DNA barcoding of fishes from Zhoushan coastal waters using mitochondrial COI and 12S rRNA genes

Accurate species identification is a key component of biodiversity research.DNA barcoding is an effective molecular method used for fish species identification.We aimed to study the DNA barcoding of fish in Zhoushan coastal waters,explore the differences and applicability of two gene fragments(12S rRNA and COI)of DNA barcoding in fish species identification,and established a comprehensive fish barcoding reference database.Two hundred and eighty-seven captured fish samples from Zhoushan coastal waters were identified using morphological characteristics and DNA barcoding.A total of 26412S rRNA sequences(belonging to eight orders,31 families,55 genera,and 66 species)and 188 COI sequences(belonging to seven orders,30 families,48 genera,and 58 species)were obtained.The lengths of the 12S rRNA sequences ranged from 165 to 178 bp,and the guanine-cytosine(GC)content was 45.37%.The average 12S rRNA interspecific and intraspecific genetic distances(K2P)were 0.10%and 26.66%,respectively.The length of the COI sequence ranged 574–655 bp,and the content of GC was 45.97%.The average 12S rRNA interspecific and intraspecific genetic distances(K2P)were 0.16%and 27.45%,respectively.The minimum interspecific genetic distances of 12S rRNA and COI(1.23%and 1.86%)were both greater than their maximum intraspecific genetic distances(2.42%and 8.66%).Three molecular analyses(NJ tree,ABGD,and GMYC)were performed to accurately identify and delineate species.Clustering errors occurred when the 12S rRNA sequences were delimited using the NJ tree method,and the delimitation results of ABGD and GMYC are consistent with the final species identification results.Our results demonstrate that DNA barcoding based on 12S rRNA and COI can be used as an effective tool for fish species identification,and 12S rRNA has good application prospects in the environmental DNA(eDNA)metabarcoding of marine fish.

Identifying Chinese species of Gammarus(Crustacea:Amphipoda) using DNA barcoding

Using a standard cytochrome c oxidase I sequence,DNA barcoding has been shown to be effective to distinguish known species and to discover cryptic species. Here we assessed the efficiency of DNA barcoding for the amphipod genus Gammarus from China. The maximum intraspecific divergence for widespread species,Gammarus lacustris,was 3.5%,and mean interspecific divergence reached 21.9%. We presented a conservative benchmark for determining provisional species using maximum intraspecific divergence of Gammarus lacustris. Thirty-one species possessed distinct barcode clusters. Two species were comprised of highly divergent clades with strong neighbor-joining bootstrap values,and likely indicated the presence of cryptic species. Although DNA barcoding is effective,future identification of species of Gammarus should incorporate DNA barcoding and morphological detection.

Epiphytic zooplankton community profiles in a typical urban wetland as revealed by DNA metabarcoding

Zooplankton,a crucial component of urban wetland,are one of the effective bioindicators for monitoring the feeding stocks of organisms at higher trophic levels and assessing the ecological quality of ecosystems.However,information about the characteristics of epiphytic zooplankton community structure resulted from traditional methods is limited and hindered by the large amount of detritus and sludge attached to the macrophytes.We investigated the epiphytic zooplankton communities associated with macrophytes(Vallisneria,Nymphaea,and Thalia dealbata)in a subtropical wetland using as DNA markers of the 18 S rRNA gene and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I(COI)gene.A total of 241 OTUs of zooplankton were obtained from COI amplicons,including 194 OTUs of Rotifera,22 of Cladocera,and 25 of Copepoda,while only 62 OTUs of zooplankton were obtained from 18 S rDNA amplicons including 34 OTUs of Rotifera and 28 of Copepoda.The zooplankton communities associated with the three macrophytes were similar,but they differed significantly from those in the open waters.However,there were no significant temporal differences among the zooplankton communities.Epiphytic zooplankton communities were dominated by littoral zooplankton such as Testudinella,Lecane,and Philodina.Microzooplankton,especially littoral species,utilize macrophytes as food sources and as refuges against predation.This further led to an increase inαandβdiversity of zooplankton communities in urban wetlands.Our result suggests that the joint use of multiple molecular markers could improve the taxonomic resolution and generate a comprehensive biodiversity profile of zooplankton.

DNA barcode assessment of Ceramiales(Rhodophyta) in the intertidal zone of the northwestern Yellow Sea

A total of 142 specimens of Ceramiales （Rhodophyta） were collected each month from October 2011 to November 2012 in the intertidal zone of the northwestern Yellow Sea. These specimens covered 21 species, 14 genera, and four families. Cluster analyses show that the specimens had a high diversity for the three DNA markers, namely, partial large subunit rRNA gene （LSU）, universal plastid amplicon （UPA）, and partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene （COl）. No intraspecific divergence was found in our collection for these markers, except for a 1-3 bp divergence in the COI of Ceramium kondoi, Syrnphyocladia latiuscula, and Neosiphoniajaponica. Because short DNA markers were used, the phylogenetic relationships of higher taxonomic levels were hard to evaluate with poor branch support. More than half species of our collection failed to find their matched sequences owing to shortage information of DNA barcodes for macroalgae in GenBank or BOLD （Barcode of Life Data） Systems. Three specimens were presumed as Heterosiphonia crispella by cluster analyses on DNA barcodes assisted by morphological identification, which was the first record in the investigated area, implying that it might he a cryptic or invasive species in the coastal area of northwestern Yellow Sea. In the neighbor-joining trees of all three DNA markers, Heterosiphonia japonica converged with Dasya spp. and was distant from the other Heterosiphonia spp., implying that H.japonica had affinities to the genus Dasya. The LSU and UPA markers amplified and sequenced easier than the COI marker across the Ceramiales species, but the COI had a higher ability to discriminate between species.

斑腿蝗科Catantopidae七种蝗虫线粒体COⅠ基因的DNA条形码研究

以我国常见的斑腿蝗科Catantopidae7种蝗虫为对象测定了COⅠ基因序列,探讨COⅠ基因作为DNA条形码在识别蝗虫物种方面的可行性。结果表明,斑腿蝗科3属7种的DNA分类和形态学分类基本一致,该基因可以探讨蝗虫属、种分类单元的系统发育问题,为将线粒体基因组的COⅠ基因作为蝗虫DNA条形码进行分类鉴定手段的可行性提供一定的参考。

基于线粒体CO1基因的DNA条形码在石首鱼科(Sciaenidae)鱼类系统分类中的应用

采用CO1基因特异扩增测序及与GenBank已有序列联配分析的方法,进行了石首鱼科19属30种鱼类75个CO1基因片段的序列比较和系统进化研究,结果表明,石首鱼科鱼类该片段的平均GC含量为48.3%,其中第2密码子位点含量最高(51%-58.4%,平均56.6%),第1密码子变化范围最大(27.6%-54.1%,平均44.9%),第3密码子差别较小(41.6%-43.6%,平均42.7%)。依据Kimura-2-parameter模型,30种石首鱼科鱼类种内遗传距离平均值为0.006,种间为0.210,种间遗传距离是种内的35倍;在分子系统树上,28个种(93.3%)可形成单系,18个属(94.7%)可聚为独立的分支;与形态学分类不同的是,由黑鳃梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)与棘头梅童鱼(C.niveatus)的遗传距离(0.004)推断二者遗传变异尚未达到种的分化水平,灰鳍彭纳石首鱼(Pennahia anea)与白姑鱼(Argyrosomus argentatus)的形态学特征相似性和条形码序列同源性都提示二者可能为同种异名,而红牙(Otolithes ruber)印度洋和南海两个地理群体间的遗传分化已经达到种的水平。本研究证明线粒体CO1基因可作为DNA条形码对石首鱼科鱼类进行有效的物种鉴定,亦可用于探讨石首鱼科的属、种分类单元系统发育问题。

基于线粒体cox1片段序列的胶州湾浮游动物DNA条形码分析

采用cox1基因特异扩增测序的方法,分析了胶州湾45种常见海洋动物的DNA条形码序列82条,联合GenBank中28条cox1序列的分析结果表明:种内个体间遗传差异均值为0.013(0—0.11);属内不同种间遗传差异均值为0.265(0.137—0.369),是种内遗传差异的20多倍,条形码间隙明显。在分子系统树中,所有种类的不同个体都聚成一个单系枝;cox1序列遗传差异在科、属水平发生重叠,无法准确解析上述分类阶元的系统发育关系;但在更高分类阶元,cox1序列具有一定程度的解析能力。利用DNA条形码,本研究订正了中国近海多个桡足类的命名。以上结果表明,线粒体cox1基因可以作为DNA条形码实现浮游动物的准确鉴定。

基于COⅠ基因的福建近海部分仔稚鱼DNA条形码分析

为研究DNA条形码技术在遭遇瓶颈的仔稚鱼种类鉴定中的适用性,2015年7月17―20日采集福建近海仔稚鱼样品,并挑选80尾进行DNA条形码分析。获得仔稚鱼的CO I基因序列73条,鉴定仔稚鱼26种,隶属于7目22科25属,另有5个物种仅鉴定到属,2个物种仅鉴定到科。种内平均遗传距离为0.0023,属内种间遗传距离为0.1797,约为种内遗传距离的78倍,说明利用CO I基因可以进行有效的仔稚鱼物种鉴定。科内属间、目内科间的遗传距离分别为0.1937、0.2420,遗传距离随着分类阶元的提高而增大。在系统进化树的分析中,同一种类的不同个体都聚在一支,所有物种都分别聚为独立的一支,这些物种都能有效区分开来。以上结果表明,线粒体CO I基因作为DNA条形码可以实现仔稚鱼的物种鉴定,且较多能鉴定到种的水平。

COI序列:影响动物分类学与生态学的DNA barcode

DNA barcode是一段特殊的、可用于物种鉴定的DNA序列。目前在动物中最常用的DNA barcode是细胞色素C氧化酶1号基因(COI)的部分序列。随着标准数据库的建立,基于COI基因的DNA barcode在动物分类学和生态学中得到了广泛应用。但是,采用COI基因作为DNA barcode所隐含的涉及线粒体的进化历史、遗传特性和物种成种时间的默认前提,并非完全成立,由此引发了许多问题。本文阐述了基于COI基因的DNA barcode对分类学和生态学的影响,目前存在的问题,以及可能的研究方向。

基于COⅠ基因的厦门海域鱼类DNA条形码鉴定

为研究DNA条形码技术在厦门海域鱼类分类鉴定中的可行性,随机选取了厦门海域23种鱼类样品进行COⅠ基因扩增,结果共获取23条序列,平均长度为656 bp,序列中T、C、G、A碱基的平均含量分别为:29.40%、28.10%、18.40%、24.10%.样品种内、种间、科内和目内的遗传距离(K2P)分别为:0.21%,20.50%、24.47%和25.62%,遗传距离随着分类阶元的提高而增大,种间遗传距离明显大于种内遗传距离.所选厦门海域鱼类样品仅蓝圆鯵鉴定到圆鯵属,未能鉴定到种,其余22种全部鉴定到种,表明COⅠ基因序列可以作为鱼类分类鉴定的有效DNA条形码.

基于COⅠ序列的DNA条形码在中国南海裸胸鳝属鱼类中的应用

为探讨中国南海裸胸鳝属(Gymnothorax)鱼类系统发育关系,采用DNA条形码技术测定了6种中国南海裸胸鳝的线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(COⅠ)基因部分序列(504bp)。结合来自GenBank中的分布于日本和3种同样分布于中国南海的裸胸鳝属鱼类的相应同源序列进行比较分析,用邻接法和最大简约法构建分子系统树。结果表明:(1)504个位点中共有187个核苷酸位点存在变异(37.1%);(2)序列变异的转换/颠换比值平均为1.5;(3)细斑裸胸鳝(Gymnothorax fimbriatus)与黑斑裸胸鳝(G.favagineus)之间的同源序列碱基差异只有0.20%,支持二者是同种异名的观点;(4)在NJ树和MP树中,蠕纹裸胸鳝和网纹裸胸鳝聚为一支,位于系统树的基部位置。其余8种聚为另外一支,然后又细分为2个较小的分支。

基于细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ序列的DNA微条形码技术鉴别11种生鲜肉制品掺假的研究

建立并优化了基于细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(cytochrome C oxidase subunitⅠ,COⅠ)序列的DNA微条形码(DNA mini-barcoding)技术,以检测生鲜肉制品中11种常见肉类的掺假情况。样品经真空冷冻干燥处理、提取DNA后,采用通用引物进行聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增,目标条带扩增产物经切胶、回收、纯化后,进行克隆测序,并将测序结果提交到GenBank数据库(http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi)中进行Blast比对,筛选出适合猪肉、牛肉、羊肉、鸡肉、鸭肉、鸽子肉、马肉、驴肉、鹅肉、兔肉、鼠肉等11种肉类扩增的通用引物COⅠ-A,并对PCR扩增条件进行优化,建立18个掺假模型,以对低经济价值肉类的最低掺入比例进行考察验证。结果表明:11种肉类的PCR扩增效率均为100%。在这18个掺假模型中,牛肉和羊肉中掺入6种低经济价值肉类(猪肉、鸡肉、鸭肉、马肉、驴肉、鼠肉)的最低检出比例均为5%,而在鹅肉、鸽子肉和兔肉中其最低检出比例为10%。本方法前处理简单,灵敏度高,重现性好,可作为高经济价值生鲜肉制品中掺假低经济价值肉类的有效检测方法。

COXⅠ基因DNA条形码技术在蜱类鉴别中的应用

目的探讨细胞色素C氧化酶Ⅰ亚基(COXⅠ)条形码在野外捕获种类鉴定中的应用。方法对捕获的9个蜱类个体中COXⅠ基因进行测序,利用DNAstar软件进行序列比对及同源性分析,利用phlip3.6软件选择最大似然法(ML)构建进化树。结果在系统进化树中,标本sh2011040702、ra2011042193及ra2011051168与血蜱属分在一支,sh2011051404、sh2011051408及ra2011041177与革蜱属聚集在一起,sh2011051837、sh2011041917及ra2011041175与璃眼蜱属分在一支,均与形态学鉴定结果一致。结论以COXⅠ基因序列作为蜱DNA条形码对蜱种鉴别具有一定的可行性。

保心康联合常规药物对心衰大鼠心肌线粒体DNA及COX酶活性的影响

目的观察保心康与常规药物疗法联用对慢性心力衰竭模型大鼠的心肌线粒体DNA及COX酶活性的影响。方法选用60只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、保心康组、常规治疗组、常规治疗+保心康组、常规治疗+曲美他嗪组。采用腹主动脉缩窄术复制慢性心力衰竭大鼠模型。各治疗组分别给予保心康(1 020 mg/kg)、常规治疗(美托洛尔10 mg/kg、卡托普利5 mg/kg、地高辛0.022 5 mg/kg)、曲美他嗪(10 mg/kg)6周,以心脏彩超测定各组大鼠的心功能后处死取心肌组织,以q PCR测定线粒体DNA缺失率、光谱法测定线粒体COX酶活性。结果保心康组COX酶活性高于模型组(P<0.05),保心康组与常规治疗组间COX酶活性则无显著性差异(P>0.05)。常规治疗+保心康组COX酶活性高于常规治疗组(P<0.01)。常规治疗+曲美他嗪组与模型组比较,mtDNA缺失率较低(P<0.01)。其它各药物治疗组与模型组相比较,mtDNA缺失率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论提示保心康可能通过保护心肌COX酶活性来改善衰竭心肌的能量代谢障碍,但其对COX酶活性的改善并不是通过保护编码COX酶的mtDNA来实现的。

Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationship of Hypoderaeum conoideum(Bloch, 1782) Dietz, 1909(Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences

Objective:To explore genetic variations of Hypoderaeum conoideum collected from domestic ducks from 12 different localities in Thailand and Lao PDR,as well as their phylogenetic relationship with American and European isolates.Methods:The nucleotide sequences of their nuclear ribosomal DNA(ITS),mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1(CO1),and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1(ND1)were used to analyze genetic diversity indices.Results:We found relatively high levels of nucleotide polymorphism in ND1(4.02%),whereas moderate and low levels were observed in CO1(2.11%)and ITS(0.96%),respectively.Based on these polymorphisms,the 20 ND1,12 CO1,and 18 ITS haplotypes were classified,and several common haplotypes were observed in all samples.At least three major lineages,namely American,European and Asian lineages,have been classified by phylogenetic analyses based on ND1 sequences.Conclusions:Our report demonstrates that the ND1 gene is the most suitable genetic marker to explore genetic variation and phylogenetic relationship of Hypoderaeum conoideum.However,a combination of all loci for ND1,CO1 and ITS would be of great value toward further genetic investigation of this endemic worldwide parasite.Thus,comprehensive molecular genetic analyses of Hypoderaeum conoideum from its worldwide distribution is needed to further understanding of the evolutionary and systematic relationships of this parasite.

Genetic Variability of the Mitochondrial DNA in Honeybees （Apis mellifera L.） from Benin

The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic variability in bees Apis mellifera from Benin by using mitochondrial DNA （mtDNA） as a molecular marker in their cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and II （COI-COI1） intergenic region. A total of 304 bee colonies were sampled in 27 municipalities of the cashew growing area of Benin. These samples were analyzed by the cleaved amplified polymorphisms technique for determining the haplotypes of subspecies present in the sampled population. Eight PCR-RFLP profiles of African lineage A were then identified in the 304 samples of bees investigated. Forty-nine percent （49%） of the samples showed the profile of haplotype A1 （subspecies adansonii of Zambia）, 40% of haplotype A4 （subspecies scutellata of South Africa） and 3% of haplotype A 19 （subspecies adansonii of Guinea）. Five other haplotypes of the African branch （A） that had been described in a previous study were also identified： new 1 （2%）, new 2 （2%）, new 3 （1%）, new 4 （2%） and new 5 （1%）. This study showed that A. rnellifera from Benin belonged only to lineage A with the predominance of haplotypes AI and A4. This study will contribute to the development of coherent policies for conservation of local bees in Benin.

基于线粒体COⅠ基因的中国近海棱鳀属鱼类DNA条形码

为明确中国大陆近海棱鳀属鱼类的分类地位,采用国际通用的COⅠ基因5＇端652bp序列作为DNA条形码,对中国近海棱鳀属全部6种鱼类62尾标本进行鉴定分析。结果发现,所分析样品的序列碱基组成为T：29.0%,C：26.3%,A：25.3%,G：19.4%,A＋T含量（54.3%）高于G＋C含量（45.7%）,转换/颠换率为3.76。6种棱鳀属鱼类组成5个自展支持率为100%的分支,除黄吻棱鳀和中颌棱鳀各为单系但聚合为一支外,其余4种均独立成支;分支内与分支间平均遗传距离分别为0.2%（0.0%-0.4%）和17.7%（15.7%-19.0%）。赤鼻棱鳀、汉氏棱鳀、杜氏棱鳀和长颌棱鳀均符合Hebert提出的种间遗传距离（15.7%-18.6%）大于或等于10倍种内遗传距离（0.0%-0.3%）的标准,确定了它们的物种有效性。黄吻棱鳀和中颌棱鳀的种内遗传距离皆为0.1%,与其他4种棱鳀的种内遗传距离处于同一水平;但二者种间遗传距离仅为0.6%,明显低于其他物种间的种间遗传距离,属于一般物种的种内遗传距离范围,表明二者亲缘关系很近;由于外部形态存在一定的差异,且在分子系统树上各为单系,二者可作为同一物种的2个不同亚种处理,但也不排除是2个近期分化形成物种的可能,在资源管理上应作为2个不同的进化显著单位分别加以管理。

基于线粒体COⅠ基因序列的DNA条形码在中国南海绯鲤属鱼类鉴定中的应用

为探讨COⅠ基因作为DNA条形码对绯鲤属（Upeneus）鱼类鉴定的有效性,明确物种的分类地位,通过COⅠ基因5＇端652 bp序列研究中国南海绯鲤属的黑斑绯鲤（Upeneus tragula）、马六甲绯鲤（Upeneus moluccensis）、纵带绯鲤（Upeneus subvittatus）、黄带绯鲤（Upeneus sulphureus）、吕宋绯鲤（Upeneus luzonius）以及条尾绯鲤（Upeneus bensasi）6个种56 ind标本的标准DNA条形码序列的种内种间遗传距离,并构建分子系统树。研究表明：所测样品的碱基组成为T：29.2%,C：29.6%,A：21.4%,G：19.8%,A＋T含量（50.6%）略高于G＋C含量（49.4%）,转换/颠换率为3.08。6种绯鲤属鱼类组成5个自展支持率为100%的分支,其中黑斑绯鲤和马六甲绯鲤混杂分布于同一分支上,其余4种绯鲤独自成支;分支间平均遗传距离10.10%（8.60%~12.40%）,是分支内平均遗传距离0.18%（0.00%~0.30%）的56倍。纵带绯鲤、黄带绯鲤、吕宋绯鲤、条尾绯鲤种间平均遗传距离为10.70%（8.80%~12.40%）,约为这4个种种内平均遗传距离0.125%（0.00%~0.20%）的85倍,种间遗传距离大于种内遗传距离的10倍以上,确定了它们的物种有效性。黑斑绯鲤和马六甲绯鲤种内遗传距离分别为0.40%和0.20%,与其它4种绯鲤为同一水平;但种间遗传距离仅为0.30%,属于一般物种的种内遗传距离范围,因此推测二者或为同一物种,但还需从形态学和基因组序列分析等方面加以进一步确证,其是否受到种间杂交和近期辐射进化的影响也需要今后更多的研究。标准的DNA条形码虽然能够有效地区分中国南海绯鲤属鱼类中的纵带绯鲤、黄带绯鲤、吕宋绯鲤和条尾绯鲤,但DNA条形码对黑斑绯鲤和马六甲绯鲤的鉴定与形态学的鉴定结果不一致,表明在物种鉴定时,母系遗传的线粒体COⅠ基因有时需要结合其它核基因分子标记或生态调查资料加以辅助。

基于eDNA技术的舟山近海中国团扇鳐定性与定量分析

为探讨环境DNA (environmental DNA, eDNA)技术用于中国团扇鳐监测方面的可行性,同时开展基于eDNA技术的舟山近海中国团扇鳐定性与定量分析。本实验将中国团扇鳐与其同属汤氏团扇鳐COI基因片段序列进行比较分析,使用Primer Express 3.0软件设计中国团扇鳐特异性引物与Taq Man探针。在舟山朱家尖近海设计了A、B、C共3个定置网调查站位,定期收集中国团扇鳐样品。于2017年12月19日、2018年4月13日和2018年7月14日分别采集水样(站位A、B1、B2、C1、C2、D),开展eDNA微滴式数字PCR(droplet digital PCR, ddPCR)检测,并将检测结果与水温和采样点进行差异显著性分析。结果显示,不同站位、不同时间的中国团扇鳐eDNA浓度不同,水样采集点对中国团扇鳐eDNA浓度的影响极显著,不同采样点eDNA在不同季节存在极显著差异。研究表明,eDNA检测技术灵敏度高,水温、底质和水深对中国团扇鳐的分布皆有影响。研究结果为其他海域的中国团扇鳐e DNA追踪监测奠定了基础。

Genetic Analysis of Invertebrates From Great Salt Lake,Utah

Great Salt Lake(GSL),in northern Utah,is one of the largest lakes in the United States,with a total surface area of 4400 square kilometers.Arthropods constitute the most conspicuous and abundant animals inhabiting the waters