阴极阳极协同电催化降解高硫酸盐废水中活性染料

采用辊压法制备炭黑/聚四氟乙烯(C/PTFE)气体扩散电极,并对其微观结构进行表征。构建以掺硼金刚石(BDD)为阳极,C/PTFE气体扩散电极为阴极的电催化氧化体系,阳极硫酸盐活化技术与阴极原位合成H_(2)O_(2)技术协同处理高硫酸盐废水中的活性艳蓝X-BR。结果表明,制备的C/PTFE电极作阴极时,电催化氧化体系中活性艳蓝X-BR去除效果优于铂(Pt)阴极体系和不锈钢(SS)阴极体系。通过猝灭实验发现,BDD/(C/PTFE)电化学体系中产生的SO_(4)^(·-)和·OH等高活性物质间相互转化,为电化学体系提供了可持续氧化能力,二者对于体系中活性艳蓝X-BR去除贡献度分别为54.51%和25.75%。建立了电化学氧化体系中TOC去除率及单位能耗二次项模型,通过响应曲面法优化降解含活性艳蓝X-BR废水的运行参数。优化条件下(初始pH=5.0,电流密度=120 mA/cm^(2),C_(Na_(2)SO_(4))=0.25 mol/L,C_(活性艳蓝X-BR)=1 000 mg/L),电解120 min,废水TOC去除率为63.86%,体系单位质量TOC能耗为256.02kW·h/kg,继续电解至240 min,可将水中的活性艳蓝X-BR完全矿化,为双电极协同电催化氧化处理高硫酸盐有机废水提供理论支持。

Optimizing Bucket Elevator Performance through a Blend of Discrete Element Method, Response Surface Methodology, and Firefly Algorithm Approaches

This research introduces a novel approach to enhancing bucket elevator design and operation through the integration of discrete element method(DEM)simulation,design of experiments(DOE),and metaheuristic optimization algorithms.Specifically,the study employs the firefly algorithm(FA),a metaheuristic optimization technique,to optimize bucket elevator parameters for maximizing transport mass and mass flow rate discharge of granular materials under specified working conditions.The experimental methodology involves several key steps:screening experiments to identify significant factors affecting bucket elevator operation,central composite design(CCD)experiments to further explore these factors,and response surface methodology(RSM)to create predictive models for transport mass and mass flow rate discharge.The FA algorithm is then applied to optimize these models,and the results are validated through simulation and empirical experiments.The study validates the optimized parameters through simulation and empirical experiments,comparing results with DEM simulation.The outcomes demonstrate the effectiveness of the FA algorithm in identifying optimal bucket parameters,showcasing less than 10%and 15%deviation for transport mass and mass flow rate discharge,respectively,between predicted and actual values.Overall,this research provides insights into the critical factors influencing bucket elevator operation and offers a systematic methodology for optimizing bucket parameters,contributing to more efficient material handling in various industrial applications.

基于DOE实验设计的卤水中锂分析方法优化

柴达木盆地西部地区的南翼山油田卤水锂资源丰富,共存元素复杂,传统的火焰原子吸收光谱法在测定该体系中锂含量时,基体干扰严重。而且油田卤水在各蒸发浓缩阶段的离子浓度变化幅度较大,一般的基体匹配法繁琐不便。研究采用Design of Experiments(DOE)实验设计,通过干扰元素的显著性分析、消电离剂的选择及干扰模型的建立,对传统的火焰原子吸收测定锂的分析方法进行了优化。运用部分因子实验设计研究了南翼山油田卤水中钙、锶、钾、钠、镁、铵、硼等主要共存离子及离子间交互作用对锂分析的影响规律,考察了各干扰元素的显著性程度。研究表明,钙、锶、镁、钠以及钙*硼在锂测定分析过程中存在显著干扰,其显著性从大到小排序为钙>锶>镁>钙*硼>钠。针对钙、锶、镁、钙*硼干扰,可加入消电离剂进行沉淀消除,通过比较分析,草酸钾作为消电离剂加入的除干扰效果最佳,锂测定相对误差从-20.75%降低至-12.15%;对于样品中的钠干扰,运用响应曲面实验设计,拟合方程建立干扰模型,通过方差分析及拟合度分析,回归方程各项p值均为0.000,方程的R-sq, R-sq(调整)与R-sq(预测)分别为99.96%, 99.96%以及99.95%,表明所建立的模型及方程各项显著,且回归方程拟合度较好。实验以各蒸发浓缩阶段的南翼山实际卤水与西藏龙木错实际卤水为样品,对消电离剂和干扰模型进行实验验证。结果显示,加入草酸钾消电离剂后,锂加标回收率在89.30%~98.60%之间;使用钠干扰模型校正后,锂加标回收率可提升至98.88%~101.40%,表明锂测定的准确度得到大幅提高。该方法不仅适用于南翼山油田卤水分离的整个过程,也同样适用于其他盐湖卤水,可以为盐湖企业锂元素的准确测定提供技术支持。

Performance Analysis and Improvement of Flat Torque Converters Using DOE Method

Automotive torque converters have recently been designed with an increasingly narrower profile for the purpose of achieving a smaller axial size and reducing weight. Design of experiment(DOE) and computational fluid dynamics(CFD) techniques are applied to improve the performance of a flat torque converter. Four torque converters with different flatness ratios(0.204, 0.186, 0.172, and 0.158) are designed and simulated first to investigate the effects of flatness ratio on their overall performance, including efficiency, torque ratio, and impeller torque factor. The simulation results show that the overall performance tends to deteriorate as the flatness ratio decreases. Then a parametric study covering six geometric parameters, namely, inlet and outlet angles of impeller, turbine, and stator is carried out. The results demonstrate that the inlet and outlet angles play an important role in determining the performance characteristics of a torque converter. Furthermore, the relative importance of the six design parameters is investigated using DOE method for each response(stall torque ratio and peak efficiency). The turbine outlet angle is found to exert the greatest influence on both responses. After DOE analysis, an optimized design for the flat torque converter geometry is obtained. Compared to the conventional product, the width of the optimized flat torque converter torus is reduced by about 20% while the values of stall torque ratio and peak efficiency are only decreased by 0.4% and 1.7%, respectively.The proposed new optimization strategy based on DOE method together with desirability function approach can be used for performance enhancement in the design process of flat torque converters.

Design of experiment study on hardness variations in friction stir welding of AM60 Mg alloy

Identification of process parameters,their effects and contributions to the outcomes of the system using experimental approach could be a daunting,time consuming,and costly course.Using proper statistical methods,i.e.,Taguchi method,could significantly reduce the number of required experiments and statistical significance of the parameter can be identified.Friction stir welding is one of those welding techniques with many parameters which have different effects on the quality of the welds.In friction stir welding the tool rotational speed(RPM)and transverse speed(mm/min)influence the strength(i.e.,hardness distribution)of the stirred zone.In this study,these two factors are investigated to determine the effect they will have on the hardness in the stirred zone of the friction stir welds and how the two factors are related to one another for as-cast magnesium alloy AM60 with nominal chemical composition of Mg-(5.5-6.5)Al-(0.24-0.6)Mn-0.22Zn-0.1Si.Experimental data was taken at three different tool rotational speeds and three different transverse speeds.The data obtained was then analyzed using a 32 factorial design to find the contribution of these parameters.It was determined that both tool rotational speed and transverse speed possess significant effects on the stir zone hardness.Also,the interactions between the two factors were statistically assessed.

Computer modeling of high-pressure leaching process of nickel laterite by design of experiments and neural networks

Due to the complex chemical composition of nickel ores, the requests for the decrease of production costs, and the increase of nickel extraction in the existing depletion of high-grade sulfide ores around the world, computer modeling of nickel ore leaching process be- came a need and a challenge. In this paper, the design of experiments （DOE） theory was used to determine the optimal experimental design plan matrix based on the D optimality criterion. In the high-pressure sulfuric acid leaching （HPSAL） process for nickel laterite in ＂Rudjinci＂ ore in Serbia, the temperature, the sulfuric acid to ore ratio, the stirring speed, and the leaching time as the predictor variables, and the degree of nickel extraction as the response have been considered. To model the process, the multiple linear regression （MLR） and response surface method （RSM）, together with the two-level and four-factor full factorial central composite design （CCD） plan, were used. The proposed re- gression models have not been proven adequate. Therefore, the artificial neural network （ANN） approach with the same experimental plan was used in order to reduce operational costs, give a better modeling accuracy, and provide a more successful process optimization. The model is based on the multi-layer neural networks with the back-propagation （BP） learning algorithm and the bipolar sigmoid activation function.

基于DOE算法的涡旋压缩机曲轴支承跨距优化及动态性能研究

为了提升曲轴的承载能力和使用寿命,针对曲轴支撑跨距这一关键参数进行了优化设计及动态性能研究。首先,根据曲轴的实际工作载荷情况,采用传统设计和卡丹公式设计两种方法对跨距进行了设计,进而通过DOE算法对跨距和轴长进行了多参数优化;然后,对优化设计的曲轴及其部件进行了模态分析以及谐响应分析,得到了各阶固有频率有限元分析结果及位移随频率变化的谐响应图;最后,搭建了实验测试平台,进行了同类压缩机产品的噪音振动测试,并结合测试结果对上述的仿真结果进行了验证。研究结果表明:曲轴部件的位移变化最大值较曲轴的位移变化最大值明显减小,在工作的状态下能够有效地避免共振;与原有的压缩机比较,经过曲轴优化后的压缩机噪音值下降了1.4 dB(A),振动值下降了0.43 m/s^(2),噪音振动平稳、波动小,使用性能得到了有效提升。

Combined Size and Shape Optimization of Structures with DOE,RSM and GA

In this paper,size and shape optimization problem of a machine gun system is addressed with an efficient hybrid method,in which a novel and flexible mesh morphing technique is employed to achieve fast parameterization and modification of complexity structure without going back to CAD for reconstruction of geometric models or to finite element analysis（ FEA） for remodeling. Design of experiments（ DOE） and response surface method（ RSM） are applied to approximate the constitutive parameters of a machine gun system based on experimental tests. Further FEA,secondary development technique and genetic algorithm（ GA） are introduced to find all the optimal solutions in one go and the optimal design of the demonstrated machine gun system is obtained. Results of the rigid-flexible coupling dynamic analysis and exterior ballistics calculation validate the proposed methodology,which is relatively time-saving,reliable and has the potential to solve similar problems.

田口方法与阶乘DOE在试验设计中的配合使用--结合两种DOE的优势解决生产中薄膜成型键高的问题

试验设计是以概率论和数理统计为理论基础,科学地安排试验的一项技术,在参数设计、质量控制、过程改善等过程中起重要作用。产品开发时,它可以帮助工程师进行参数及容差设计;过程能力不足时,可以帮助找出关键的输入因子,以及找出最佳控制组合,从而提升过程能力,使产品满足客户需求.不同类型的试验设计方法侧重点不同,文章结合2种试验设计方法解决实际问题的案例,以供相关人员参考.

汽车内饰件用塑料挂钩CAE模型的DOE分析方法

对汽车内饰用塑料挂钩在CAE设计中的方法进行了研究,采用DOE试验设计方法分析CAE模型中的产品设计要求(水平)与产品设计参数(因子)之间的关系,并通过响应曲线回归获得产品设计要求与设计参数之间的数学模型。所获得的数学模型可以替代CAE分析进行快速计算,使整个产品开发周期缩短。该方法值得在以后汽车产品CAE过程中应用。

An Experimental Investigation into the Amalgamated Al2O3-40% TiO2 Atmospheric Plasma Spray Coating Process on EN24 Substrate and Parameter Optimization Using TLBO

Surface coating is a critical procedure in the case of maintenance engineering. Ceramic coating of the wear areas is of the best practice which substantially enhances the Mean Time between Failure (MTBF). EN24 is a commercial grade alloy which is used for various industrial applications like sleeves, nuts, bolts, shafts, etc. EN24 is having comparatively low corrosion resistance, and ceramic coating of the wear and corroding areas of such parts is a best followed practice which highly improves the frequent failures. The coating quality mainly depends on the coating thickness, surface roughness and coating hardness which finally decides the operability. This paper describes an experimental investigation to effectively optimize the Atmospheric Plasma Spray process input parameters of Al2O3-40% TiO2 coatings to get the best quality of coating on EN24 alloy steel substrate. The experiments are conducted with an Orthogonal Array (OA) design of experiments (DoE). In the current experiment, critical input parameters are considered and some of the vital output parameters are monitored accordingly and separate mathematical models are generated using regression analysis. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is used to generate weights for the individual objective functions and based on that, a combined objective function is made. An advanced optimization method, Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization algorithm (TLBO), is practically utilized to the combined objective function to optimize the values of input parameters to get the best output parameters. Confirmation tests are also conducted and their output results are compared with predicted values obtained through mathematical models. The dominating effects of Al2O3-40% TiO2 spray parameters on output parameters: surface roughness, coating thickness and coating hardness are discussed in detail. It is concluded that the input parameters variation directly affects the characteristics of output parameters and any number of input as well as output parameters can be easily optimized using the current approach.

Planning for LVC Simulation Experiments

The use of Live, Virtual and Constructive (LVC) simulations are increasingly being examined for potential analytical use particularly in test and evaluation. In addition to system-focused tests, LVC simulations provide a mechanism for conducting joint mission testing and system of systems testing when fiscal and resource limitations prevent the accumulation of the necessary density and diversity of assets required for these complex and comprehensive tests. LVC simulations consist of a set of entities that interact with each other within a situated environment (i.e., world) each of which is represented by a mixture of computer-based models, real people and real physical assets. The physical assets often consist of geographically dispersed test assets which are interconnected by persistent networks and augmented by virtual and constructive entities to create the joint test environment under evaluation. LVC experiments are generally not statistically designed, but really should be. Experimental design methods are discussed followed by additional design considerations when planning experiments for LVC. Some useful experimental designs are proposed and a case study is presented to illustrate the benefits of using statistical experimental design methods for LVC experiments. The case study only covers the planning portion of experimental design. The results will be presented in a subsequent paper.

运用DOE优化微细钻头钻径粗加工的影响因素

PCB硬质合金微细钻头使用寿命及钻削质量要求越来越高。本文研究上、下道工序微钻产品参数间影响关系,采用六西格玛质量管理方法中因子实验设计(DOE)建立、优化上下工序微钻产品参数响应模型,通过数据收集、分析、得出影响微钻下道工序钻径同轴度的关键影响因子值。

注塑工艺对POM齿轮弯曲疲劳寿命的影响规律

为了研究注塑工艺对聚甲醛(POM)齿轮弯曲疲劳寿命的影响,采用了DOE实验设计方法,并参考GB/T 14230-2021《齿轮弯曲疲劳强度试验方法》中的运转型试验方式来制定试验方案和设计测试装置。按照设计的实验计划,进行了齿轮弯曲疲劳寿命的试验,并获得POM齿轮寿命实验数据。通过Minitab软件对实验数据进行分析,得到弯曲疲劳寿命的主效应图和Pareto图。分析结果表明,模具温度和保压压力是影响POM齿轮弯曲疲劳寿命的两个主要工艺参数。为改善这些工艺参数对齿轮性能的影响,对模型进行了优化改进,并建立了回归方程来描述模具温度和保压压力对齿轮弯曲疲劳寿命的影响。通过实验验证发现,通过Minitab的响应优化得到数据模型预计最佳值及最优工艺配置:模具温度120℃,保压压力120MPa。在工艺优化后,POM齿轮的弯曲疲劳寿命提高了约59%。这表明,经优化后的注塑工艺,可以显著改善POM齿轮的性能,并延长其使用寿命。

Experimental evaluation of mechanical compression of lattice trusses made with Ti6Al4V for aerospace use

Lattice structures are three-dimensional structures composed of repeated geometrical shapes with multiple interconnected nodes,providing high strength-to-weight ratios,customizable properties,and efficient use of materials.A smart use of materials leads to reduced fuel consumption and lower operating costs,making them highly desirable for aircraft manufacturers.Furthermore,the customizable properties of lattice structures allow for tailoring to specific design requirements,leading to improved performance and safety for aircraft.These advantages make lattice structures an important focus for research and development in the aviation industry.This paper presents an experimental evaluation of the mechanical compression properties of lattice trusses made with Ti6Al4V,designed for use in an anti-ice system.The truss structures were manufactured using additive manufacturing techniques and tested under compressive loads to determine mechanical properties.Results showed that lattice trusses exhibited high levels of compressive strength,making them suitable for use in applications where mechanical resistance and durability are critical,such as in anti-ice systems.We also highlight the potential of additive manufacturing techniques for the fabrication of lattice trusses with tailored mechanical properties.The study provides valuable insights into the mechanical behavior of Ti6Al4V lattice trusses and their potential applications in anti-ice systems,as well as other areas where high strength-to-weight ratios are required.The results of this research contribute to the development of lightweight,efficient,and durable anti-ice systems for use in aviation and other industries.

基于DMAIC模型的起锚机离合器故障问题研究

为降低船体甲板机械起锚机离合器在使用过程中的故障率,引入6Sigma中的DMAIC模型来解决此问题。针对其故障发生频率与类型,采用定性分析法分析其主要成因,并将DOE实验设计引入离合器改进阶段参数配置和优化过程中,通过筛选恰当的实验因子及因素水平进行定量分析,确定拟合模型,进行残差分析确定模型的有效性,从而围绕此模型进行生产控制,提升顾客满意水平。

实验设计和神经网络法对柴油机性能的优化研究

利用GT-Power软件搭建一款3.1L电控增压柴油机仿真模型,采用拉丁超立方采样算法进行实验设计与计算,确立了6个实验因子和4000个实验数目.通过神经网络径向基算法对不同响应变量因子进行建模,最终确定了转速与EGR率两个实验因子对多目标优化影响的贡献度最大.通过建立实验因子和响应变量模型关联,完成了基于模型的多目标遗传优化.优化结果表明:通过优化柴油机扭矩和燃油消耗率,可使柴油机扭矩值最大提升12.3%,且燃油消耗率最大能下降2.6%.

胰岛素样生长因子受体(IGF-1R)重组单链可变片段的纯化优化

目的:将DoE应用于IGF-IR重组scFv的纯化优化,建立最优纯化条件,得到纯度高、收率高的最终产物。方法:本研究采用DoE方法对大肠杆菌中表达的1型胰岛素样生长因子受体(IGF-1R)进行重组单链可变片段(scFv)的优化纯化。结果:最终得到纯度为98%的scFv。最后通过20倍放大实验对优化条件进行了验证。结论:我们提出,这里描述的DoE方法也适用于生产其他重组抗体结构。

Application of quality by design in the current drug development

Quality by Test was the only way to guarantee quality of drug products before FDA launched current Good Manufacturing Practice. To clearly understand the manufacture processes, FDA generalized Quality by Design(QbD) in the field of pharmacy, which is based on the thorough understanding of how materials and process parameters affect the quality profile of final products. The application of QbD in drug formulation and process design is based on a good understanding of the sources of variability and the manufacture process. In this paper,the basic knowledge of QbD, the elements of QbD, steps and tools for QbD implementation in pharmaceutics field, including risk assessment, design of experiment, and process analytical technology(PAT), are introduced briefly. Moreover, the concrete applications of QbD in various pharmaceutical related unit operations are summarized and presented.

Statistical optimization of stress level in Mg-Li-Al alloys upon hot compression testing

In the present study,a response optimization method using Extreme Vertices Mixer Design(EVMD)approach is proposed for stress optimization in a thermomechanically processed Mg-Li-Al alloy.Experimentation was planned as per mixed design proportions of Mg,Li and Al and process variables(i.e.temperature and strain rate).Each experiment has been performed under different conditions of factors proportions and process variables.The response,particularly stress has been considered for each experiment.The response is optimized to find an optimum condition when the contributing factors influence material characteristics in such a way,to achieve better strength,ductility and corrosion resistance.Estimated regression coefficient table for response has been observed to identify the important factors in this process and significantly high variance inflation factor has been observed.Most importantly,an optimum condition is achieved from this analysis which fulfills the experimental observations and theoretical assumptions.