Mechanical Property Evaluation of Glass-carbon-durian Skin Fiber Reinforced Polylactic Acid Composites

The main objective of this work was to study and develop composite materials by experiments with mixtures of synthetic(glass fiber, carbon fiber) and natural fiber(durian skin fiber) reinforcements on a polylactic acid(PLA) matrix composite, because of its excellent mechanical properties. Durian skin fiber(DSF) is a natural waste throughout Thailand, and an alternative to recycling is to realize its potential as a new reinforcement through mixing and the injection molding processes. The flexural strength(σ_(F)) and flexural modulus(E_(F)) of the composites from specimens showed a maximum value by content of durian skin fiber at 10 wt%, for good performance relative to particle dispersion between the matrix and the fiber, and showed a minimum value by content of durian skin fiber at 20 wt%, because the reinforcement material affects the mechanical properties in the experiments.

Content Determination of Vitamin C in Durian Endocarp and Optimization of Extraction Process

Purpose: To optimize the extraction process of vitamin C from durian endocarp, and to determine the content of vitamin C in durian endocarp with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Method: Optimize ultrasonic extraction conditions by L9 (43) orthogonal experiment by using octadecylsilane chemically bonded silica as the stationary phase, using methanol (A): 0.1% oxalic acid (B) = 5:95 (V/V) as the mobile phase, setting the flow rate as 1.0 mL/min, and setting the wavelength as 254 nm for assay. Result: The optimal extraction process is as follows: the material-liquid ratio is 1:12, the extraction solvent is 2% oxalic acid aqueous solution, and the extraction time is 30 min;Vitamin C has a good linearity within the concentration range of 5.4 - 108.0 mg·mL-1, and the regression equation is y = 37698x - 61035 (R2 = 0.9996);the average recovery rate is 99.03%, the instruments are of high precision with good stability. Conclusion: This extraction process performs well in simplicity, costs and extraction efficiency, which may accelerate the development and utilization of vitamin C extraction from durian endocarp, and provide references to relevant studies and practices.

Preparation of Activated Carbon from Durian Rind with Difference Activations and Its Optimization

Durian rind wastes are an important raw material for activated carbon production due to their renewable sources and low-cost materials.The efficiency of increasing surface area and the quantity of oxygen groups on the surface of activated carbon were studied for the preparation of activated carbon.The preparation of activated carbon has been studied with the different methods as follows:activation by acid,activation by base,hydrothermal and activation by acid,and hydrothermal and activation by base.The results showed that hydrothermal and activation by acid had high iodine number which was chosen to determine the optimum condition for activated carbon preparation.The optimum condition for preparation of durian rind activated carbon was studied by Box-Behnken design.Solid/water ratio,solid/acid ratio and temperature were chosen as the important parameters for achieving the optimum reaction condition.The reaction products were analyzed by iodine number.Based on the results,the optimum condition for preparation of durian rind activated carbon was predicted using RSM.The maximum iodine number of 626.47 mg/g was expected at the optimum condition:solid/water ratio(1:175,g/mL),solid/acid ratio(1:23,g/mL)and temperature(500℃).The preparation of durian rind activated carbon at the optimal condition was carried;the percentages of iodine number achieved(666.73±6 mg/g)were close to the maximum predicted value(666.73 mg/g),thus verifying the model.At the optimum condition,the functional group on surface of durian rind activated carbon was characterized by FT-IR.The result showed that the oxygen content on surface was increased in the form of carbonyl and sulfonyl group.

Ocular injuries by durian fruit

·AIM:To report various ocular injuries caused by durian fruit. ·METHODS:Three cases of ocular injuries were described in young patients, due to accidental fall of durian fruit on the forehead and face, while they were taking rest/sleeping /playing under the durian tree. ·RESULTS:The ocular injuries observed were lacerating injury of cornea with iris incarceration, hyphema, superficial penetrating injury of sclera and angle recession glaucoma in the right eye of first patient; lacerating injury of cornea with iris prolapse in the left eye of second patient; subconjunctival haemorrhage, traumatic mydriasis and superficial penetrating injury of sclera, commotion retinopathy and macular edema in the left eye of third patient. Vision improved to normal in all the eyes following surgical/ medical/optical treatment. ·CONCLUSION:Evidence of penetrating injury (because of thorns) and blunt injury (because of weight) can be seen in the eyes when durian fruit falls on the face. Vision can be recovered fully with immediate and appropriate treatment in these cases. The ocular injuries can be prevented by educating the public to wear protective metal frame wide goggles and not to sleep/take rest under the durian tree.

Physicochemical Analysis of Selected Durian Hybrids at Bukit Tangga, Kedah, Malaysia

The physicochemical analysis was carried out to quantify the total soluble solids, acidity, pH, ascorbic acid contents and pulp colour of eight selected durian hybrid clones. The aim of this study was to select the most promising durian hybrids for commercialization. The durian hybrid fruits were collected in an established durian research plot. All tested characteristics with the exception for total soluble solids （TSS） showed significant differences （P 〈 0.05） amongst the eight durian hybrids with four check cultivars. F1 hybrid 15-3 had significantly higher pH （7.25） and lower titratable acidity （0.09%） than other hybrids. While for ascorbic acid content, durian hybrid 7-3 （26.13 rag/100 g） showed significantly higher than other hybrids. As for pulp colour, hybrids 1-15, 1-17 and 7-20 were yellowish orange/deep yellow. Even though there was no significant differences for TSS, three durian hybrids showed value above 39.00 °Brix and there were hybrid 14-3 （39.97 °Brix）, hybrid 8-16 （39.83 °Brix） and hybrid 7-3 （39.50 °Brix）. Based on the results of this study, Fl hybrids durian 1-15, 7-3, 8-16, 14-3 and 15-3 shall become successful candidates for recommendation to farmers for commercial production in Malaysia. However, further evaluations on fruit eating quality and stability of the hybrids should be completed prior to recommendation for commercialization.

Analysis of Aroma Volatile Profile of Philippine Durian Pulp （Durio zibethinus Rumph, ex Murray） Using HS-SPME Coupled with GC-MS

Durian （Durio zibethinus Rumph. ex Murray） is an exotic tropical fruit known for its excellent flavor and strong distinctive aroma. Volatiles of durian pulp from different cultivars in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia were already reported. However, no study of volatiles from Philippine ＂Puyat＂ durian is available. ＂Puyat＂ is the most preferred by consumers in the Philippines due to its firm flesh with sweet and buttery taste. Aroma volatile compounds were analyzed by headspace solid phase microextraction （HS-SPME） method and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Volatiles were extracted for 1 h using 65 μm PDM/DVB SPME fiber and separated by DB-WAX capillary column （30 m × 0.25 mm id × 0.25 μm film thickness）. Durian pulp produced 22 volatiles composed of 15 esters, six sulfurs and one thioacetal. Ethyl propanoate, ethyl octanoate, propyl propanoate, ethyl 2-methyl butanoate and diethyl disulfide were the major compounds identified. These compounds were also reported to be the most abundant in durian cultivars of other countries. Results of this study can then be used for future development of postharvest technologies to control the production of volatiles from Philippine durian pulp.

Effect of Durian Peel Ash Added in Zinc Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites Used as a Chemical Sensor for Hydrazine Detection

As the hydrazine is toxic, the methods to detect hydrazine at low concentrations are essential in scientific research. This preliminary study reported on how to increase the efficiency of ZnO/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by adding durian peel ash (DPA) and using three-electrode method. The ZnO/rGO composites were prepared using chemical reaction of graphene oxide (GO) with zinc chloride. The rGO was prepared by the chemical reduction of GO using hydrazine. The properties of the samples were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Potentiostat/Galvanostat. The results showed that the optimal condition for the composite material was 70%DPA:30%ZnO/rGO with the sensitivity of 222.92 mA/mM·cm2 and the current density up to 116.50 ± 0.95 A/g. The relationship between the current and the hydrazine concentration was I (μA) = 48.69 + 21.91C (mM) with R2 of 0.9870. The minimum concentration of hydrazine solution that the modified electrode can measure was 0.125 mM. The DPA powder can then be used to enhance the hydrazine detection efficiency at low concentrations.

Valorization of durian peel as a carbon feedstock for a sustainable production of heterogeneous base catalyst,single cell oil and yeast-based biodiesel

The present study reports a successful attempt to produce single cell oil(SCO),heterogeneous base catalyst and yeast-based biodiesel from durian peel as a promising carbon feedstock by means of the waste-to-energy concept.For this purpose,first,durian peel(DP)was hydrolyzed by dilute sulfuric acid to obtain xylose-rich DP hydrolysate(XDPH)and post-hydrolysis DP solid residue(DPS).Candida viswanathii PSY8,a newly isolated oleaginous yeast,showed high SCO accumulation(5.1±0.1 g/L)and SCO content(35.3±0.13%)on undetoxified XDPH medium.A novel heterogeneous base catalyst(DPS-K)prepared from DPS by wet impregnation technique with KOH,exhibited considerable catalytic activity to convert SCO-rich wet yeast of C.viswanathii PSY8 into yeast-based biodiesel(FAME)via direct transesterification with a maximum FAME yield of 94.3%under optimal conditions(6 wt%catalyst,10:1 methanol to wet yeast ratio,75℃,and 2 h).Moreover,most of the yeast-based biodiesel properties obtained from the FAME profiles were correlated well with the biodiesel standards limit of Thai,ASTM D6751 and EN 14214.Additionally,the energy output of FAME produced about 37.5 MJ/kg was estimated.Thus,this present finding demonstrated the favorable strategy for sustainable and eco-friendly production of new generation biodiesel.

Improving the non-destructive maturity classification model for durian fruit using near-infrared spectroscopy

The maturity state of durian fruit is a key indicator of quality before trading.This research aims to improve the near-infrared(NIR)model for classifying the maturity stage of durian fruit using a completely non-destructive measurement.Both NIR spectrometers were investigated:the short wavelength NIR(SWNIR)ranging from 450 to 1000 nm and long wavelength NIR(LWNIR)ranging from 860 to 1750 nm.The samples collected for experimentation consisted of four stages:immaturity,prematurity,maturity,and ripe.Each fruit was scanned at the rind position on the main fertile lobe(header,middle,and tail)and stem.The classification models were developed using three supervised machine learning algorithms:linear discriminant analysis(LDA),support vector machine(SVM),and K-Nearest neighbours(KNN).The analysis results revealed that the use of durian rind spectra only obtained between 83.15%and 88.04%accuracy for the LWNIR spectrometer,while the SWNIR spectrometer provided 64.73 to 93.77%accuracy.The performance of model increases when developing with combination between rind and stem spectra.The LDA model developed using a combination of rind and stem spectra provided the greatest efficiency,exhibiting 97.28%and 100%accuracy for LWNIR and SWNIR spectrometers,respectively.The LDAmodelis therefore recommended for obtaining spectra from smoothingmoving average(MA)+baseline of rind position and when used in combination with the MA+standard normal variance(SNV)of stem spectra.The NIR spectroscopy indicated high potential for non-destructive estimation of the durian maturity stage.This process could be used for quality control in the durian export industry to solve the problem of unripe durian being mixed with ripe fruit.

Potential use of durian fruit(Durio zibenthinus Linn) as an adjunct to treat infertility in polycystic ovarian syndrome

Infertility due to polycystic ovarian syndrome （PCOS） is a worldwide problem that is increasing at alarming rates. Insulin resistance, the prime factor of PCOS, induces comorbid metabolic syndrome as well. Durian （Durio zibenthinus Linn）, a fruit of Southeast Asia, is used as a natural supplement in healthy diets. This paper is a short literature review that examines the fruit＇s effects against various components of metabolic syndrome and its fertility-enhancing properties in PCOS. Various published literature was reviewed to learn of the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-obesity, anticholesterol, and antihypoglycaemic nature of the fruit. The literature search was done using PubMed, Google Scholar and library databases. The keywords used were polycystic ovarian syndrome, infertility, metabolic syndrome and Durian zibenthinus Linn. Reviewed studies showed that the fruit is effective against various components of metabolic syndrome, but the mechanisms of action against anovulation and menstrual disturbances in PCOS have yet to be studied. The traditional use of durian as a fertility-enhancing agent needs to be validated scientifically by isolating its various components and ascertaining its fertility enhancing properties.

榴莲风味鱼肉香肠制备及其风味成分分析

为了丰富鱼肉香肠的风味种类,以金线鱼鱼糜为主要原料,通过单因素试验和正交试验,探究不同添加量的榴莲、鸡蛋清、TG酶对鱼肉香肠的色泽、质地、凝胶强度、感官评分的影响,在此基础上研究不同杀菌温度对鱼肉香肠风味的影响。结果表明,榴莲添加量为7%,TG酶添加量为0.4%,鸡蛋清添加量为1%时,产品的榴莲风味突出、色泽鲜亮、富有弹性;通过电子鼻测定得出芳香成分、氮氧化合物、芳香胺类、短链烷烃、甲基类、醇类等物质组成了鱼肉香肠不同杀菌温度下的气味轮廓。不同杀菌温度鱼肉香肠中共鉴定出26种挥发性物质,主要包括酯类、醛类和芳烃类等。当杀菌温度为90℃时能够显著降低鱼肉香肠苯甲醛的含量,并且丰富脂类物质的含量,进而降低鱼肉香肠的腥味。研究结果为鱼糜制品的研发和实际生产与加工提供参考。

Chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of durian shells in ASEAN countries:A review

Durio zibethnus is mainly distributed in Southeast Asia.Traditional Chinese medicine believes that durian shells have the effects of clearing heat and purging fire,nourishing yin and moisturizing dryness.Therefore,it is often used as a pharmaceutic food in the Chinese folk to assist treating diseases.At present,the chemical constituents isolated from durian shell include phenolic acids,phenolic glycosides,flavonoids,coumarins,triterpenes,simple glycosides and other compounds.Modern pharmacological studies show that durian shell has many pharmacological activities,such as antioxidant,antiinflammatory,regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism.The chemical composition and pharmacological effects of durian shells are summarized in order to provide references for the further research and application of durian shell.

改性榴莲壳对染料吸附的热力学与动力学研究

以NaOH为原料对榴莲壳进行改性,用SEM及FT-IR表征其结构,考察改性榴莲壳(DRP)对罗丹明B(RhB)的吸附性能,并对吸附过程进行动力学与热力学研究。结果表明:在温度为318 K,溶液pH=3.21时,DRP对RhB的最大吸附容量可达99.88(mg·g-1);298、308和318 K三个温度下的ΔGθ分别为-2.31、-4.34和-6.41(kJ·mol-1),ΔSθ=204.98(J·mol-1·K-1),ΔHθ=58.77(kJ·mol-1);吸附过程可用拟二级动力学模型来描述,符合Langmuir等温线模型;DRP可作为吸附材料用于治理含罗丹明B的染料废水。

A comprehensive investigation on the performance of durian rind as a lost circulation material in water based drilling mud

Oil and gas operators worldwide are expecting service companies to deliver integrated techniques to minimize,if not prevent,drilling problems.Drilling fluids perform vital functions to ensure the success of drilling operations.The technical challenges often associated with water-based drilling fluids are loss of critical properties,such as fluid loss control and rheology,under demanding conditions,such as in drilling deeper,high-temperature and high-pressure wells.Fluid loss during drilling operations has a very significant effect in both reservoir formation damage and monetary terms.The use of durian rind(DR)as a new additive in controlling lost circulation would provide another opportunity to reduce waste and avoid pollution.Therefore,DR was used to improve the rheological properties of water-based mud,and it was prepared for use as a fluid loss additive.For a better understanding of the influence of pectin on drilling mud properties,the rheological evaluation of untreated DR was compared to that of mud samples containing treated DR.The pectin in DR was extracted using four different solvents,namely,ethanol,methanol,sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide,and the most effective solvent to remove the pectin was then determined.The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)results showed that NaOH was the best solvent for removing pectin from DR.Thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)was used to determine the thermal stability of DR before and after treatments.The TGA results demonstrated that the treated DR had improved thermal stability compared to untreated DR.The sizes of DR used were coarse,medium,and fine.The untreated DR presented better rheological properties than the treated DR.The experimental investigation showed that a concentration of 20 lb/bbl of intermediate-sized DR was the best concentration among the tested samples.

Optimization of sugar production from Durian seeds via alkaline hydrolysis for second-generation bioethanol production

As one way to eliminate the issues found in the preceding generation,feedstock exploration in second-generation bioethanol production remains an issue,especially for a tropical country such as Indonesia.From exotic fruit by-products,durian holds a promising perspective that rests on its abundance,superb carbohydrate content and limited usage until now.This work presents the first-ever utilization of durian seeds for sugar production under optimized conditions through alkaline hydrolysis.A simple form of sugar was extracted by varying four parameters,namely substrate loading,NaOH concentration,hydrolysis time and hydrolysis temperature.Response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken design was employed to outline the most optimum parameter values.Analysis of variance revealed that the quadratic model fit the data appropriately with the order of significance as substrate loading>hydrolysis time>NaOH concentration>hydrolysis temperature.The optimized conditions for reducing sugar yield,as high as 2.140 g/L,corresponded to<50 g/L substrate loading,0.522 M NaOH,60 minutes of hydrolysis time and 80oC hydrolysis temperature.The possible ethanol content of 1.094 g/L was also expected under optimized conditions,demonstrating great potential in second-generation bioethanol production.

跨境电商在中越水果贸易中的应用——以榴莲品类为例

2022年RCEP政策开放后,首批越南榴莲获准进入中国,中越贸易往来进一步加深。此前,越南利用新投资法不断吸引外资,近十年内不断寻找自贸合作机遇,积极利用CPTPP、EVFTA等自贸协定作为突破口,不断扩大出口市场,刺激边境贸易合作的发展,这一策略为其在新冠疫情期间GDP增幅不降反增的发展态势提供了有利条件。RCEP政策为越南带来了更好的发展前景,中国是越南农产品出口的重要合作伙伴,本文以中越水果贸易中的重要品类——榴莲为例,详细分析在各种优惠政策下中越的跨境电商交易情况、存在问题及解决建议,以供参考。

基于主成分分析和聚类分析的榴莲品质综合评价

为探究海南本土驯化主栽榴莲品种中热1号与其他主栽商业品种之间果实品质的差异,本试验利用差异显著性分析对11份榴莲品种的10个外观品质、5个营养品质和8个矿物品质指标进行比较,并采用主成分分析和模糊综合评判法进行综合评价。相关性分析显示,果肉重和果实纵径是与榴莲内在品质关联最多的果实外观品质指标。通过对测定的23项指标进行主成分分析,提取出5个主成分,其中主成分1和主成分2的贡献率分别为33.344%和19.889%,主成分1中“果实大小”(单果重,果实纵径,果实横径,果肉重)、K含量和Zn含量以及主成分2中Mg含量和Ca含量为榴莲品种评价中的主要指标。榴莲品种品质指标综合得分由大到小依次为:中热1号、苏丹王、康瑶金、江海、葫芦王、猫山王、黑刺、托曼尼、朱雀、D101、火凤凰。综上所述,中热1号和康瑶金的果实外观品质和K、Zn元素含量高,江海和苏丹王Mg、Ca元素含量高,黑刺和D101营养品质优良,均可作为优良榴莲种质资源进行引种。“果实大小”及Mg和Ca矿质元素含量是评价榴莲综合品质的关键性指标,为榴莲品种的品质筛选及鉴定提供参考依据。

2个榴莲品种花粉数量及花粉生活力的比较研究

对2个榴莲品种花粉数量进行比较分析,同时比较4种花粉染色法与不同离体培养时间对榴莲花粉生活力的影响,确定最适榴莲花粉生活力的染色法,筛选最佳离体培养时间,旨在探索不同时间点金枕与干尧榴莲花粉生活力变化规律,为榴莲杂交育种工作提供技术支持。利用蔗糖悬浮液法对2个榴莲品种花粉数量进行统计分析,探究各时间点榴莲花粉在醋酸洋红、I_2-KI、MTT、TTC 4种染色法下生活力变化规律,以1%琼脂培养基对花粉进行离体培养,比较不同培养时间对花粉萌发率的影响。结果表明:对比2个榴莲品种花粉数量,干尧榴莲花粉数量显著高于金枕榴莲;MTT染色法最适于跟踪测定榴莲花粉生活力变化;2个榴莲品种花粉离体培养8 h后萌发率达到最高,且18:00为榴莲花粉萌发率最高、生活力最强的时间点。

榴莲壳和龙眼壳活性炭的制备、表征及其吸附性能研究

本文以废弃榴莲壳、龙眼壳为原料,采用KOH化学活化法制备了榴莲壳、龙眼壳生物质活性炭,并探究了其对水中亚甲基蓝的吸附性能。采用比表面积测试(BET)、傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、电子扫描电镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射(XRD)对制备的榴莲壳、龙眼壳生物质活性炭进行了表征,并重点研究了活性炭添加量、亚甲基蓝溶液初始浓度、反应时间、温度和pH对其吸附亚甲基蓝(MB)的影响。结果表明:200 mg/L MB水溶液在最佳反应条件(炭投入量为30 mg、pH8.0、120 min)下,榴莲壳(龙眼壳)活性炭最大吸附量为363 mg/g;榴莲壳和龙眼壳活性炭的比表面积分别为999.63 m^(2)/g和1377.95 m^(2)/g,平均孔径分别为2.13 nm和2.20 nm,另外榴莲壳、龙眼壳活性炭表面均有大量孔洞且具有一定的层状结构,这些孔洞的存在为活性炭吸附提供了丰富的吸附位点,与市售商用活性炭相比,具有更加密集的孔状结构,并且对亚甲基蓝的吸附能力更强。

不同种植模式对海南榴莲幼树生长的影响

以海南榴莲幼树为对象,调查研究不同种植模式对‘金枕’‘猫山王’和‘黑刺’等不同品种榴莲生长的影响。结果表明,在无间/套种模式下,‘猫山王’榴莲株高增长量达0.54m,显著高于‘金枕’的0.39m,其余指标增长也比‘金枕’大,表现较优;在槟榔—榴莲套种模式下,‘金枕’和‘猫山王’各项指标增长量差异不显著,‘黑刺’榴莲除株高增长量达到0.72m,显著高于‘金枕’和‘猫山王’外,其余指标增长量均显著低于上述两个品种;在百香果—榴莲间种模式下,‘金枕’各项指标增长量显著高于‘猫山王’,同时,‘金枕’在主干粗度、一级分枝粗度方面分别达到17.92mm、4.27mm,也显著高于‘黑刺’的9.62mm、2.75mm。此外,在槟榔—榴莲套种模式下,3个榴莲品种在主干粗度、一级分枝粗度增长上表现较好的同时,一级分枝长度增长量均达到38.30cm以上,远大于其他两种种植模式。综合分析表明,‘金枕’和‘猫山王’在各项指标增长上整体表现较好,是较适宜的榴莲品种;槟榔—榴莲套种是较适宜的榴莲种植模式。研究旨在为榴莲规模化种植提供参考。