diabetics after surgery for lung cancer. Furthermore, diabetics have the same length of stay as non-diabetics. No severe adverse effects were found in either group.