基于DSM的城市公园对PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的消减特征研究——以南昌市人民公园为例

【目的】PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)等空气颗粒物是城市空气首要污染物,在城市空气污染中占主导地位。了解固定外源下PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)在城市绿地的消减特征,可为城市阻控空气颗粒物、缓解空气污染提供有利依据。然而目前空气颗粒物的研究大多以点测定方式量化空间结构及植被类型对空气颗粒物的影响,对固定外源污染下PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)在城市绿地空间尺度上的影响机制研究较少。【方法】研究结合DSM与地统计学,以南昌市人民公园为例,探索城市公园阻隔外源污染的空间梯度效应及空间结构类型差异。利用克里金插值法对其空间分布特征进行可视化模拟;利用Arcgis和R语言等软件分析不同空间结构PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)的浓度差异。【结果】人民公园PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)的浓度在空间分布上趋势一致,均表现为以固定外源点为核心,浓度随距离增加呈极显著梯度递减的趋势,且在中部(约距外源点150~220 m处)消减效率最高,约为全园PM_(2.5)平均消减值的7.5倍,PM_(10)平均消减值的3.8倍;PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)受多种因子影响:与空气温度、距离(主导因子)显著负相关、与相对湿度显著正相关,且PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)对不同因子响应特征存在差异;城市公园不同绿地空间结构对PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)的消减及扩散作用差异显著,受其双重影响,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)的浓度表现为水体>广场>树林>草坪,其中PM_(2.5)受影响更显著;此外,受各因子和绿地空间结构耦合影响,部分区域PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)分布异常。【结论】以固定外源点为核心,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度随距离增加呈极显著梯度递减的趋势,且在中部消减效率最高;PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度与相对湿度显著正相关,与空气温度与距离显著负相关,其中PM_(10)对距离和相对湿度响应较为明显,而PM_(2.5)受空气温度影响较大;在随距离变化基础上,不同城市绿地空间结构对PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)消减和扩散作用差异导致了局部分布差异。

Future changes in precipitation and water availability over the Tibetan Plateau projected by CMIP6 models constrained by climate sensitivity

Precipitation projections over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)show diversity among existing studies,partly due to model uncertainty.How to develop a reliable projection remains inconclusive.Here,based on the IPCC AR6–assessed likely range of equilibrium climate sensitivity(ECS)and the climatological precipitation performance,the authors constrain the CMIP6(phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project)model projection of summer precipitation and water availability over the TP.The best estimates of precipitation changes are 0.24,0.25,and 0.45 mm d^(−1)(5.9%,6.1%,and 11.2%)under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway(SSP)scenarios of SSP1–2.6,SSP2–4.5,and SSP5–8.5 from 2050–2099 relative to 1965–2014,respectively.The corresponding constrained projections of water availability measured by precipitation minus evaporation(P–E)are 0.10,0.09,and 0.22 mm d^(−1)(5.7%,4.9%,and 13.2%),respectively.The increase of precipitation and P–E projected by the high-ECS models,whose ECS values are higher than the upper limit of the likely range,are about 1.7 times larger than those estimated by constrained projections.Spatially,there is a larger increase in precipitation and P–E over the eastern TP,while the western part shows a relatively weak difference in precipitation and a drier trend in P–E.The wetter TP projected by the high-ECS models resulted from both an approximately 1.2–1.4 times stronger hydrological sensitivity and additional warming of 0.6℃–1.2℃ under all three scenarios during 2050–2099.This study emphasizes that selecting climate models with climate sensitivity within the likely range is crucial to reducing the uncertainty in the projection of TP precipitation and water availability changes.

Projecting Spring Consecutive Rainfall Events in the Three Gorges Reservoir Based on Triple-Nested Dynamical Downscaling

Spring consecutive rainfall events(CREs) are key triggers of geological hazards in the Three Gorges Reservoir area(TGR), China. However, previous projections of CREs based on the direct outputs of global climate models(GCMs) are subject to considerable uncertainties, largely caused by their coarse resolution. This study applies a triple-nested WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting) model dynamical downscaling, driven by a GCM, MIROC6(Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate, version 6), to improve the historical simulation and reduce the uncertainties in the future projection of CREs in the TGR. Results indicate that WRF has better performances in reproducing the observed rainfall in terms of the daily probability distribution, monthly evolution and duration of rainfall events, demonstrating the ability of WRF in simulating CREs. Thus, the triple-nested WRF is applied to project the future changes of CREs under the middle-of-the-road and fossil-fueled development scenarios. It is indicated that light and moderate rainfall and the duration of continuous rainfall spells will decrease in the TGR, leading to a decrease in the frequency of CREs. Meanwhile, the duration, rainfall amount, and intensity of CREs is projected to regional increase in the central-west TGR. These results are inconsistent with the raw projection of MIROC6. Observational diagnosis implies that CREs are mainly contributed by the vertical moisture advection. Such a synoptic contribution is captured well by WRF, which is not the case in MIROC6,indicating larger uncertainties in the CREs projected by MIROC6.

Comfortable Housing Projects for Tibetan Farmers and Herdsmen from the Perspective of Poverty Alleviation

Through questionnaire survey and field interview of farmers and herdsmen,this paper studied the comfortable housing projects implemented since 2006 in Namling County of Shigatse City.Taking the comfortable housing projects in Namling County as an example,this paper elaborated the relationship between the poverty alleviation and the comfortable housing projects for farmers and herdsmen and discussed the necessities for implementing comfortable housing projects in the context of the poverty alleviation.There are some problems at the same time of social,economic and ecological benefits of implementing the comfortable housing projects for farmers and herdsmen.Finally,it came up with pertinent recommendations for strengthening and improving the construction of comfortable housing projects in Namling County.

人工智能背景下Materials Project数据库在计算材料学课程教学中的应用

该文探讨了在人工智能背景下,Materials Project数据库在计算材料学课程教学中的应用和影响。Materials Project数据库是一个集成了AI和大数据技术的开放获取的材料库,能为学生提供海量的材料晶体结构和物性数据,使教学内容更为丰富,让学生能通过亲自操作获取和分析数据,深入理解微观结构与物性之间的关系。这一新兴的教学模式不仅提升了学生的科研能力和创新思维能力,还有助于培养具备计算材料专业知识和多学科交叉的复合型人才。总体来说,人工智能时代下,大数据的引入为计算材料学课程带来新的活力,并对未来教育改革和实践产生了积极影响。

Transcriptional regulation in the development and dysfunction of neocortical projection neurons

Glutamatergic projection neurons generate sophisticated excitatory circuits to integrate and transmit information among different cortical areas,and between the neocortex and other regions of the brain and spinal cord.Appropriate development of cortical projection neurons is regulated by certain essential events such as neural fate determination,proliferation,specification,differentiation,migration,survival,axonogenesis,and synaptogenesis.These processes are precisely regulated in a tempo-spatial manner by intrinsic factors,extrinsic signals,and neural activities.The generation of correct subtypes and precise connections of projection neurons is imperative not only to support the basic cortical functions(such as sensory information integration,motor coordination,and cognition)but also to prevent the onset and progression of neurodevelopmental disorders(such as intellectual disability,autism spectrum disorders,anxiety,and depression).This review mainly focuses on the recent progress of transcriptional regulations on the development and diversity of neocortical projection neurons and the clinical relevance of the failure of transcriptional modulations.

Cascading multi-segment rupture process of the 2023 Turkish earthquake doublet on a complex fault system revealed by teleseismic P wave back projection method

In this study,the vertical components of broadband teleseismic P wave data recorded by China Earthquake Network are used to image the rupture processes of the February 6th,2023 Turkish earthquake doublet via back projection analysis.Data in two frequency bands(0.5-2 Hz and 1-3 Hz)are used in the imaging processes.The results show that the rupture of the first event extends about 200 km to the northeast and about 150 km to the southwest,lasting~90 s in total.The southwestern rupture is triggered by the northeastern rupture,demonstrating a sequential bidirectional unilateral rupture pattern.The rupture of the second event extends approximately 80 km in both northeast and west directions,lasting~35 s in total and demonstrates a typical bilateral rupture feature.The cascading ruptures on both sides also reflect the occurrence of selective rupture behaviors on bifurcated faults.In addition,we observe super-shear ruptures on certain fault sections with relatively straight fault structures and sparse aftershocks.

Recent Ventures in Interdisciplinary Arctic Research:The ARCPATH Project

This paper celebrates Professor Yongqi GAO's significant achievement in the field of interdisciplinary studies within the context of his final research project Arctic Climate Predictions: Pathways to Resilient Sustainable Societies-ARCPATH(https://www.svs.is/en/projects/finished-projects/arcpath). The disciplines represented in the project are related to climatology, anthropology, marine biology, economics, and the broad spectrum of social-ecological studies. Team members were drawn from the Nordic countries, Russia, China, the United States, and Canada. The project was transdisciplinary as well as interdisciplinary as it included collaboration with local knowledge holders. ARCPATH made significant contributions to Arctic research through an improved understanding of the mechanisms that drive climate variability in the Arctic. In tandem with this research, a combination of historical investigations and social, economic, and marine biological fieldwork was carried out for the project study areas of Iceland, Greenland, Norway, and the surrounding seas, with a focus on the joint use of ocean and sea-ice data as well as social-ecological drivers. ARCPATH was able to provide an improved framework for predicting the near-term variation of Arctic climate on spatial scales relevant to society, as well as evaluating possible related changes in socioeconomic realms. In summary, through the integration of information from several different disciplines and research approaches, ARCPATH served to create new and valuable knowledge on crucial issues, thus providing new pathways to action for Arctic communities.

亚米级宽幅卫星边缘视场影像的DSM生成研究

宽幅卫星影像常用于小侧摆角条件下拍摄制作大面积的正射影像成果,针对其具有大视场角的特点,提出了大视场角边缘视场结合小侧摆角构建立体像对制作DSM成果的方案。方案分析了宽幅卫星影像特点,选取边缘视场标准景分幅影像结合拍摄侧摆角构建卫星立体像对,阐述了数据处理技术流程。通过“吉林一号”宽幅系列卫星影像进行了DSM成果制作实验,并开展了不同太阳高度角条件下拍摄获取的影像制作的DSM成果纹理质量对比实验。实验结果表明,该方案可实现基高比大于0.5的立体条件,并获取高精度DSM成果,精度可满足1∶10000比例尺的DSM制图要求。此外,对比实验表明,太阳高度角越大,DSM成果纹理越清晰。

基于深度学习的DSM林地自动降高研究

将DSM看做单通道图像,林地区域视为空洞区域,将降高视为图像修复过程进行研究。首先利用HRNet-OCR深度学习模型经训练和推理识别林地区域,构建降高模型训练样本与分类信息;然后利用RFRNet深度学习模型经训练和迭代构成自动降高模型,进行自动降高;最后利用高程归一化算法将待降高区域和训练数据统一到同一高程面,同时加入高程值修正,构成最终的自动降高成果。结果表明,深度学习可以实现DSM林地区域的自动降高,且降高结果会形成较多的可替补范围,应用于DEM项目生产。

一种多时相卫星影像密集匹配DSM 配准方法

DSM的精确配准是利用不同时相DSM进行变化检测等应用的前提。本文针对多时相卫星影像密集匹配DSM,提出一种DSM配准方法。该方法以刚体变换为转换模型,通过影像匹配方法获取2D同名点对的基础上得到3D同名点对,然后基于粗配准模型参数,采用稀疏ICP的方法,得到精配准模型参数。采用两个时相的卫星影像密集匹配DSM进行实验,实验结果表明,该方法能够有效地实现DSM的精确配准。

实景三维建设中空三加密、DEM、DSM、DOM部分技术探究

以实景三维吉林建设项目为例,阐述空三加密、DSM匹配及修测编辑、DEM修测编辑、DOM制作镶嵌分幅的生产过程,并就生产过程中的一些问题提出解决方法和注意事项,为同类项目的实施提供参考。

天绘二号和资源三号卫星提取DSM精度对比分析

针对国产雷达卫星和InSAR技术提取DSM产品及其精度评价的问题,本文采用天绘二号卫星进行DSM提取实验,在资源三号卫星立体中选取20个检测点对天绘二号卫星提取的DSM进行精度评价,并在房屋建筑区域、植被覆盖区域对2种卫星提取的DSM进行定性和定量对比分析。实验结果表明,天绘二号卫星提取的DSM和资源三号提取的DSM整体效果相当,2种卫星提取的DSM上的高程点,相对于立体选取的检测点的高程中误差分别为1.25 m和0.5 m;在房屋建筑区域、植被覆盖区域,2种数据源提取DSM晕眩效果有差异,选取出的高程点的高程值差异不大,走势基本一致。通过上述实验结果可以得出结论,天绘二号卫星和InSAR技术均可以实现提取DSM产品,其数据精度满足1∶50 000测图要求。

Diagnosis of indirectly driven double shell targets with point-projection hard x-ray radiography

We present an application of short-pulse laser-generated hard x rays for the diagnosis of indirectly driven double shell targets. Coneinserted double shell targets were imploded through an indirect drive approach on the upgraded SG-II laser facility. Then, based on thepoint-projection hard x-ray radiography technique, time-resolved radiography of the double shell targets, including that of their near-peakcompression, were obtained. The backlighter source was created by the interactions of a high-intensity short pulsed laser with a metalmicrowire target. Images of the target near peak compression were obtained with an Au microwire. In addition, radiation hydrodynamicsimulations were performed, and the target evolution obtained agrees well with the experimental results. Using the radiographic images, arealdensities of the targets were evaluated.

基于资源三号影像和高分七号影像的DSM自动匹配效果研究与对比

立体遥感影像为高分辨率、高精度数字表面模型(DSM)的自动提取提供了重要的数据来源。本研究利用资源三号遥感影像和高分七号遥感影像,采用测绘生产软件Inpho7.0进行自动匹配DSM,并对匹配结果进行对比分析。实验结果显示,采用Inpho7.0软件匹配的数据,在影像清晰的地方匹配效果较好,在影像质量不好、有阴影或者弱纹理区域的匹配效果较不理想。其中,在沟谷处资源三号与高分七号成果对比,资源三号的整体细节表达较少,晕渲较为光滑,存在粗差、地貌丢失等情况。但在青藏高原地区常年积雪区,资源三号遥感影像匹配效果优于高分七号。因此,在后续的研究生产中,可针对不同场景和地形地貌特点,选择合适的影像进行编辑处理。

Accelerated Primal-Dual Projection Neurodynamic Approach With Time Scaling for Linear and Set Constrained Convex Optimization Problems

The Nesterov accelerated dynamical approach serves as an essential tool for addressing convex optimization problems with accelerated convergence rates.Most previous studies in this field have primarily concentrated on unconstrained smooth con-vex optimization problems.In this paper,on the basis of primal-dual dynamical approach,Nesterov accelerated dynamical approach,projection operator and directional gradient,we present two accelerated primal-dual projection neurodynamic approaches with time scaling to address convex optimization problems with smooth and nonsmooth objective functions subject to linear and set constraints,which consist of a second-order ODE(ordinary differential equation)or differential conclusion system for the primal variables and a first-order ODE for the dual vari-ables.By satisfying specific conditions for time scaling,we demonstrate that the proposed approaches have a faster conver-gence rate.This only requires assuming convexity of the objective function.We validate the effectiveness of our proposed two accel-erated primal-dual projection neurodynamic approaches through numerical experiments.

基于DSM视域分析的机场新建塔台遮蔽角测量方法

遮蔽角测量是保障机场塔台相关设备安全稳定运行、辅助机场新建塔台选址的重要手段。常规的遮蔽角测量方法主要有实测法和DEM分析法,但常规方法存在观测条件苛刻、数据处理烦琐、成果精度受限等不足之处。本文提出了一种基于DSM视域分析的遮蔽角测量方法,并以广东省某机场新建塔台地形地物遮蔽角测量工程为例进行验证,结果表明该方法的计算精度和实施效率均有了极大的提高,并具备较强的可复制性和推广性。

Quantum block coherence with respect to projective measurements

Quantum coherence serves as a defining characteristic of quantum mechanics,finding extensive applications in quantum computing and quantum communication processing.This study explores quantum block coherence in the context of projective measurements,focusing on the quantification of such coherence.Firstly,we define the correlation function between the two general projective measurements P and Q,and analyze the connection between sets of block incoherent states related to two compatible projective measurements P and Q.Secondly,we discuss the measure of quantum block coherence with respect to projective measurements.Based on a given measure of quantum block coherence,we characterize the existence of maximal block coherent states through projective measurements.This research integrates the compatibility of projective measurements with the framework of quantum block coherence,contributing to the advancement of block coherence measurement theory.

REFINEMENTS OF THE NORM OF TWO ORTHOGONAL PROJECTIONS

In this paper,some refinements of norm equalities and inequalities of combination of two orthogonal projections are established.We use certain norm inequalities for positive contraction operator to establish norm inequalities for combination of orthogonal projections on a Hilbert space.Furthermore,we give necessary and sufficient conditions under which the norm of the above combination of o`rthogonal projections attains its optimal value.

Fudan multi-purpose active target time projection chamber(fMeta-TPC)for photonuclear reaction experiments

Active target time projection chambers are state-of-the-art tools in the field of low-energy nuclear physics and are particularly suitable for experiments using low-intensity radioactive ion beams or gamma rays.The Fudan multi-purpose active target time projection chamber(fMeta-TPC)with 2048 channels was developed to studyα-clustering nuclei.This study focused on the photonuclear reaction with a laser Compton scattering gamma source,particularly for the decay of the highly excitedαcluster state.The design of fMeta-TPC is described in this paper.A comprehensive evaluation of its offline performance was conducted using an ultraviolet laser and ^(241)Amαsource.The results showed that the intrinsic angular resolution of the detector was within 0.30°,and the detector had an energy resolution of 6.85%for 3.0 MeVαparticles.The gain uniformity of the detector was approximately 10%(RMS/Mean),as tested by the ^(55)Fe X-ray source.