China’s first Mars rover,Zhurong,successfully landed in the south of Utopia Planitia.The surface water content at the landing area can provide constraints on mineral formation conditions and help us better understand...China’s first Mars rover,Zhurong,successfully landed in the south of Utopia Planitia.The surface water content at the landing area can provide constraints on mineral formation conditions and help us better understand the evolution of the Martian aqueous and geological environment.In this work,the surface kinetic temperature of the Zhurong landing area was derived by analyzing data from the Mars Express Observatoire pour la Minéralogie,l’Eau,les Glaces et l’Activité(OMEGA)spectrometer.Using the Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer(DISORT)model,we performed atmospheric correction and thermal correction for the OMEGA data to obtain the surface effective single-particle absorption thickness(ESPAT)parameter to evaluate the surface water content.The surface water content distribution at the landing area was relatively uniform at a lateral scale of~10 km.At the Zhurong landing site,the surface water content in the topmost layer(a few hundred micrometers)of the regolith was 5−8 weight percent water(wt%H_(2)O),assuming surface particle sizes of<45μm,or 1.6−2.5 wt%H_(2)O,assuming surface particle sizes in the range of 125−250μm.The Mars Surface Composition Detector(MarSCoDe)onboard Zhurong also observed significant H_(2)O/OH signals in the landing area.Our results provide an important regional context for the hydration state of the area and can be further verified by the H content derived from the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectrometer(LIBS)data of MarSCoDe.展开更多
如何确定合适的阈值来区分夜间辐射雾、晴空地表和中高云一直是雾检测研究的重点。圣巴巴拉DISORT大气辐射传输模型(Santa Barbara DISORT atmospheric radiative transfer,SBDART)可模拟雾顶亮度温度。基于该模型获取MODIS B20与B31波...如何确定合适的阈值来区分夜间辐射雾、晴空地表和中高云一直是雾检测研究的重点。圣巴巴拉DISORT大气辐射传输模型(Santa Barbara DISORT atmospheric radiative transfer,SBDART)可模拟雾顶亮度温度。基于该模型获取MODIS B20与B31波段的亮温差(brightness temperature difference,BTD),将其用于夜间辐射雾检测。以MODIS卫星数据为可行性试验数据,用国家卫星气象中心提供的地面验证数据进行验证,结果表明,使用该模型监测夜间雾的准确率达78.3%,误判率为21.7%,可靠性指标为0.643,Kappa系数为0.730。为进一步验证方法的稳定性,选取8景卫星序列图像进行时间序列分析,结果显示Kappa系数均值为0.744,说明应用当前阈值方法对MODIS夜间雾检测具有可适用性。该方法为夜间雾预报和夜间雾参数反演提供了有效的参考。展开更多
Stratospheric ozone depletion, as a result of increasing chlorofluorocarbons in the stratosphere, allows more UV-B irradiance (290 - 325 nm) to reach the earth’s surface with possible detrimental biological effects. ...Stratospheric ozone depletion, as a result of increasing chlorofluorocarbons in the stratosphere, allows more UV-B irradiance (290 - 325 nm) to reach the earth’s surface with possible detrimental biological effects. Be-cause there are few UV-B radiation stations, irradiance models are useful tools for estimating irradiances where measurements are not made. Estimates of spectral and broadband irradiances from a numerical model are compared with Brewer spectrophotometer measurements at nine Canadian stations (Alert, Resolute Bay, Churchill, Edmonton, Regina, Winnipeg, Montreal, Halifax and Toronto) and 26 years of data. The model uses either the discrete ordinate radiative transfer (DISORT) or the delta-Eddington algorithms to solve the radiative transfer equation for a 49-layer, vertically inhomogeneous, plane-parallel atmosphere, with cloud inserted between the 2 and 3 km heights. Spectral calculations are made at 1 nm intervals. The model uses extraterrestrial spectral irradiance, spectral optical properties for each atmospheric layer for ozone, air mole-cules, and aerosol and surface albedo. A fixed broadband cloud optical depth of 27 was satisfactory for cal-culating cloudy sky irradiances at all stations except in the arctic. Comparisons are made both for daily totals and for monthly averaged spectral and broadband irradiances. The delta-Eddington method is shown to be unsuitable for calculating spectral irradiances under clear skies, at wavelengths less than 305 nm where absorption by ozone is high, and at large solar zenith angles. The er-rors are smaller for overcast conditions. The method is adequate for daily total and monthly averaged spec-tral (? 305 nm) and broadband calculations for all sky conditions, although consistently overestimating ir-radiances. There is a good agreement between broadband measurements and calculations for both daily totals and monthly averages with mean bias error mainly less than 5% of the mean measured daily irradiance and root mean square error less than 25%, decreasing to below 15% for monthly averages.展开更多
利用SACOL(兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站)2006~2012年AERONET(全球气溶胶自动监测网)level 2.0和太阳短波辐射计资料,分析了中国西北地区气溶胶的光学特性与辐射影响。利用辐射传输模式SBDART(平面平行大气辐射传输模式)检验TOA(大...利用SACOL(兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站)2006~2012年AERONET(全球气溶胶自动监测网)level 2.0和太阳短波辐射计资料,分析了中国西北地区气溶胶的光学特性与辐射影响。利用辐射传输模式SBDART(平面平行大气辐射传输模式)检验TOA(大气层顶)处辐射强迫为正的原因。BOA(地表)、TOA、Atmosphere(大气)的辐射强迫年均值分别是-59.43 W m^(-2)、-17.03 W m^(-2)、42.40 W m^(-2),AOD(光学厚度,550nm)年均值0.37,α(波段的波长指数,440~675 nm)年均值0.91,变化趋势与AOD位相相反,当AOD为0.3~2.2时,α很小(0.0~0.2),表明粒子尺度很大。SSA(单次散射反照率,675 nm)年均值0.93,g(不对称因子,675 nm)年均值0.68,复折射指数(675 nm)实部年均值1.48,虚部0.007。复折射指数实部的年变化趋势与AOD一致,虚部与AOD反位相,所以西北地区多为粗模态散射性气溶胶。气溶胶对大气的加热率最大值出现在0~2km,随高度递减。冬、夏半年在地表加热率分别是2.6 K d^(-1)和0.6 K d^(-1);季节变化中,冬季、秋季、春季和夏季,在地表的加热率依次是2.5 K d^(-1)、1.4 K d^(-1)、1.2 K d^(-1)和0.2 K d^(-1),主要因为秋季气溶胶的吸收性大于春季。地表反照率和SSA对TOA正辐射强迫贡献率分别是22.5%和77.5%。展开更多
Studies on optical properties of aerosols can reduce the uncertainty for modelling direct radiative forcing(DRF)and improve the accuracy for discussing aerosols effects on the Tibetan Plateau(TP)climate.This study inv...Studies on optical properties of aerosols can reduce the uncertainty for modelling direct radiative forcing(DRF)and improve the accuracy for discussing aerosols effects on the Tibetan Plateau(TP)climate.This study investigated the spatiotemporal variation of aerosol optical and microphysical properties over TP based on OMI and MERRA2,and assessed the influence of aerosol optical properties on DRF at NamCo station(30°46.44′N,90°59.31′E,4730 m)in the central TP from 2006 to 2017 based on a long measurement of AERONET and the modelling of SBDART model.The results show that aerosol optical depth(AOD)exhibits obvious seasonal variation over TP,with higher AOD500nm(>0.75)during spring and summer,and lower value(<0.25)in autumn and winter.The aerosol concentrations show a fluctuated rising from 1980 to 2000,significant increasing from 2000 to 2010 and slight declining trend after 2013.Based on sensitivity experiments,it is found that AOD and single scattering albedo(SSA)have more important impact on the DRF compared withαvalues and ASY.When AOD440nm increases by 60%,DRF at the TOA and ATM is increased by 57.2%and 60.2%,respectively.When SSA440nm increases by 20%,DRF at the TOA and ATM decreases by 121%and 96.7%,respectively.展开更多
辐射传输模式是建立遥感反演方法和气候模式中辐射参数化的重要工具,尤其是全偏振的矢量辐射传输模式对于精确理解地气系统中的辐射过程至关重要。PolRadtran/RT3(polarized radiative transfer)、SOSVRT(vector radiative transfer bas...辐射传输模式是建立遥感反演方法和气候模式中辐射参数化的重要工具,尤其是全偏振的矢量辐射传输模式对于精确理解地气系统中的辐射过程至关重要。PolRadtran/RT3(polarized radiative transfer)、SOSVRT(vector radiative transfer based on successive order of scattering)和VDISORT(vector DIScrete ordinate radiative transfer)是基于不同物理原理求解矢量辐射传输的三个代表性数值模式。对这三个模式进行计算时间和计算精度的比较,发现,基于逐次散射法的SOSVRT计算效率最高,计算时间基本不随流数的增加而增长,但随单层光学厚度的增大,其计算时间有较为明显的增加,在米散射情况下,光学厚度从0.5增加到1.0时,其计算时间增加了1倍;基于倍加累加法的RT3和基于矩阵特征矢量求解方法的VDISORT计算效率较低,尤其是采用大流数计算时,RT3和VDISORT的计算时间随流数的增加迅速增长,特别是在瑞利散射条件下,波长为400nm,流数为40时,其计算时间分别为SOSVRT的23倍和7倍。但是,两模式随光学厚度增加计算时间却无明显的增加。在计算精度方面,3个模式比较接近,只是VDISORT在大流数的情况下会有震荡现象。展开更多
Remote measurements of Earth’s surface from ground, airborne, and spaceborne instruments show that its albedo is highly variable and is sensitive to solar zenith angle（SZA） and atmospheric opacity. Using a validate...Remote measurements of Earth’s surface from ground, airborne, and spaceborne instruments show that its albedo is highly variable and is sensitive to solar zenith angle（SZA） and atmospheric opacity. Using a validated radiative transfer calculating toolbox, DISORT and a bidirectional reflectance distribution function library, AMBRALS, a land surface albedo（LSA） lookup table（LUT） is produced with respect to SZA and aerosol optical depth. With the LUT, spectral and broadband LSA can be obtained at any given illumination geometries and atmospheric conditions. It provides a fast and accurate way to simulate surface reflectance over large temporal and spatial scales for climate study.展开更多
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Project(Grant No.2019YFE0123300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42072337)+1 种基金the preresearch project on Civil Aerospace Technologies(Grant Nos.D020101 and D020102)funded by the China National Space Administration through the Pandeng Program of the National Space Science Center,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.ZDBS-SSW-TLC001).
文摘China’s first Mars rover,Zhurong,successfully landed in the south of Utopia Planitia.The surface water content at the landing area can provide constraints on mineral formation conditions and help us better understand the evolution of the Martian aqueous and geological environment.In this work,the surface kinetic temperature of the Zhurong landing area was derived by analyzing data from the Mars Express Observatoire pour la Minéralogie,l’Eau,les Glaces et l’Activité(OMEGA)spectrometer.Using the Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer(DISORT)model,we performed atmospheric correction and thermal correction for the OMEGA data to obtain the surface effective single-particle absorption thickness(ESPAT)parameter to evaluate the surface water content.The surface water content distribution at the landing area was relatively uniform at a lateral scale of~10 km.At the Zhurong landing site,the surface water content in the topmost layer(a few hundred micrometers)of the regolith was 5−8 weight percent water(wt%H_(2)O),assuming surface particle sizes of<45μm,or 1.6−2.5 wt%H_(2)O,assuming surface particle sizes in the range of 125−250μm.The Mars Surface Composition Detector(MarSCoDe)onboard Zhurong also observed significant H_(2)O/OH signals in the landing area.Our results provide an important regional context for the hydration state of the area and can be further verified by the H content derived from the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectrometer(LIBS)data of MarSCoDe.
文摘如何确定合适的阈值来区分夜间辐射雾、晴空地表和中高云一直是雾检测研究的重点。圣巴巴拉DISORT大气辐射传输模型(Santa Barbara DISORT atmospheric radiative transfer,SBDART)可模拟雾顶亮度温度。基于该模型获取MODIS B20与B31波段的亮温差(brightness temperature difference,BTD),将其用于夜间辐射雾检测。以MODIS卫星数据为可行性试验数据,用国家卫星气象中心提供的地面验证数据进行验证,结果表明,使用该模型监测夜间雾的准确率达78.3%,误判率为21.7%,可靠性指标为0.643,Kappa系数为0.730。为进一步验证方法的稳定性,选取8景卫星序列图像进行时间序列分析,结果显示Kappa系数均值为0.744,说明应用当前阈值方法对MODIS夜间雾检测具有可适用性。该方法为夜间雾预报和夜间雾参数反演提供了有效的参考。
文摘Stratospheric ozone depletion, as a result of increasing chlorofluorocarbons in the stratosphere, allows more UV-B irradiance (290 - 325 nm) to reach the earth’s surface with possible detrimental biological effects. Be-cause there are few UV-B radiation stations, irradiance models are useful tools for estimating irradiances where measurements are not made. Estimates of spectral and broadband irradiances from a numerical model are compared with Brewer spectrophotometer measurements at nine Canadian stations (Alert, Resolute Bay, Churchill, Edmonton, Regina, Winnipeg, Montreal, Halifax and Toronto) and 26 years of data. The model uses either the discrete ordinate radiative transfer (DISORT) or the delta-Eddington algorithms to solve the radiative transfer equation for a 49-layer, vertically inhomogeneous, plane-parallel atmosphere, with cloud inserted between the 2 and 3 km heights. Spectral calculations are made at 1 nm intervals. The model uses extraterrestrial spectral irradiance, spectral optical properties for each atmospheric layer for ozone, air mole-cules, and aerosol and surface albedo. A fixed broadband cloud optical depth of 27 was satisfactory for cal-culating cloudy sky irradiances at all stations except in the arctic. Comparisons are made both for daily totals and for monthly averaged spectral and broadband irradiances. The delta-Eddington method is shown to be unsuitable for calculating spectral irradiances under clear skies, at wavelengths less than 305 nm where absorption by ozone is high, and at large solar zenith angles. The er-rors are smaller for overcast conditions. The method is adequate for daily total and monthly averaged spec-tral (? 305 nm) and broadband calculations for all sky conditions, although consistently overestimating ir-radiances. There is a good agreement between broadband measurements and calculations for both daily totals and monthly averages with mean bias error mainly less than 5% of the mean measured daily irradiance and root mean square error less than 25%, decreasing to below 15% for monthly averages.
文摘利用SACOL(兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站)2006~2012年AERONET(全球气溶胶自动监测网)level 2.0和太阳短波辐射计资料,分析了中国西北地区气溶胶的光学特性与辐射影响。利用辐射传输模式SBDART(平面平行大气辐射传输模式)检验TOA(大气层顶)处辐射强迫为正的原因。BOA(地表)、TOA、Atmosphere(大气)的辐射强迫年均值分别是-59.43 W m^(-2)、-17.03 W m^(-2)、42.40 W m^(-2),AOD(光学厚度,550nm)年均值0.37,α(波段的波长指数,440~675 nm)年均值0.91,变化趋势与AOD位相相反,当AOD为0.3~2.2时,α很小(0.0~0.2),表明粒子尺度很大。SSA(单次散射反照率,675 nm)年均值0.93,g(不对称因子,675 nm)年均值0.68,复折射指数(675 nm)实部年均值1.48,虚部0.007。复折射指数实部的年变化趋势与AOD一致,虚部与AOD反位相,所以西北地区多为粗模态散射性气溶胶。气溶胶对大气的加热率最大值出现在0~2km,随高度递减。冬、夏半年在地表加热率分别是2.6 K d^(-1)和0.6 K d^(-1);季节变化中,冬季、秋季、春季和夏季,在地表的加热率依次是2.5 K d^(-1)、1.4 K d^(-1)、1.2 K d^(-1)和0.2 K d^(-1),主要因为秋季气溶胶的吸收性大于春季。地表反照率和SSA对TOA正辐射强迫贡献率分别是22.5%和77.5%。
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.42175106,91837103)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No.2020M681156).
文摘Studies on optical properties of aerosols can reduce the uncertainty for modelling direct radiative forcing(DRF)and improve the accuracy for discussing aerosols effects on the Tibetan Plateau(TP)climate.This study investigated the spatiotemporal variation of aerosol optical and microphysical properties over TP based on OMI and MERRA2,and assessed the influence of aerosol optical properties on DRF at NamCo station(30°46.44′N,90°59.31′E,4730 m)in the central TP from 2006 to 2017 based on a long measurement of AERONET and the modelling of SBDART model.The results show that aerosol optical depth(AOD)exhibits obvious seasonal variation over TP,with higher AOD500nm(>0.75)during spring and summer,and lower value(<0.25)in autumn and winter.The aerosol concentrations show a fluctuated rising from 1980 to 2000,significant increasing from 2000 to 2010 and slight declining trend after 2013.Based on sensitivity experiments,it is found that AOD and single scattering albedo(SSA)have more important impact on the DRF compared withαvalues and ASY.When AOD440nm increases by 60%,DRF at the TOA and ATM is increased by 57.2%and 60.2%,respectively.When SSA440nm increases by 20%,DRF at the TOA and ATM decreases by 121%and 96.7%,respectively.
文摘辐射传输模式是建立遥感反演方法和气候模式中辐射参数化的重要工具,尤其是全偏振的矢量辐射传输模式对于精确理解地气系统中的辐射过程至关重要。PolRadtran/RT3(polarized radiative transfer)、SOSVRT(vector radiative transfer based on successive order of scattering)和VDISORT(vector DIScrete ordinate radiative transfer)是基于不同物理原理求解矢量辐射传输的三个代表性数值模式。对这三个模式进行计算时间和计算精度的比较,发现,基于逐次散射法的SOSVRT计算效率最高,计算时间基本不随流数的增加而增长,但随单层光学厚度的增大,其计算时间有较为明显的增加,在米散射情况下,光学厚度从0.5增加到1.0时,其计算时间增加了1倍;基于倍加累加法的RT3和基于矩阵特征矢量求解方法的VDISORT计算效率较低,尤其是采用大流数计算时,RT3和VDISORT的计算时间随流数的增加迅速增长,特别是在瑞利散射条件下,波长为400nm,流数为40时,其计算时间分别为SOSVRT的23倍和7倍。但是,两模式随光学厚度增加计算时间却无明显的增加。在计算精度方面,3个模式比较接近,只是VDISORT在大流数的情况下会有震荡现象。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41305019)the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.1308085QD70)
文摘Remote measurements of Earth’s surface from ground, airborne, and spaceborne instruments show that its albedo is highly variable and is sensitive to solar zenith angle（SZA） and atmospheric opacity. Using a validated radiative transfer calculating toolbox, DISORT and a bidirectional reflectance distribution function library, AMBRALS, a land surface albedo（LSA） lookup table（LUT） is produced with respect to SZA and aerosol optical depth. With the LUT, spectral and broadband LSA can be obtained at any given illumination geometries and atmospheric conditions. It provides a fast and accurate way to simulate surface reflectance over large temporal and spatial scales for climate study.
