Deep seismic sounding investigation into the deep structure of the magma system in Changbaishan-Tianchi volcanic region

The magma system of Changbaishan-Tianchi Volcanic region is studied with three-dimensional deep seismic sounding (DSS) technique. The results show that the magma system of Changbaishan-Tianchi volcanic region, mainly characterized by low velocity of P wave, can be divided into three parts in terms of depth. At the depth range of 9-15 km, the distribution of the magma system is characterized by extensiveness, large scale and near-SN orientation. This layer is the major place for magma storage. From the depth of 15 km down to the lower crust, it is characterized by small lateral scale, which indicates the 'trace' of magma intrusion from the upper mantle into the crust and also implies that the magma system most probably extends to the upper mantle, or even deeper.(less than 8-9 km deep), the range of magma distribution is even smaller, centering on an SN-oriented area just north of the Tianchi crater. If low velocity of P wave is related to the magma system, it then reflects that the magma here is still in a state of relatively high temperature. In this sense, the magma system of Changbaishan-Tianchi volcanic region is at least not 'remains', in other words, it is in an 'active' state.

Crustal Structure of the Chuan-Dian Block Revealed by Deep Seismic Sounding and its Implications for the Outward Expansion of the East Tibetan Plateau

The Chuan-Dian Block(CDB)is located in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau,with a complex geological structure and active regional faults.The present tectonic condition with strong crustal deformation is closely related to the ongoing collision of the India and Eurasia plates since 65 Ma.The study of the crustal structure of this area is key to revealing the evolution and deep geodynamics of the lateral collision zone of the Tibetan Plateau.Deep seismic sounding is the most efficient method with which to unravel the velocity structure of the whole crust.Since the 1980s,19 deep seismic sounding profiles have been captured within the CDB area.In this study,we systematically integrate the research results of the 19 profiles in this area,then image the 3D crustal velocity,by sampling with a 5 km spacing and 2D/3D Kriging interpolation.The results show the following.(1)The Moho depth in the study area deepens from 30 km in the south to 66 km in the north,whereas there is no apparent variation from west to east.The Pn wave velocity is higher in stable tectonic units,such as 7.95 km/s in the Lanping-Simao block and 7.94 km/s in the western margin of the Yangtze block,than in active or mobile tectonic units,such as 7.81 km/s in the Baoshan block,7.72 km/s in the Tengchong block and 7.82 km/s in the Zhongdian block.(2)The crustal nature of the Tengchong block,the northern Lanping-Simao block and the Zhongdian block reflects a type of orogenic belt,having relatively strong tectonic activities,whereas the crustal nature of the central Lanping-Simao block and the western margin of the Yangtze block represents a type of platform.The different features of the upper-middle crust velocity,Moho depth and Pn wave velocity to both sides of the Red River fault zone and the Xianshuihe fault zone,reflect that they are clearly ultra-crustal.(3)Based on the distribution of the low velocity zones in the crust,the crustal material of the Tibetan Plateau is flowing in a NW–SE direction to the north of 26°N and to the west of 101°E,then diverting to flowing eastwards to the east of 101°E.

Basic Features of the Crustal Structure in the Lower Yangtze and Its Neighboring Area in the Chinese Mainland： Review of Deep Seismic Sounding Research

The Deep Seismic Sounding( DSS) projects carried out from the 1970 s in the lower Yangtze region and its neighboring area were reviewed in this paper,then the basic wave group features of those wide angle reflection / refraction record sections,and of the crustal structure are summarized. It shows that there were in total five clear wave groups on the record sections,which include the first arrival Pg,the reflection P1 from the bottom interface of the upper crust,the reflection P3 from the bottom interface of the middle crust,the strong reflection Pm from the Moho boundary,and the refraction Pn from uppermost mantle. In general,these phases are easily consistently traced and compared,despite some first arrivals being delayed or arriving earlier than normal due to the shallow sedimentary cover or bedrocks. In particular,in the Dabie Mountain region the seismic events of a few gathered shots always have weak reflection energy,are twisted,or exhibit disorganized waveforms, which could be attributed to the disruption variations of reflection depth,the broken Moho,and the discontinuity of the reflection boundary within crust. The regional crustal structures are composed of the upper,middle and lower crust,of which the middle and lower layers can be divided into two weak reflection ones. The crustal thickness of the North China and Yangtze platform are 30km- 36 km,and the Moho exhibits a flat geometry despite some local uplifts. The average pressure velocity in lower crust beneath this two tectonic area is 6. 7 ± 0. 3km / s. Nevertheless,beneath the Dabieshan area the crustal thickness is 32km- 41 km,the Moho bends down sharply andtakes an abrupt 4km- 7km dislocation in the vertical direction. The average pressure velocity in the lower crust beneath the Dabieshan area is 6. 8 ± 0. 2km / s.

Genetic algorithm in seismic waveform inversion and its application in deep seismic sounding data interpretation

A genetic algorithm of body waveform inversion is presented for better understanding of crustal and upper mantle structures with deep seismic sounding （DSS） waveform data. General reflection and transmission synthetic seismogram algorithm, which is capable of calculating the response of thin alternating high and low velocity layers, is applied as a solution for forward modeling, and the genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal solution of the inverse problem. Numerical tests suggest that the method has the capability of resolving low-velocity layers, thin alternating high and low velocity layers, and noise suppression. Waveform inversion using P-wave records from Zeku, Xiahe and Lintao shots in the seismic wide-angle reflection/refraction survey along northeastern Qinghai-Xizang （Tibeteau） Plateau has revealed fine structures of the bottom of the upper crust and alternating layers in the middle/lower crust and topmost upper mantle.

Multiple phases analysis of deep seismic sounding records in North China Craton

The North China Craton(NCC)is a key region to study the destruction of the ancient craton.Two groups of phases(denoted as"Pw1"and"Pw2"),which are parallel to the PmP phase reflected from the Moho discontinuity and the PLP phase reflected from the Lithosphere and Asthenosphere Boundary(LAB)respectively,are found on the record section of the Rongcheng-XinzhouAlxa long-range deep seismic sounding profile.The nature of the two phases is still unclear,although they are clearly observable and reverberant.In this paper,we use travel time inversion and amplitude forward modelling to fit the reflected and refracted phases in the lithosphere.The results show:(1)the Pw1 is a multiple reflected phase which is successively reflected by the crystalline basement,the surface,the Moho and then finally received on the surface;(2)the Pw2 phase is also a multiple reflected phase successively reflected by the crystalline basement,the surface,the LAB interface and then received on the surface.We conclude that the significant velocity difference between the thick sedimentary cover and the crystalline basement in the North China rifted basin may be the main reason for generating the multiple reflections.Furthermore,the two multiple reflections provide potent constraints on the lithospheric velocity model,and constitute seismological evidence for the lithospheric thinning in the eastern NCC.

虚拟震源地震探测方法及其应用

SsPmp震相是远震直达S波在地表激发的下行P波在Moho面反射的震相,具有信号能量大、信噪比高、不易受近地表沉积层和地壳小尺度结构扰动的影响等优势.虚拟地震测深方法(VDSS)是近年来发展的利用SsPmp震相与直达Ss波震相的到时差来研究地壳厚度(或Moho面深度)的探测方法.本文介绍了VDSS方法的原理、优势及其在实际应用中的表现.研究表明,VDSS方法在提高探测精度、降低成本、环境影响等方面具有显著优势,且成功应用于克拉通、造山带和沉积盆地、峨眉山大火成岩省等不同地质环境中,在探测地壳结构中展现出巨大潜力和应用价值.但是VDSS方法的准确度高度依赖于地震数据的质量,尤其是远震S波的清晰度和震中距的范围,使得该方法在复杂地质结构区域的应用受到较大限制.未来,VDSS与传统接收函数方法、地震层析成像、重力测量等多类地球物理方法的结合,有望为地壳结构探测提供更全面的约束.

密集台阵主动源与被动源联合探测珠三角地壳结构

基于密集台阵的远震接收函数探测与人工地震测深使用相同的观测系统、观测仪器,人工地震测深的优势在于构建地壳上地幔精细速度结构模型,密集台阵接收函数成像的优势在于构建地壳几何结构模型,密集台阵主动源与被动源的联合探测方法可以有效地扩展和提升深部探测的成果和认识.本研究使用珠三角地区人工地震测深L1测线的连续数据,开展了被动源远震接收函数成像研究,联合人工地震测深获得的地壳P波速度结构模型,构建了L1测线下方的地壳几何结构模型以及地壳平均波速比分布,揭示了珠三角西岸的地壳结构和断裂带的特征,主要包括:(1)地壳厚度28~30 km,过吴川—四会断裂后向东南方向减薄;(2)地壳平均波速比在测线中部吴川—四会断裂附近为~1.73,两侧小于1.70;(3)中地壳内存在低速构造,横向上被恩平—开平断裂带分隔.基于上述结果认为珠三角地区的地壳经历过明显的减薄作用,偏低的地壳平均波速比和下地壳V_(P)说明主要由下地壳减薄导致,推测吴川—四会断裂和恩平—开平断裂深部向东倾斜,并深切至Moho面,断裂带的形成演化受控于区域岩石圈地幔的热隆作用以及东南向的伸展作用.基于密集台阵的主动源与被动源联合探测方法,能为认识精细的地壳上地幔结构特征提供多参数、多尺度的约束,对刻画界面属性、断裂延伸、流熔体分布等都有重要指示意义,在深部结构探测和矿产资源勘查等领域具有广阔的应用前景.

Deep Background of Wenchuan Earthquake and the Upper Crust Structure beneath the Longmen Shan and Adjacent Areas

By analyzing the deep seismic sounding profiles across the Longmen Shan, this paper focuses on the study of the relationship between the upper crust structure of the Longmen Shan area and the Wenchuan earthquake. The Longmen Shan thrust belt marks not only the topographical change, but also the lateral velocity variation between the eastern Tibetan Plateau and the Sichuan Basin. A low-velocity layer has consistently been found in the crust beneath the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, and ends beneath the western Sichuan Basin. The low-velocity layer at a depth of -20 km beneath the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau has been considered as the deep condition for favoring energy accumulation that formed the great Wenchuan earthquake.

The heterogeneous characteristics of crust-mantle structures and the seismic activities in the northwest Beijing region

In this paper, the abnormal characteristics of the crustal structures in the seismic active region, Yanqing-Huailai and Zhangbei-Shangyi, are obtained by means of comprehensively interpreting and studying the data of deep seis- mic sounding profiles passing through the northwestern part of Zhangjiakou-Bohai seismic zone. The results show that the fluctuation of crystalline basement in the study region is obvious and that there exist considerable differ- ences in depth in different geological units. The locally abrupt variation of crystalline basement depths may be regarded as a mark of existence of crystalline basement faults. These crystalline basement faults and deep crustal faults provide a pass for the magma upwelling, resulting in the strong inhomogeneity of crustal structures. These phenomena of the complex seismic reflected waves and locally discontinuous reflection zones with different en- ergy indicate that the intensive squeeze and deformation of crust took place, which have led to the complex crustal structures and offered the dynamic source for the earthquake occurrence in this region. The low velocity bodies in different depths of crust and the local interface C1 in Zhangbei-Shangyi region may result from repeated magmatic activities. The certain stress accumulation in the brittle upper crust can cause the occurrence of earthquake under the action of local tectonic activity.

Deep seismic sounding data reveal the crustal structures beneath Zoigê basin and its surrounding folded orogenic belts

Songpan-Garze massif is located at the turning position of tectonics from the nearly west-east direction to the nearly north-south direction in the northeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau,with Zoigê basin in the centre of the massif.In this paper,we build a crustal structure model of Zoigê basin and its surrounding folded orogenic belts using the deep seismic sounding data in this region.We also discuss structures and properties of the basement in Zoigê basin,tectonic relations between Zoigê upland basin and its surrounding folded orogenic belts,crustal deformation and thickening in the northeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau,and decoupling and relaxing processes in the crust.The results indicate that a special "Mesozoic basement" is formed of Triassic rocks with high density (2.65-2.75 g/cm3) and high velocity (5.6 km/s) in Zoigê basin.Songpan-Garze tectonic massif was transformed into two types of tectonic units with different crustal structures,i.e.,relatively stable Zoigê upland basin and active folded orogenic belts around the basin,in the course of the crustal material of Tibetan Plateau flowing eastward and obstructed by surrounding stable blocks.The thickening of the crust in the northeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau mainly occurred in the mid and lower crust,and the structure characterized by low velocities and multiple reflectors obviously appears in the folded orogenic belts around Zoigê basin.It implies that the mid and lower crust underwent a strong tectonic deformation in the folded orogenic areas.The thickness of the crust is about 50 km in Zoigê basin and the folded orogenic belts at the both southern and northern sides of Zoigê basin.The "Mountain root" cannot be identified.It is inferred that during the later orogenic period the eastwards flowing deep materials moved clockwise along the relatively relaxing southern side around the eastern tectonic knot under the obstructing of surrounding rigid massifs,and it resulted in the strong stretching action of the folded orogenic belts around Zoigê basin.

A deep seismic sounding profile across the Tianshan Mountains

The deep seismic sounding profile across the Tianshan Mountains revealed a two-layer crustal structure in the Tianshan region, namely the lower and upper crusts. Lateral variations of layer velocity and thickness are evidently shown. Low-velocity layers spread discontinuously at the bottom of the upper crust. The Mono depth is 47 km in the Kuytun area and 50 km in the Xayar area. In the Tianshan Mountains, the Moho becomes deeper with the maximum depth of 62 km around the boundary between the southern and northern Tianshan Mountains. The average velocity ranges from 6.1 to 6.3 km/s in the crust and 8.15 km/s at the top of the upper mantle. Two groups of reliable reflective seismic phases of the Moho (Pm1 and Pm2) are recognized on the shot record section of the Kuytun area. A staked and offset region, 20-30 km long, is displayed within a shot-geophone distance of 190-210 km in Pm1 and Pm2. Calculation shows that the Moho is offset by 10 km in the northern Tianshan region, 62 km deep in the south while

Differences in lithospheric structures between two sides of Taihang Mountain obtained from the Zhucheng-Yichuan deep seismic sounding profile

A 2-D model of lithospheric velocity structures in the southern part of the North China Craton was obtained using data from the Zhucheng-Yichuan deep seismic sounding profile.Results show that there are great differences in lithospheric structures between two sides of Taihang Mountain.In the eastern region,the lithosphere is thinner,with a thickness of about 70-80 km,while in the western region,the thickness is 85-120 km.There is a jump of the lithospheric thickness across Taihang Mountain gravity anomaly belt with a magnitude of about 30 km.P wave velocities of the lithospheric mantle and lower crust are lower in the eastern region and higher in the western region.In the eastern region,there are low velocity bodies in the middle and lower crust,while none were found in the western region.These differences indicate that the Taihang Mountain gravity anomaly belt is a belt with a abrupt change of lithospheric thickness and lithological composition.According to the Pm waveform,it can be deduced that the Moho in the eastern region is not a sharp discontinuity,but a complex transitional zone.From a preliminary analysis,it is found that the geothermal mechanical-chemical erosion could be the main mechanism causing the thinning and destruction of the lithosphere beneath the eastern side of Taihang Mountain.In addition,subduction of the Pacific Plate is an important factor which changes the properties of the lithospheric mantle of the North China Craton.

Crustal velocity structure of the Shaowu-Nanping-Pingtan transect through Fujian from deep seismic sounding-tectonic implications

The Shaowu-Nanping-Pingtan deep seismic sounding profile is located in northern Fujian Province. High-quality seismic sounding data were acquired by five large explosive blasts received by 133 digital seismic instruments along the profile. Based on seismic facies analysis and travel-time picking on shot record sections, a model of the velocity structure of upper crust was developed by finite-difference tomography of the first breaks; the 2-D P-wave velocity structure and tectonic characteristics of the crust were interpreted further by fitting of waveforms and seismic travel times. The results show that the top of the crystal- line basement is buried at depths of 2.0-4.0 kin, with the deepest buried up to 4.0 km within the Fuzhou Basin. The Moho in- terface was found to be deeper in the west and shallower in the east （i.e., 30.0 km near the coast, increasing to 33.0 km north- westward）. The lower crust on the east side of the Zhenghe-Haifeng Fault Zone has a smoothly varying gradient structure, whereas on the west side it has two distinct layers with a boundary between those layers at a depth of 23 km. Seismic velocities on the west side are generally lower than on the east side; a low velocity layer is observed with a lowest speed of 6.25 km/s at a depth of 22 km on the west side, which may consist of partially molten material. The Zhenghe-Haifeng Fault is a deep crustal fault, and should be a channel for deep material upwelling; it has a direct relationship with multiple stages of continental tectonic movements in Southern China and with multiple magmatic events that started in the Proterozoic and ended in the of late Tertiary in Fujian.

玛沁—兰州—靖边地震测深剖面地壳速度结构的初步研究

为研究青藏高原块体和鄂尔多斯地块间的相互作用和构造变形的深部驱动机制 ,布设了 1 0 0 0km长的玛沁—兰州—靖边综合地球物理探测剖面 .本文只介绍由人工地震观测资料所得到的初步结果 .地壳分层性明显 ,以C界面为界 ,总体上可分为上、下地壳两大部分 ,每个部分又包含一些次一级的界面 ;横向变化的总趋势是从东北至西南地壳逐渐变厚 ,地壳厚度的变化主要由下地壳厚度的变化所引起 ;地壳平均速度 ,总的变化趋势是自东北向西南逐渐降低 ,其中在泽库以西和海原地区的速度值明显偏低 ;在泽库以西存在多个壳内低速层 ,在海原附近存在一个低速层 ;壳内反射界面 ,沿测线由东北至西南逐步增多 ;从地震反射波形来看 ,在海原地区Pc波非常强 ,且延续时间长 ;另外 ,在海原地区和泽库以西地区Pm波的复杂性系数很大 ,远远大于其他地段的值 .以上结果表明 ,泽库以西地区和海原地区地壳 -上地幔存在着明显结构异常 ,反映了巴颜喀拉地块和柴达木地块。

渤海湾及其邻区壳幔速度结构研究与综述

利用渤海湾及其邻区的10多条地震测深剖面段观测资料,对部分剖面进行二维射线追踪、走时拟合及合成地震图计算,获得了本区地壳上地幔速度结构.结果表明, 地壳上地幔结构在纵向和横向上具有明显的不均匀性.在冀中坳陷东北部的永清附近、黄骅坳陷的渤海湾和济阳坳陷的垦利附近存在上地幔隆起,隆起处的地壳厚度分别约为31, 28和29 km.根据地震波动力学及运动学特征和二维速度结构中的地震界面与速度等值线起伏变化,推测该区有3条地壳深断裂带,在地壳深断裂带一侧或两侧上地壳存在5.90～6.10 km/s的低速层(体).

多条人工地震测深剖面资料联合反演首都圈三维地壳结构

为了对多条二维剖面资料进行统一分析和解释 ,本文考虑了各剖面交点处的约束条件 ,通过建立统一的偏导矩阵 ,将各剖面资料联立求解 .利用该方法对中国地震局地球物理勘探中心在首都圈内 6条人工地震宽角反射 /折射剖面资料进行了重新处理和解释 ,得到该地区的地壳三维速度结构和构造特征 .在此基础上 ,结合其他地球物理研究成果 ,确定了壳内存在的 4处低速层 (体 )

川东北-大巴山盆山体系岩石圈结构及浅深变形耦合

近年来,盆山体系研究已经成为大陆动力学的热点和前沿领域之一。为了进一步理解大巴山前陆的构造演化,解决该区油气勘探的关键问题,中国地质科学院与中国石化南方公司合作,2007年完成了一条300km长的深地震反射剖面。基于深地震反射剖面提供的岩石圈结构的几何图式和深地震测深剖面提供的速度数据,作者分析了川东北-大巴山盆山体系的岩石圈结构特征,探讨了变形样式与岩石圈结构的关系,提出了对大巴山造山带形成的新认识。川东北-大巴山盆山体系继承了扬子克拉通基底。较大的岩石圈厚度和强度,导致扬子克拉通在与华北克拉通拼合后的陆内造山过程中,将其收缩变形集中在其顶部而不是中下地壳,区域性的拆离层使盖层和基底解耦,结晶地壳保持弹性只出现大尺度的挠曲几乎没有横向缩短,故大巴山造山带表现为"薄皮"、"无根"的特征。大巴山造山带的席卷深度和变形样式主要受区域性的深部滑脱面控制,该滑脱面发育于寒武系底部泥岩层内,由TWT4.0s反射所指示。沿该滑脱面,城口断裂将南秦岭震旦系和古生界地层逆冲到浅表并向南西推覆60km叠置于四川盆地中-古生界地层之上;且镇巴断裂和城口断裂均收敛于该滑脱层,其下伏的变质岩层基本未卷入变形。

残余壳根与“三明治”结构--燕山造山带中段地壳结构的主要特征

摘要昌黎一承德一达莱诺尔宽角反射／折射地震剖面完成于1985年，呈NW向横过燕山造山带中段，部分测段与2002年实施的120km深反射地震剖面重合。为获得区域深部构造背景并在与反射地震剖面交互解释基础上，对该剖面的4炮原始资料进行了处理、解释，获得了一个厚35-38km，局部残余壳根，夹有低速层的“三明治”式的地壳结构模型。该结构样式明显不同于板缘俯冲／碰撞造山带常见的楔入（挤入）样式，也区别于澳大利亚Alice Spring造山带的厚皮变形样式，在世界陆内造山带中独具特色。燕山造山带的地壳结构模型暗示该区保持着中生代区域收缩变形形成的地壳结构基本格架，下地壳和Moho的特征显示了后期区域性伸展作用的影响。

大陆深俯冲带的地壳速度结构——东大别造山带深地震宽角反射/折射研究

在安徽大别山 (东大别 )进行的深地震宽角反射 折射探测获得 6条二维地壳速度结构剖面 .结果显示 ,东大别造山带地壳为一高速穹隆构造 ,在其核部中、下地壳变质岩出露于地表 ,波速高达 5 .0km s;在其翼部 ,上、中地壳发育速度约 6 .1km s的壳内低速层 (体 ) .莫霍面的起伏变化较大 ,中心部位深达 41km左右 ,周边地区则抬升到 32～ 34km .在晓天—磨子潭断裂一线下方莫霍面垂向错断 ,断距约 4km .东大别造山带具有大陆深俯冲 -碰撞造山带地壳结构的典型式样 .莫霍面错断与扬子陆块深俯冲有关 ,错断处表征扬子与华北陆块碰撞缝合的深部位置 .高速穹隆构造可能是两陆块碰撞挤压的产物 ,穹隆翼部上、中地壳发育的低速滑脱带 (面 )可能在碰撞期之后的地壳伸展、超高压变质岩从中地壳抬升出露于地表过程中起到重要作用 .

首都圈地壳网格化三维结构

通过对首都圈地区不同时期的18条深地震测深(DSS)测线资料的重新统一处理,形成采样网格密度为0.25°×0.25°×(2～5)km的速度网格化数字地壳;通过对三维数据的可视化,得到了首都圈地壳不同走向、不同圈层的截面图像;从不同的视角、不同的方面探讨了控制首都圈地壳的北部燕山隆起、西南部太行隆起和东南部裂陷盆地等三大地质单元的构造特征以及接触带张家口-渤海断陷带的构造性质,进一步研究首都圈地壳内部结构构造与灾害性地震的孕发机制的关系.