A nomogram based on age, prostate-specific antigen level, prostate volume and digital rectal examination for predicting risk of prostate cancer

Nomograms for predicting the risk of prostate cancer developed using other populations may introduce sizable bias when applied to a Chinese cohort. In the present study, we sought to develop a nomogram for predicting the probability of a positive initial prostate biopsy in a Chinese population. A total of 535 Chinese men who underwent a prostatic biopsy for the detection of prostate cancer in the past decade with complete biopsy data were included. Stepwise logistic regression was used to determine the independent predictors of a positive initial biopsy. Age, prostate-specific antigen （PSA）, prostate volume （PV）, digital rectal examination （DRE） status, % free PSA and transrectal ultrasound （TRUS） findings were included in the analysis. A nomogram model was developed that was based on these independent predictors to calculate the probability of a positive initial prostate biopsy. A receiver-operating characteristic curve was used to assess the accuracy of using the nomogram and PSA levels alone for predicting positive prostate biopsy. The rate for positive initial prostate biopsy was 41.7% （223/535）. The independent variables used to predict a positive initial prostate biopsy were age, PSA, PV and DRE status. The areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for a positive initial prostate biopsy for PSA alone and the nomogram were 79.7% and 84.8%, respectively. Our results indicate that the risk of a positive initial prostate biopsy can be predicted to a satisfactory level in a Chinese population using our nomogram. The nomogram can be used to identify and counsel patients who should consider a prostate biopsy, ultimately enhancing accuracy in diagnosing prostate cancer.

Contemporary outcomes in the detection of prostate cancer using transrectal ultrasound-guided 12-core biopsy in Singaporean men with elevated prostate specific antigen and/or abnormal digital rectal examination

Objective:Despite being the third commonest cancer in Singaporean men,there is a dearth of basic data on the detection rate of prostate cancer and post-procedure complication rates locally using systematic 12-core biopsy.Our objective is to evaluate prostate cancer detection rates using 12-core prostate biopsy based on serum prostate specific antigen(PSA)levels and digital rectal examination(DRE)findings in Singaporean men presenting to a single tertiary centre.The secondary objective is to evaluate the complication rates of transrectal prostate biopsies.Methods:We retrospectively examined 804 men who underwent first transrectal-ultrasound(TRUS)guided 12-core prostate biopsies from January 2012 to April 2014.Prostate biopsies were performed on men presenting to a tertiary institution when their PSA levels were
4.0 ng/mL and/or when they had suspicious DRE findings.Results:Overall prostate cancer detection rate was 35.1%.Regardless of DRE findings,patients were divided into four subgroups based on their serum PSA levels:0e3.99 ng/mL,4.00 e9.99 ng/mL,10.00e19.99 ng/mL and
20.00 ng/mL and their detection rates were 9.5%,20.9%,38.4% and 72.3%,respectively.The detection rate of cancer based on suspicious DRE findings alone was 59.2% compared to 36.5% based on serum PSA cut-off of 4.0 ng/mL alone.The post-biopsy admission rate for sepsis was 1.5%.Conclusion:In conclusion,using contemporary 12-core biopsy methods,the local prostate cancer detection rate based on serum PSA and DRE findings has increased over the past decade presumably due to multiple genetic and environmental factors.Post-biopsy sepsis remains an important complication worldwide.

Evaluation of the Diagnostic Value of Digital Rectal Examination for Lymph Node Metastasis in Mid-Low Rectal Cancer

Background: NCCN’s guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of rectal cancer suggest that accurate preoperative clinical staging of rectal cancer is very important. Reliable preoperative evaluation is the key to the development of surgical protocols, in order to investigate the diagnostic value of digital rectal diagnosis for lymph node metastasis of middle and low rectal cancer. Methods: We prospectively performed digital rectal examination in 258 patients with mid-low rectal cancer before operation, to analyze the distance from the lower margin of the tumor to the margin of the anus, the diameter of the invasion of the intestinal wall of the tumor, the accuracy between the general type and depth of invasion of the tumor and the pathological results of the postoperative specimen, and the predictability of the lymph node metastasis rate of the rectal digital examination. Results: The results of the analysis showed that the above indicators and postoperative pathological findings have high accuracy. Conclusions: It is concluded that accurate and detailed digital rectal examination before operation can predict lymph node metastasis rate of mid-low rectal cancer at a higher level and accurately.

The Performance of Abnormal Digital Rectal Examination for the Detection of Prostate Cancer at Stratified Prostate Specific Antigen Levels

Objective: Our aim was to determine the performance of abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) in prostate cancer detection at different PSA levels. Methods: A total of 1612 patients having abnormal DRE and/or elevated PSA whom underwent TRUS guided prostate biopsies were included in the study. Any palpable induration or nodularity was accepted as abnormal DRE findings. Pathologic features of biopsy specimens were compared within groups according to DRE findings and serum PSA level groups of 2.5 - 4, 4 - 10 and >10 ng/ml. Results: Abnormal DRE was detected in 339 patients;of whom 48.7% were determined to have cancer. Cancer detection rates of patients having abnormal DRE were found to be 20%, 31.5% and 68% at PSA ranges 2.5-4, 4-10 and > 10 ng/ml, respectively. Significantly higher grade cancers were detected by abnormal DRE at each PSA group. The positive and negative predictive values of abnormal DRE according to groups of PSA 2.5 - 4, 4 - 10 and > 10 ng/ml were 20% and 84.1%, 31.5% and 80.6%, 68% and 66.6%, respectively. Conclusion: At each PSA group DRE resulted in detecting significantly more cancers with Gleason score > 7. Although predictive value of abnormal DRE diminishes with concomitantly decreasing PSA levels, significance of DRE in the diagnosis of prostate cancer cannot be ignored.

前列腺癌多参数MRI诊断及误诊原因分析

目的 探讨前列腺癌临床特点、多参数MRI表现,总结其误诊原因及防范措施。方法 对2020年4月—2022年2月收治的多参数MRI检查后误诊为膀胱癌、前列腺增生的前列腺癌10例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 10例年龄54~73岁。6例因尿急、尿频、尿潴留、排尿困难就诊,直肠指诊示前列腺肥大,查血清前列腺特异性抗原升高,多参数MRI及前列腺穿刺活组织病理检查未发现前列腺肿瘤证据,误诊为前列腺增生,后经术后病理检查确诊T1期前列腺癌。4例以尿痛、血尿、排尿困难就诊,经多参数MRI检查误诊为膀胱癌,查血清前列腺特异性抗原升高,直肠指诊发现前列腺肥大,再次行多参数MRI和前列腺组织穿刺活组织病理检查证实为前列腺癌累及膀胱。误诊时间4~10 d。误诊为前列腺增生6例接受根治性手术,误诊为膀胱癌4例予内分泌和放射治疗,随访至今病情控制尚可。结论 临床接诊以尿急、尿频、尿潴留、排尿困难等症状就诊的中老年男性患者时应考虑到前列腺癌可能。加强对前列腺癌影像学特征认识,行多参数MRI检查时重点观察前列腺结构、包膜完整与否、膀胱壁连续性等重要特征,必要时可行前列腺穿刺活组织病理检查,以提高该病术前诊断正确率。

Prostate cancer detection upon transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy in relation to digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen level： what to expect in the Chinese population？

We investigated the prostate cancer detection rates upon transrectal ultrasound （TRUS）-guided biopsy in relation to digital rectal examination （DRE） and prostate-specific antigen （PSA）, and risk factors of prostate cancer detection in the Chinese population. Data from all consecutive Chinese men who underwent first TRUS-guided prostate biopsy from year 2000 to 2013 was retrieved from our database. The prostate cancer detection rates with reference to DRE finding and PSA level of 〈 4, 4-10, 10.1-20, 20.1-50 and 〉 50 ng ml^-1 were investigated. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate for potential risk factors of prostate cancer detection. A total of 2606 Chinese men were included. In patients with normal DRE, the cancer detection rates were 8.6%, 13.4%, 21.8%, 41.7% and 85.2% in patients with PSA 〈 4, 4-10, 10.1-20, 20.1-50 and 〉 50 ng ml^-1 respectively. In patients with abnormal DRE, the cancer detection rates were 12.4%, 30.2%, 52.7%, 80.6% and 96.4% in patients with PSA 〈 4, 4-10, 10.1-20, 20.1-50 and 〉 50 ng m1-1 respectively. Older age, smaller prostate volume, larger number of biopsy cores, presence of abnormal DRE finding and higher PSA level were associated with increased risk of prostate cancer detection upon multivariate logistic regression analyses （P 〈 0.001）. Chinese men appeared to have lower prostate cancer detection rates when compared to the Western population. Taking the different risk factors into account, an individualized approach to the decision of TRUS-guided biopsy can be adopted.

血清t-PSA、f-PSA/t-PSA、DRE及TRUS对前列腺癌的诊断价值分析

目的探讨前列腺特异抗原(t-PSA)、游离PSA与总PSA比值(f-PSA/t-PSA)、直肠指诊(DRE)和直肠超声(TRUS)诊断前列腺癌(PCa)的价值。方法回顾性分析经病理诊断的31例PCa患者和34例前列腺增生(BPH)患者的血清PSA水平、f-PSA/t-PSA比值、DRE和TRUS的检测结果。结果 ROC曲线分析结果显示t-PSA和f-PSA/t-PSA对PCa的诊断敏感性分别为67.7%和77.4%,特异性分别为58.8%和73.5%,曲线下面积(AUC)分别能达到0.659和0.808。而DRE和TRUS对PCa的诊断敏感性分别为58.1%和51.6%,特异性分别为82.3%和73.5%。联合f-PSA/t-PSA与DRE或TRUS检测,对PCa的诊断敏感性分别上升到87.1%和83.9%,3项指标联合可提高诊断敏感性至90.3%。结论 f-PSA/t-PSA比t-PSA更适合用于临床PCa的诊断,联合f-PSA/t-PSA,TRUS和DRE检查可明显提高临床PCa的检出率。

前列腺穿刺活检的临床应用进展

前列腺穿刺活检是诊断前列腺癌的金标准。近年来,随着影像学和人工智能的发展,穿刺技术有了巨大的改进。本文旨在阐释不同的前列腺穿刺方法及穿刺途径,分析优缺点,综述近年来出现的新的穿刺技术及其在临床应用的进展。

河北省直公务员群体前列腺癌筛查意义

目的探讨4982例公务员前列腺癌筛查意义分析。方法调查4982例公务员前列腺癌筛查结果。所有病例根据有无主诉症状分为有症状组(n=1508)和无症状组(n=3474);其中207例受检者接受前列腺穿刺术,取得病理结果。并对筛查出的癌症患者进行年龄、临床分期、病理等级等分析。结果有症状组与无症状组前列腺癌检出率差异无统计学意义(P<0.05)。有症状组比无症状组低分化癌检出率构成比高,差异有统计意义(P<0.05)。无症状组较有症状组分期早。本组DRE的灵敏度及特异度均不高,经直肠超声(TRUS)、前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)的灵敏度与特异度均比DRE明显增高,三者灵敏度由高到低依次为PSA、TRUS、DRE,特异度由高到低依次为TRUS、PSA、DRE,本组DRE+TRUS+PAS灵敏度低(38%),特异度较高(53%)。结论在基层医院、体检中心设置前列腺专项体检套餐,综合应用DRE、TRUS、PSA对>60岁男性不区分有无不适症状进行筛查,以两种或两种以上同时阳性结合患者临床症状和个人意愿来指导患者进行穿刺,对及早发现前列腺癌,改善患者预后有积极作用。

盆底四维超声在女性出口梗阻型便秘诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨盆底四维超声在女性出口梗阻型便秘(OOC)诊断中的应用价值。方法 选取2019年6月至2021年6月我院收治的168例女性便秘患者为研究对象。首先进行盆底四维超声检查,判断是否存在OOC,然后所有患者进行直肠指检。将盆底四维超声检查结果和直肠指检结果分别与临床最终诊断结果进行对比分析,比较盆底四维超声、直肠指检对直肠前突的诊断结果。结果 168例临床怀疑存在OOC的患者中,盆底四维超声检查诊断142例OOC,其中64例直肠前突,66例会阴体过度运动,5例肠疝,4例盆底失迟缓,3例肠黏膜脱垂。临床最终确诊135例OOC患者,其中66例直肠前突,51例会阴体过度运动,7例肠疝,9例盆底失迟缓,2例肠黏膜脱垂。盆底四维超声诊断结果与临床最终诊断结果无显著差异(P=0.281)。168例患者中,直肠指检诊断97例OOC患者,其中69例直肠前突,8例肠疝,16例盆底失迟缓,4例肠黏膜脱垂。直肠指检诊断结果与临床最终诊断结果比较,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.000)。对于直肠前突的诊断,盆底四维超声诊断64例,直肠指检诊断69例,盆底四维超声与直肠指检对直肠前突的诊断具有较好的一致性(Kappa值为0.621,P<0.001)。结论 盆底四维超声对女性OOC能作出准确的诊断,与直肠指检相比有更高的应用价值。

9+X法直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检420例分析

目的:探讨9+X法经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检术诊断前列腺癌的临床价值及安全性。方法:回顾性分析2004年1月至2008年12月行9+X法经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检术的可疑前列腺癌患者420例临床资料。结果:穿刺确诊前列腺癌160例(阳性率38.1%)。PSA<4μg/L、4～10μg/L、>10μg/L、直肠指检(DRE)异常、经直肠或经腹部超声检查有异常者阳性率分别为7.4%、17.8%、65.4%、25.0%、22.2%。穿刺术后79例出现血尿(18.8%),急性尿潴留13例(3.1%),发热9例(2.1%),无其他严重并发症。结论:9+X法经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺阳性率高,并发症少,是诊断前列腺癌的理想方法。

前列腺癌的早期诊断

目的 :评价前列腺癌早期诊断的方法及提高对一些基本诊断方法的认识。方法 :对 1991～ 1999年诊治的 70例早期前列腺癌所应用的基本诊断技术进行分析。结果 :70例患者中 ,6 4例 (91.4% )DRE(直肠指诊 )发现前列腺异常。 6 6例患者接受PSA(前列腺特异抗原 )检查 ,其中PSA >4ng/ml者 5 2例 (78.8% )。 6 6例患者接受TRUS(经直肠前列腺B超 )检查 ,其中 5 4例 (81.8% )发现异常。若将 2项检查结合 ,DRE +PSA可发现 70例 (10 0 % ) ,DRE+TRUS可发现 6 6例 (94.3% )。均显著高于单项检查发现率。结论 :2种或 2种以上的方法结合可以提高前列腺癌的诊断率。PSA <4ng/ml的 14例患者DRE检查 7例阳性 ,TRUS检查 12例发现异常。因而认为PSA

磁共振波谱成像联合直肠指检及血清PSA在前列腺癌诊断中的价值

目的初步探讨磁共振波谱成像(MRS)联合直肠指检(DRE)与血清前列腺特异抗原(PSA)在前列腺癌诊断中的应用。方法选取血清PSA异常84例男性患者行前列腺MRS和DRE并与病理结果对照。再分析MRS联合DRE及不同水平PSA(低危组4 ng/ml<PSA<10 ng/ml,中危组10 ng/ml≤PSA≤20 ng/ml和高危组PSA>20 ng/ml)诊断前列腺癌的灵敏度(Se)、特异度(Sp)和准确度(AR)。结果病理证实前列腺癌41例、非前列腺癌43例(良性增生41例,炎症1例,结核1例)。单纯MRS诊断前列腺癌的Se、Sp和AR分别为85.4%、83.7%和84.5%,与病理诊断有统计学一致性(K=0.69,P<0.05);MRS联合PSA低危组、中危组和高危组诊断的Se、Sp和AR分别为75.0%、90.0%和84.4%,66.7%、73.3%和71.4%,95.7%、87.5%和93.5%;MRS联合DRE诊断Se、Sp和AR分别为88.9%、87.5%和88.6%;MRS同时联合PSA高危组及DRE诊断Se、Sp和AR分别增加至95.7%、100%和95.8%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 MRS诊断前列腺癌具有无创和简便优点,其联合直肠指检及PSA有助于提高诊断的准确性。

经肛门指诊对直肠癌术前评估的价值

目的 :评价分析肛门指诊对直肠癌术前评估的价值。方法 :对 2 15例低位直肠癌经肛门指诊。以Norkmason标准判断浸润深度 ,与术后大体病理和镜下病理比较。结果 :浸润深度准确率 :粘膜层 10 0 % ,粘膜下层83% ,肌层 ,肠壁脂肪 93 5 % ,其它脏器 5 6 %。对肉眼类型判断准确率 :隆起型 86 % ,盘状型 85 % ,局限溃疡型 91% ,浸润溃疡型 87% ,弥漫浸润型 10 0 %。对环周度判断准确率 86 %～ 96 %。结论 :直肠肛门指诊结合术后病理可以较准确判断直肠癌浸润进展情况 ,并对直肠癌进行诊断、鉴别诊断 。

Prolift术对盆腔器官脱垂患者盆底肌力的影响

目的：评估Prolift手术前后盆腔器官脱垂（POP）患者盆底肌力的变化情况。方法：选择2011年3月—2013年4月于上海同济大学附属同济医院入院治疗的POPⅡ~Ⅳ度的患者37例,采用指检法和表面肌电图法测量并评价Prolift手术前后患者盆底肌力的变化情况,并与盆底功能正常者进行比较。结果：Prolift手术可有效改善患者的POP状态,术后36例患者POP-Q分度明显降低,达到解剖复位;术后6个月盆底肌力的Oxford分级、盆底肌最大收缩电压和收缩持续时间均较术前有明显提高（P=0.000）,但均低于盆底功能正常者（P=0.000）。结论：Prolift手术可恢复盆腔器官的解剖结构,一定程度上可加强盆底肌力。

血清前列腺特异抗原、直肠指检联合磁共振波谱成像对前列腺癌的诊断价值

目的探讨血清前列腺特异抗原(PSA)、直肠指检(DRE)联合磁共振波谱成像(MRS)对前列腺癌的诊断价值。方法以107经超声检查发现前列腺占位或前列腺增生患者作为对象,所有患者均行血清PSA检查且PSA均异常,后接受MRS和DRE,根据PSA水平将患者分为PSA高危组(>20ng/ml)、PSA中危组(10-20ng/ml)、PSA低危组(4-10ng/ml),所有患者均接受手术或穿刺活检取得病理标本,以病理诊断作为最后诊断结果,分析MRS、DRE对不同血清PSA组、MRS+DRE以及MRS+DRE+PSA高危对前列腺癌的诊断价值。结果 107例患者病理诊断为前列腺癌的56例,非前列腺癌51例,MRS诊断为前列腺癌57例,非前列腺50例,MRS诊断结果与病理诊断结果一致性良好(P<0.05);MRS+PSA低危、RS+PSA中危、MRS+PSA高危诊断前列腺癌的准确性分别为70.83%、81.48%、93.75%,不同PSA水平组间MRS诊断效能不同,三种方法比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.201,P<0.05);MRS+DRE、MRS+PSA高危、MRS+DRE+PSA高危诊断准确率分别为90.65%、93.75%、96.88%,均显著高于单纯MRS诊断的80.37%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.231、5.661、6.294,均P<0.05)。结论 MRS在前列腺癌的诊断中具有较高的应用价值,联合血清PSA或(和)DRE能进一步提高诊断的准确率。

常规临床检查与PSA灰区患者前列腺癌检出率的关系

目的:探讨直肠指检(DRE)、影像学(TRUS、MRI)检查、血清游离与总前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)比值(f/t)与PSA在4～10μg/L之间患者前列腺癌检出率的关系。方法:回顾性分析365例PSA处于灰区的患者进行DRE、TRUS、MRI检查、游离PSA测定,并对这些患者行经直肠B超引导下的前列腺穿刺活检。评估其临床资料与前列腺穿刺病理结果的关系。结果:在365例患者中,穿刺病理为前列腺癌的患者共有87例(23.84%)。DRE阳性的患者共有128例,穿刺阳性40例,阳性率为31.25%,TRUS检查的患者共有257例,其中有异常回声结节的69例患者中穿刺阳性26例,阳性率为37.68%,MRI检查的患者共有191例,其中有异常信号结节的107例患者中穿刺阳性59例,阳性率为55.14%。198例患者行fPSA与tPSA比值分析,其中前列腺癌患者的平均f/t PSA明显低于穿刺阴性患者。f/t PSA受试者曲线(ROC)下的面积(0.725)高于患者PSA ROC的面积(0.542)。结论:结合临床DRE、影像学资料及f/t PSA比值可以有效提高前列腺癌检出率,从而减少不必要的穿刺给患者带来的痛苦。

直肠指检与前列腺穿刺活检结果相关指标关系的研究

目的:探讨直肠指检(DRE)与前列腺穿刺活检相关指标之间的关系,重新评价直肠指检的意义及必要性。方法:选取天津医科大学第二医院的前列腺穿刺活检患者,统计其DRE结果与前列腺穿刺活检的结果,同时收集年龄、前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)、前列腺体积(PV)、PSA密度(PSAD)及前列腺癌患者的Gleason评分、骨扫描、局部侵犯神经情况,分析其与直肠指检之间的意义。结果:总计457例患者纳入研究,其中穿刺阳性患者223例,阴性患者234例;DRE阳性患者99例,阴性患者358例。良性与恶性患者的DRE检查结果比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。DRE阳性和阴性患者的Gleason评分、骨转移、PSA、PSAD、阳性针数占比比较,差异均有统计学意义(P=0.045、P=0.044、P<0.001、P<0.001、P=0.021);而年龄、f/t PSA、前列腺体积、局部神经侵犯方面比较,差异均无统计学意义(P=0.772、0.316、0.322、0.521)。结论:直肠指检仍然是前列腺癌筛查的重要手段,其阳性与前列腺癌恶性程度有显著的相关性,临床医师在依赖其他先进检查的同时,也应对传统的直肠指检保持重视。

直肠指检和经直肠超声检查对血清前列腺特异抗原≤4 ng/ml的前列腺癌的诊断价值

目的探讨直肠指检(digital rectal examination,DRE)和经直肠超声检查(transrectal ultrasonography,TRUS)对血清前列腺特异抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)≤4 ng/ml的前列腺癌的诊断价值。方法对112例血清PSA≤4 ng/ml而DRE或(和)TRUS异常的男性患者进行了TRUS引导的前列腺系统10针+可疑区穿刺活检。根据血清PSA范围将病例分成0～0.9 ng/ml,1.0～1.9 ng/ml,2.0～2.9 ng/ml和3.0～4.0 ng/ml 4组。结果 112例病例中有14例被诊断为前列腺癌,检出率为12.5%。4组中:检出前列腺癌病例分别为0、2、5、7例。血清PSA在0～1.9 ng/ml和2.0～4.0ng/ml范围:DRE异常患者中前列腺癌检出率分别为5%和21.1%(P<0.05);TRUS异常患者中前列腺癌检出率分别为2.4%和28.6%(P<0.05)。在14例前列腺癌患者中有4例仅被TRUS发现,并且这4例PSA值均在2.0～4.0 ng/ml范围内。结论血清PSA<2 ng/ml时,除非DRE高度异常,患前列腺癌风险低,不需行前列腺穿刺活检。血清PSA在2.0～4.0 ng/ml,应行TRUS检查,以提高前列腺癌检出敏感性。

慢性前列腺炎与大便异常浅析

目的 :探讨大便异常改变在慢性前列腺炎中的发生情况、产生原因和意义。 方法 :观察慢性前列腺炎病人大便异常改变的发生情况 ,对其产生的常见原因 ,包括病程、植物神经功能紊乱、前列腺液的炎症程度、前列腺直肠指检结果等进行分析 ,并随访观察前列腺炎得到有效治疗后的大便异常改善情况。 结果 :397例慢性前列腺炎病人大便异常改变的发生率为 31 4 0 % ;其原因与前列腺的直肠指检充血肿胀程度密切相关 ,通过有效治疗慢性前列腺炎后 ,病人的大便异常明显改善率高达 78 79%。 结论 :慢性前列腺炎病人产生大便异常改变的原因在于前列腺的充血肿胀改变 ,认为大便异常改变应作为慢性前列腺炎病人的临床常见症状和治愈指标之一。