Regenerative Braking Energy Recovery System ofMetro Train Based on Dual-Mode PowerManagement

In order to fully utilize the regenerative braking energy of metro trains and stabilize the metro DC traction busbar voltage,a hybrid regenerative braking energy recovery system with a dual-mode power management strategy is proposed.Firstly,the construction of the hybrid regenerative braking energy recovery system is explained.Then,based on the power demand of low-voltage load in metro stations,a dual-mode power management strategy is proposed to allocate the reference power of each system according to the different working conditions,and the control methods of each system are set.Finally,the correctness and effectiveness of the dual-mode strategy are verified through simulation,and the proposed braking energy utilization scheme is compared with other singleform utilization schemes.The results illustrate that the hybrid system with the dual-mode strategy can effectively recycle the regenerative braking energy of metro train and inhibit the busbar voltage fluctuation;the proposed braking energy utilization scheme has certain advantages on energy recovery and DC bus voltage stabilization compared with other single-form schemes;the proposed power management strategy can correctly allocate the reference power of each system with a lower construction cost.

芦苇水解液发酵生产γ-聚谷氨酸工艺优化

为了降低γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)的生产成本,实现芦苇等可再生资源的高值化利用,探索建立以芦苇水解液为碳源制备γ-PGA的新型发酵过程控制策略的可行性。首先,研究纤维素酶用量和底物浓度对芦苇水解的影响;其次,采用分段式培养及溶氧反馈补料调控策略,对芦苇水解液发酵生产γ-PGA进行工艺优化。结果表明,芦苇经预处理后在10 FPU/g(底物)酶用量和10%底物添加量的条件下水解,总糖质量浓度可达(76.64±1.74)g/L;以分段式溶氧反馈-分批补料发酵培养方式,利用芦苇水解液生产γ-PGA,最终产量可达(46.72±1.18)g/L,生产效率较分批发酵提高了46.06%。因此,将芦苇水解液用于γ-PGA的分批补料发酵具有产业化可行性,有助于降低商业化生产的原料成本。

Dynamic Linkage between the North Pacific and the Tropical Pacific:Atmosphere-Ocean Coupling

In this study, dynamic linkage of atmosphere-ocean coupling between the North Pacific and the tropical Pacific was demonstrated using a large number of ensemble perturbed initial condition experiments in a fully coupled fast ocean-atmosphere model （FOAM）. In the FOAM model, an idealized mixed layer warming was initiated in the Kuroshio-Oyashio extension region, while the ocean and atmosphere remained fully coupled both locally and elsewhere. The modeling results show that the warm anomalies are associated with anomalous cyclonic winds, which induce initial warming anomalies extending downstream in the following winter. Then, the downstream warming spreads southwestward and induces SST warming in the equatorial Pacific via surface wind-evaporation-SST feedback. Warming in the tropical Pacific is further reinforced by Bjerknes＇ feedback.

Modified coupled map car-following model and its delayed feedback control scheme

A modified coupled map car-following model is proposed, in which two successive vehicle headways in front of the considering vehicle is incorporated into the optimal velocity function. The steady state under certain conditions is obtained. An error system around the steady state is studied further. Moreover, the condition for the state having no traffic jam is derived. A new control scheme is presented to suppress the traffic jam in the modified coupled map car-following model under the open boundary. A control signal including the velocity differences between the following and the considering vehicles, and between the preceding and the considering vehicles is used. The condition under which the traffic jam can be well suppressed is analysed. The results are compared with that presented by t^onishi et al. （the KKH model）. The simulation results show that the temporal behaviour obtained in our model is better than that in the KKH model. The simulation results are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis.

Exploring Chinese EFL Teachers’ Verbal Feedback in Shaping Learner Contributions

Shaping learner contributions(SLC)in teacher's verbal feedback as an essential aspect of classroom interactional com-petence(CIC)to encourage modified language output and negotiation for meaning has been considered as facilitative for SLA,yet less recognized.This study explores classroom discourse to understand teacher's talk in SLC from two Chinese EFL classrooms,aiming to provide suggestions for EFL classrooms to enhancelearning.By integrating the results fromclose analysis and IDLab,16 SLC feedback strategies have been elicited,such as scaffolding,extending wait-time,code-switching,etc.,most of which are con-sistent with previous studies except for a new discovery,termed as emphasizing knowledge,but it reveals thatthey are not always constructive with respect to CIC.Thus,this study contributes a significant role in helping teachers and teacher education adopt ef-fective teaching practices and in introducing the new thought of CIC into the Chinese EFL context.

The Glucosinolate Biosynthetic Gene A OP2 Mediates Feed-back Regulation of Jasmonic Acid Signaling in Arabidopsis

Survival in changing and challenging environments requires an organism to efficiently obtain and use its resources. Due to their sessile nature, it is particularly critical for plants to dynamically optimize their meta- bolism. In plant primary metabolism, metabolic fine-tuning involves feed-back mechanisms whereby the output of a pathway controls its input to generate a precise and robust response to environmental changes. By contrast, few studies have addressed the potential for feed-back regulation of secondary metabolism. In Arabidopsis, accumulation of the defense compounds glucosinolates has previously been linked to genetic variation in the glucosinolate biosynthetic gene AOP2. AOP2 expression can increase the transcript levels of two known regulators （MYB28 and MYB29） of the pathway, suggesting thatAOP2 plays a role in positive feed-back regulation controlling glucosinolate biosynthesis. We generated mutants affecting AOP2, MYB28/29, or both. Transcriptome analysis of these mutants identified a so far unrecognized link between AOP2 and jasmonic acid （JA） signaling independent of MYB28 and MYB29. Thus, AOP2 is part of a regulatory feed-back loop linking glucosinolate biosynthesis and JA signaling and thereby allows the glucosinolate pathway to influence JA sensitivity. The discovery of this regulatory feed-back loop provides insight into how plants optimize the use of resources for defensive metabolites.

Pivotal Role of PGE_2 and IL-10 in the Cross-Regulation of Dendritic Cell-Derived Inflammatory Mediators

Exposure to pathogens induces antigen-presenting cells （APC） such as macrophages and dendritic cells （DC） to produce various endogenous mediators, including arachidonic acid （AA）-derived eicosanoids, cytokines, and nitric oxide （NO）. Many secreted products of activated APC can act by themselves in an autocrine manner and modulate their function. Moreover, the cross-interaction between endogenous bioactive molecules regulates the function of professional APC with important consequences for their ability to activate and sustain immune and inflammatory responses, and to regulate immune homeostasis. Although neglected for many years when compared to their role in cardiovascular homeostasis, cancer and inflammation, the importance of eicosanoids in immunology is becoming more defined. The role of prostaglandin （PG） E2 （PGE2）, one of the best known and most well studied eicosanoids, is of particular interest. It modulates the activities of professional DC by acting on their differentiation, maturation and their ability to secrete cytokines. Uniquely among haematopoietic cytokines, interleukin-10 （IL-10） is a pleiotropic molecule that displays both immunostimulatory and immunoregulatory activities. IL-10 has attached much attention because of its anti-inflammatory properties. It modulates expression of cytokines, soluble mediators and cell surface molecules by cells of myeloid origin, particularly macrophages and DC. We previously reported that PGE2 is a potent inducer of IL-10 in bone marrow-derived DC （BM-DC）, and PGE2-induced IL-10 is a key regulator of the BM-DC pro-inflammatory phenotype. BM-DC may be considered as an important model to study complex interactions between endogenous mediators, and autocrine IL-10 plays a pivotal role in the crossregulation of AA-derived lipid mediators, cytokines, and NO, with critical effects on immune and inflammatory responses.

Learning from NN output feedback control of nonlinear systems in Brunovsky canonical form

In this paper, we investigate the learning issue in the adaptive neural network （NN） output feedback control of nonlinear systems in Brunovsky canonical form with unknown affine term. With only output measurements, a high-gain observer （HGO） is employed to estimate the derivatives of the system output which may be associated with the generation of peaking phenomenon. The adverse effect of peaking on learning and its elimination strategies are analyzed. When the gain of HGO is chosen too high, it may cause the failure of learning from the unknown closed-loop system dynamics. Hence, the gain of HGO is not chosen too high to relieve peaking and guarantee the accuracy of the estimated system states. Then, learning from the unknown closed-loop system dynamics can be achieved. When repeating the same or similar control tasks, a neural learning controller is presented which can effectively recall and reuse the learned knowledge to guarantee the output tracking performance. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Global output feedback stabilization of upper-triangular nonlinear time-delay systems

In this paper, the problem of global output feedback stabilization for a class of upper-triangular nonlinear systems with time-varying time-delay in the state is considered. The uncertain nonlinearities are assumed to be higher-order in the unmeasurable states. Based on the extended homogeneous domination approach, using a low gain observer in combi- nation with controller, the delay-independent output feedback controller makes closed-loop system globally asymptotically stable under a homogeneous growth condition.