Can the Urine Dipstick Test Be an Alternative in the Screening of Urinary Tract Infections for Inpatients in the Context of a Low-Income Country?

Background: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), a prevalent bacterial infection in adults, heavily relies on cytobacteriological examination of urine (CBEU) for diagnosis. However, in resource-limited countries, accessibility to CBEU remains hindered by cost and availability. This study aims to assess the utility of the Urinary Dipstick Test (UDT) in diagnosing UTIs among hospitalized patients in the context of limited resources. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to May 2019, encompassing hospitalized patients who underwent CBEU at the bacteriology unit of Sour? Sanou University Hospital. UDT and CBEU were concurrently performed, and UDT’s analytical and diagnostic performance was evaluated against CBEU, considered the gold standard. Results: A total of 274 CBEU requests were registered, involving 274 patients (159 males) with a mean age of 45.8 ± 21.3 years (ranging from 1 to 90 years). UTI was confirmed in 90 patients, yielding a frequency of 32.85%. The UTI bacteriological profile was dominated by Enterobacteriaceae (75.23%), primarily Escherichia coli (60.55%). Nitrite and Leukocytes were positive in 54 (19.8%) and 157 (53.6%) of the samples tested. Among patients with confirmed UTI, Nitrite, and Leukocytes were positive in 30 (33%) and 71 (79%) patients respectively. UDT demonstrated variable performance based on nitrite and leukocyte combination: Sensitivity (57%-82%), Specificity (7%-98%), Positive Predictive Value (PPV) (43%-57%), Negative Predictive Value (NPV) (43%-67%). UDT performed slightly better in women (NPV = 88%) and inpatients without urinary catheters (NPV = 75% and PPV = 80%). Conclusion: This study underscores UDT’s potential utility in excluding UTIs among women, younger patients, and inpatients without urinary catheters, albeit with limited confidence. The UDT emerges as a complementary tool for UTI screening, particularly in resource-limited settings.

日本血吸虫可溶性虫卵抗原38kDa分子Dipstick快速诊断模式的初步建立

目的 建立简便的血吸虫病Ｄｉｐｓｔｉｃｋ快速诊断比方法 以纯化的日本血吸虫虫卵可溶性抗原（ＳＥＡ）３８ｋＤａ分子为诊断抗原，以胶体金标记的鼠抗人ＩｇＧ为二抗，建立 Ｄｉｐｓｔｉｃｋ快速诊断体系；检测日本血吸虫病人血清，急性期３７例、慢性期３０例，正常人５２例，肝吸虫病人血清３０例。结果 所测得的阳性率分别为９４．６％、８６．７％、１．９％、０％．伯论 以 ＥＡ ３８ｋＤａ纯化分子建立的血吸虫病Ｄｉｐｓｔｉｃｋ快速诊断法具有较好的敏感性和特异性，且简便快捷。

应用胶体金SEA-DIPSTICK法检测日本血吸虫病血清抗体的研究

目的 建立一种快速、简便、实用的检测日本血吸虫病血清抗体的Dipstick方法。方法 应用胶体金SEA -dip stick法检测日本血吸虫病血清抗体。结果 用该法检测急性血吸虫病血清 2 8人份和慢性血吸虫病血清 2 97人份 ,其阳性检出率分别为 10 0 %和 97 31%。在 5 18例正常人和 5 73例其它 4种寄生虫病人血清中有 0 19%假阳性和 2 4%交叉反应。与Dot-ELISA比较 ,经卡方检验表明两者的敏感性无显著性差异 ,而SEA -dipstick法的特异性较Dot -ELISA强。 结论 胶体金SEA -dipstick法检测日本血吸虫病血清抗体有较高的敏感性和特异性 ,并且方法快速 ,操作简便 ,不需特殊仪器设备 ,稳定性高 ,重复性好 ,具有广泛的应用前景。

单克隆抗体3A3、2E7用于恶性疟Dipstick检测的初步研究

目的 建立一种快速、简便 ,适用于基层的恶性疟免疫诊断方法。 方法 将抗恶性疟原虫 HRP- 的单克隆抗体 3A3、2 E7纯化后经配对筛选 ,利用 Dipstick-免疫胶体金技术 ,制成诊断恶性疟的 Dipstick层析条。用该层析条对 115份疟疾患者血样 ,2 0份非疟疾病人血样及 10份正常人血样进行检测 ,评价其敏感性和特异性 ,并对其稳定性、重复性等进行了初步研究。 结果 用该法检测 145份血样 ,其对恶性疟的敏感性和特异性分别为 83.1%及 97.5 % ,已包被抗原、抗体的 Dipstick条在 4℃及室温下可保存 3个月以上 ,对 30份血样重复检测 4次结果完全一致。 结论 Dipstick-免疫胶体金模式快速、简便 ,适用于基层应用 。

Dipstick和PCR方法检测疟区门诊恶性疟的评价

目的评价Dipstick和PCR在疟区门诊诊断恶性疟的应用效果。方法以厚血膜镜检结果作为对照，Dipstick采用B－D公司的ParaSight－F试剂盒，PCR采用直接扩增滤纸干血液中疟原虫的方法。结果共调查112例发热病人。Dipstick和PCR的灵敏度分别为93．5％和83．9％，特异度分别为95．1％和98．8％。原虫密度越高，检出率越高（趋势P＜0．01）。结论Dipstick方法比厚血膜镜检及PCR方法更为快速、简便，在疟区门诊应用前景广泛。在原虫密度较低时，Dipstick和PCR方法均需进一步提高灵敏度。

Dipstick法检测斯氏狸殖吸虫病血清抗体的建立及应用

目的建立简便的斯氏狸殖吸虫病Dipstick快速诊断法。方法以纯化的斯氏狸殖吸虫成虫可溶性抗原22kD为诊断抗原,胶体金标记的羊抗人IgG为显色剂,建立Dipstick快速诊断方法;检测斯氏狸殖吸虫病患者血清58例,日本血吸虫病患者血清32例,华支睾吸虫病患者血清23例,健康者血清28例。结果检测58例斯氏狸殖吸虫病患者血清IgG抗体,其阳性率为98.3%(57/58),分别检测健康者血清28例、日本血吸虫病患者血清32例和华支睾吸虫病患者血清23例,前者均为阴性,后两者的交叉反应率分别为3.1%(1/32)和0%(0/23)。结论斯氏狸殖吸虫成虫可溶性抗原22kD Dipstick快速诊断法具有较高的敏感性和特异性,简便快捷,勿须特殊仪器设备,是一种检测斯氏狸殖吸虫病患者血清IgG抗体较好的免疫诊断方法。

恶性疟Dipstick-免疫胶体金检测试纸条和ICT测试卡现场实验

目的 现场评价自制的恶性疟Ｄｉｐｓｔｉｃｋ－免疫胶体金检测试纸条和商品疟疾ＩＤＣＴ测试卡的敏感性和特异性及稳定性。方法 以常规镜检法作为标准，用Ｄｉｐｓｔｉｃｋ条和ＩＣＴ卡对镜检确认的疟疾和非疟发热病人血样平行检验。结果 Ｄｉｐｓｔｉｃｋ条恶性疟阳性的符合率为９５％，特异性为１００％，３０℃以上活性保持时间为４５天左右；ＩＣＴ卡的恶性疟（含混合感染）阳性符合率为１００％，单纯间日疟符合率为９７％，特异性为１００％，不能区分混分感染，稳定性超过Ｄｉｐｓｔｉｃｋ条。结论Ｄｉｐｓｔｉｃｋ条仍需改进完善。ＩＣＴ卡敏感特异、简便快速，是替代传统镜检较好的一种方法。

rSj26-Sj32-Immunogold-IgG-Dipstick法用于急性日本血吸虫病患者的诊断价值

目的探讨rSj26-Sj32-Immunogold-IgG-Dipstick法用于急性日本血吸虫病患者的诊断价值。方法利用纯化的rSj26-Sj32融合蛋白和日本血吸虫成虫抗原(SjAWA)建立Immunogold-IgG-Dipstick法,检测急性日本血吸虫病患者血清,并以华支睾吸虫病、卫氏并殖吸虫病、棘球蚴病、乙型肝炎、肺结核患者和健康人血清作对照。结果 rSj26-Sj32检测急性日本血吸虫病患者血清的敏感性为96.00%,特异性为97.67%;SjAWA与华支睾吸虫病、卫氏并殖吸虫病和泡型棘球蚴病患者血清存在不同程度的交叉反应,而rSj26-Sj32则未见交叉反应。结论纯化的rSj26-Sj32融合蛋白是1种较好的免疫诊断抗原。

胶体金标记Dipstick试纸条诊断旋毛虫病的研究

目的：建立简便的旋毛虫病Dipstick快速诊断法。方法：以旋毛虫肌幼虫ES为诊断抗原,胶体金标记的羊抗人IgG为显色剂,建立Dipstick快速诊断方法;对旋毛虫病及其它寄生虫病患者和旋毛虫感染的动物血清进行检测。结果：检测旋毛虫病患者与旋毛虫感染的小鼠、大鼠、兔、猪血清的阳性率分别为100%（28/28）、96.00%（48/50）、100%（10/10）、100%（10/10）及100%（30/30）;其它寄生虫病（斯氏狸殖吸虫病、血吸虫病、华支睾吸虫病及囊虫病等）患者及正常人血清均为阴性。试纸条和ELISA对100条幼虫感染小鼠血清检测的阳性率分别为92.00%（46/50）和94.00%（47/50）（x2=0.15,P〉0.05）,两种方法对200~500条幼虫感染小鼠血清检测的阳性率均为100%（60/60）。结论：旋毛虫肌幼虫ES抗原Dipstick快速诊断法具有较高的敏感性和特异性,简便快捷,勿须特殊仪器设备,是一种检测旋毛虫病血清IgG抗体和流行病学调查较好的免疫诊断方法。

恶性疟快速诊断新技术—Dipstick方法

本文介绍了Dipstick的原理和方法及现场试验结果,并对它的使用提出了建议。

Contribution of the Urine Dipstick to Urinary Tract Infection Diagnosis among Children in Two Hospitals in Cotonou-Benin

Introduction: Urinary tract infections are a daily concern in pediatric nephrology with long-term risks for high blood pressure and renal failure. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of a urine dipstick (UD) to the diagnosis of urinary infections among children at the CNHU-HKM and the Lagoon Mother and Child University Teaching Hospital (CHU-MEL) of Cotonou. Patients and Methods: This study is a cohort, descriptive and analytical study focused on children with suspected urinary infections in the pediatric units of the CNHU-HKM and CHU-MEL of Cotonou from March 25 to August 25, 2015. Results: Two hundred and four children out of a total of 5125 admitted children (4%) presented with at least one clinical sign of a urinary tract infection. Children under 36 months of age were predominant (41%). The main clinical signs of urinary infections were fever (60.8%) and urinary disorders (38.2%). The urinary dipstick test was positive in 145 children (71.2%). A urinary tract infection was confirmed by urine culture in 38 children (18.6%). In cases with leucocyturia- and nitrituria-positive urine dipstick tests, the sensitivity was estimated to be 13.2%, and the specificity was 95.2%, with a negative predictive value (NPV) of 82.8%. Only when the leucocyturia test was positive, the sensitivity was 76.3%, and the specificity was 31.9%. When the leucocyturia test was negative, the specificity was estimated to be 94%, and the sensitivity was 83% in the nitrituria-positive cases and 15.8% in the nitrituria-negative cases. The main isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli (n = 21) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 14). Conclusion: In our environment, a negative leucocyturia test may help exclude urinary tract infections in most cases.

Use of the urinary trypsinogen-2 dipstick test in early diagnosis of pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

Background: Acute pancreatitis is one of the most serious complications of ERCP. Early diagnosis of post ERCP pancreatitis helps physicians to provide intensive care and possible medical treatment as early as possible. Trypsinogen-2 in urine is a good diagnostic and prognostic marker of acute pancreatitis. Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic value of urinary trypsinogen-2 dipstick test for early diagnosis of post ERCP pancreatitis. Methods: A total of 37 patients with obstructive jaundice were tested with the urinary trypsinogen-2 dipstick test and serum levels of amylase and lipase before ERCP and 6 hours after ERCP. Results: Post ERCP pancreatitis was diagnosed in 6 (16%) of 37 patients. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of urinary trypsinogen-2 dipstick test at 6 hours after ERCP were 100%, 97%, 86%, 100% respectively. At the cutoff level (130 U/L) for lipase, the positive predictive value and negative predictive value all were (100%), however, the positive predictive value and negative predictive value for amylase levels at cutoff (122 U/L) were 60%, 100% respectively. Serum lipase level was the best test for diagnosing post ERCP pancreatitis followed by the urinary trypsinogen-2 dipstick test. Conclusions: The urinary trypsinogen-2 dipstick test can be used as a rapid and easy test for early diagnosis of post ERCP pancreatitis with high sensitivity and specificity.

Efficacy of leukocyte esterase dipstick test as a rapid test in diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of dipstick test in diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in cirrhotic patients who underwent abdominal paracentesis based on the locally available dipstick test. METHODS: There were 200 consecutive samples from cirrhotic patients who underwent abdominal paracentesis. Urine dipstick (Combur10 Test?M, Roche, Mannheim, Germany) was used as a screening test. A manual cell count with differential study was done in all samples by experienced technicians. The polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell count more than 250 cells/mm3 was used as a diagnostic cut off level. One to three plus dipstick results were used as cut off levels for a positive result. The dipstick test results had to be agreed by three experienced readers. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy of two different colorimetric cut off scales (1+ and 2+) were calculated and compared. RESULTS: The prevalence of SBP diagnosed by manual cell count was 21.0%. There were 128 specimens that had a true negative result by dipstick. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy of 1+ and 2+ cut off scale to diagnose SBP were 88%, 81%, 55%, 96% and 83% respectively, and 63%, 96%, 82%, 81% and 89% respectively. CONCLUSION: Dipstick test can be used as a rapid test for screening of SBP. The higher cut off colorimetric scale has a better specificity and positive predictive value but a lower sensitivity.

Optimisation of the DNA dipstick as a rapid extraction method for Schistosoma japonicum in infected mice samples and spiked human clinical samples

BackgroundSchistosomiasis remains a public health issue and the need for accurate and affordable diagnostics is crucial in the elimination of the disease. While molecular diagnostics are highly effective, they are expensive, with the main costs been associated with DNA extraction. The DNA dipstick is a rapid, affordable and simple purification method that allows DNA to be extracted from diagnostic samples within 30 s. We aimed to optimise the DNA dipstick method for samples from mice and egg-spiked human samples.MethodsUrine, blood and faeces were collected from mice exposed to Schistosoma japonicum infection at weekly intervals from Day 0 to Day 42. Urine and faecal samples were also collected from volunteer, uninfected humans and spiked with S. japonicum eggs. All samples were subject to several optimisation procedures and DNA extracted with the DNA dipstick. Amplification of the target DNA was carried out using LAMP and visualised using agarose gel electrophoresis and flocculation.ResultsThe DNA dipstick successfully identified S. japonicum from infected mice and human clinical samples spiked with cracked eggs or genomic DNA from S. japonicum. Amplification was observed from week 4 post infection in infected mice. For human samples, amplification was observed in sieved faecal samples, filtered urine samples heated at 95 ℃ for 30 min, and sera samples heated at 95℃ for 30 min.ConclusionsThe DNA dipstick combined with LAMP has huge potential in providing cost-effective, simple and accurate detection of schistosomiasis infection in endemic regions. This will allow for rapid treatment, tracking outbreaks—such as occur after typhoons, leading to better health outcomes and contributing to control and eventual elimination of schistosomiasis.

Dipstick快速免疫诊断反应模式的实验研究

对Dipstick快速免疫诊断技术的免疫层析条和免疫胶体金的制备方法、操作步骤及条件等进行了实验室探讨。该技术具有简便、快速的特点,特别适合于现场检测。

rSj26-Sj32-Immunogold-Dipstick试剂对慢性日本血吸虫病的诊断价值研究

目的研究rSj26-Sj32-Immunogold-Dipstick试剂对慢性日本血吸虫病的诊断价值。方法用rSj26-Sj32融合蛋白和日本血吸虫成虫抗原(SjAWA)Immunogold-Dipstick法检测慢性日本血吸虫病患者血清,同时以华支睾吸虫病、卫氏并殖吸虫病、泡型棘球蚴病、囊性棘球蚴病、乙型肝炎、肺结核患者和健康人血清作为对照,比较两种抗原检测抗体效果的差异。结果该法检测慢性日本血吸虫病的敏感性和特异性分别为92.50%和97.67%,诊断该病的阳性预告值、阴性预告值及诊断效率分别为97.37%、93.33%和95.18%,并且与其他疾病患者血清均无交叉反应。结论 rSj26-Sj32-Immunogold-Dipstick试剂可用于慢性日本血吸虫病的免疫诊断。

嗜水气单胞菌RPA-LFD快速检测方法的建立

文章旨在建立一种针对嗜水气单胞菌的敏感性高、特异性强的快速临床诊断方法。研究根据嗜水气单胞菌促旋酶B亚单位(gyrase subunit B,gyrB)基因的保守序列,设计特异性重组酶聚合酶扩增技术(RPA)扩增引物,通过结合琼脂糖凝胶电泳(AGE)和侧流层析试纸条(LFD)的方法进行反应条件的优化、特异性及灵敏度检测。实验结果表明,所建立的嗜水气单胞菌RPA-LFD快速检测方法可在38℃最适温度下30min内无干扰地检测到嗜水气单胞菌,对嗜水气单胞菌纯培养物和基因组DNA的最小检出限为10^(3)cfu/mL和100 pg/μL。利用建立的RPA-LFD与普通PCR同时检测杂交鲟鱼处理临床样品的结果表明,两种方法的结果一致。综上所述,通过对RPA反应条件的探索和优化,成功建立了嗜水气单胞菌快速检测方法。该方法操作简便,反应迅速,与普通PCR相比,不需要昂贵的仪器,为未来嗜水气单胞菌细菌性疾病的早期诊断提供了更有效的技术支持。