Effects of acid-rock reaction on physical properties during CO_(2)-rich industrial waste gas(CO_(2)-rich IWG)injection in shale reservoirs

"Carbon peaking and carbon neutrality"is an essential national strategy,and the geological storage and utilization of CO_(2)is a hot issue today.However,due to the scarcity of pure CO_(2)gas sources in China and the high cost of CO_(2)capture,CO_(2)-rich industrial waste gas(CO_(2)-rich IWG)is gradually emerging into the public's gaze.CO_(2)has good adsorption properties on shale surfaces,but acidic gases can react with shale,so the mechanism of the CO_(2)-rich IWG-water-shale reaction and the change in reservoir properties will determine the stability of geological storage.Therefore,based on the mineral composition of the Longmaxi Formation shale,this study constructs a thermodynamic equilibrium model of water-rock reactions and simulates the regularity of reactions between CO_(2)-rich IWG and shale minerals.The results indicate that CO_(2)consumed 12%after reaction,and impurity gases in the CO_(2)-rich IWG can be dissolved entirely,thus demonstrating the feasibility of treating IWG through water-rock reactions.Since IWG inhibits the dissolution of CO_(2),the optimal composition of CO_(2)-rich IWG is 95%CO_(2)and 5%IWG when CO_(2)geological storage is the main goal.In contrast,when the main goal is the geological storage of total CO_(2)-rich IWG or impurity gas,the optimal CO_(2)-rich IWG composition is 50%CO_(2)and 50%IWG.In the CO_(2)-rich IWG-water-shale reaction,temperature has less influence on the water-rock reaction,while pressure is the most important parameter.SO2 has the greatest impact on water-rock reaction in gas.For minerals,clay minerals such as illite and montmorillonite had a significant effect on water-rock reaction.The overall reaction is dominated by precipitation and the volume of the rock skeleton has increased by 0.74 cm3,resulting in a decrease in shale porosity,which enhances the stability of CO_(2)geological storage to some extent.During the reaction between CO_(2)-rich IWG-water-shale at simulated temperatures and pressures,precipitation is the main reaction,and shale porosity decreases.However,as the reservoir water content increases,the reaction will first dissolve and then precipitate before dissolving again.When the water content is less than 0.0005 kg or greater than 0.4 kg,it will lead to an increase in reservoir porosity,which ultimately reduces the long-term geological storage stability of CO_(2)-rich IWG.

Processing of molybdenum industrial waste into sustainable and efficient nanocatalysts for water electrolysis reactions

The increasing need for sustainable energy and the transition from a linear to a circular economy pose great challenges to the materials science community.In this view,the chance of producing efficient nanocatalysts for water splitting using industrial waste as starting material is attractive.Here,we report low-cost processes to convert Mo-based industrial waste powder into efficient catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).pH controlled hydrothermal processing of Mo-based industrial waste powder leads to pure orthorhombic MoO_(3) nanobelts(50–200 nm wide,10µm long)with promising OER performances at 10 mA·cm^(−2) with an overpotential of 324 mV and Tafel slope of 45 mV·dec^(−1) in alkaline electrolyte.Indeed,MoS_(2)/MoO_(3) nanostructures were obtained after sulfurization during hydrothermal processes of the MoO_(3) nanobelts.HER tests in acidic environment show a promising overpotential of 208 mV at 10 mA·cm^(−2) and a Tafel slope of 94 mV·dec^(−1).OER and HER performances of nanocatalysts obtained from Mo industrial waste powder are comparable or better than Mo-based nanocatalysts obtained from pure commercial Mo reagent.This work shows the great potential of reusing industrial waste for energy applications,opening a promising road to join waste management and efficient and sustainable nanocatalysts for water splitting.

A Comparative Investigation of the Biodegradation Behaviour of Linseed Oil-Based Cross-Linked Composites Filled with Industrial Waste Materials in Two Different Soils

The biodegradation of polymeric biocomposites formed from epoxidized linseed oil and various types of fillers(pine needles,pine bark,grain mill waste,rapeseed cake)and a control sample without filler was studied during 180 days of exposure to two types of forest soil:deciduous and coniferous.The weight loss,morphological,and structural changes of polymer composites were noticed after 180 days of the soil burial test.The greatest weight loss of all tested samples was observed in coniferous forest soil(41.8%–63.2%),while in deciduous forest soil,it ranged between 37.7%and 42.3%.The most significant changes in the intensities of the signals evaluated by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy,as well as morphological changes determined by scanning electron microscopy,were assessed for polymer composite with rapeseed cake and specimen without filler in coniferous forest soil and are in a good agreement with weight loss results.Whereas significantly lower changes in weight loss,morphology,and structure of polymeric film with pine bark were noticed in both soils.It was suggested that fungi of Trichoderma,Penicillium,Talaromyces and Clonostachys genera are the possible soil microorganisms that degrade linseed oil-based cross-linked polymer composites.Moreover,the novel polymer composites have the potential to be an environmentally friendly alternative to petroleum-based mulching films.

Effect of quarry dust addition on the performance of controlled low-strength material made from industrial waste incineration bottom ash

The performance of industrial waste incineration bottom ash in controlled low-strength material （CLSM） was investigated in this paper, as the quarry dust was added. CLSM mixtures were made from the industrial waste incineration bottom ash, quarry dust, and cement. Tests for fresh density, bleeding, compressive strength, shear strength, hydraulic conductivity, and excavatability were carried out. The com- pressive strength ranges from 60 kPa to 6790 kPa, the friction angle varies from 5°to 19°, and the cohesion is from 4 to 604 kPa. Most of the mixtures are found to be non-excavatable. It is indicated that the quarry dust addition increases the compressive strength and shear parame- ters, decreases bleeding, and increases the removability modulus.

Reaction Process of Chromium Slag Reduced by Industrial Waste in Solid Phase

M, a particular industrial waste, was selected to detoxify chromium slag at a high temperature. The carbon remaining in M reduced Cr （ Ⅳ ） of Na2 CrO4 borne in the chromium slag to Cr （ Ⅲ ） in the solid phase reaction, and its thermodynamics and kinetics were studied. The reduction process of Na2CrO4 by carbon produced CO, whiCh＇was endothermic. Under the experimental condition, the apparent activation energy was 4. 41 kJ·mol^-1 , the＇apparent order of reaction for Na2 CrO4 was equal to one, and the partial pressure of CO was only 0.22 Pa at 1 330℃.

Preparation of Super Composite Cement with a Lower Clinker Content and a Larger Amount of Industrial Wastes

The effects of the grinding mode,fineness,gypsum kinds and dosage,mix proportions on properties of the composite cements consisting of slag,fly ash,limestone and a lower content clinker were investigated,respectively.The results show that when the proportions among slag,fly ash and limestone are appropriate,the grinding technology and system are reasonable,the optimized gypsums and additives are effective,the 52.5R grade cement (52.5R grade cement means a higher strength than 52.5 at early age) can be prepared by clinker dosage of 50% in weight,the 42.5R or 42.5,32.5 grade composite cement containing 40% and 30% clinker also may be made, respectively.Moreover,the high performance concrete prepared from the above composite cements was studied experimentally.

Industrial wastes applications for alkalinity regulation in bauxite residue: A comprehensive review

Bauxite residue is a highly alkaline material generated from the production of alumina in which bauxite is dissolved in caustic soda.Approximately 4.4 billion tons of bauxite residues are either stockpiled or landfilled,creating environmental risks either from the generation of dust or migration of filtrates.High alkalinity is the critical factor restricting complete utilization of bauxite residues,whilst the application of alkaline regulation agents is costly and difficult to apply widely.For now,current industrial wastes,such as waste acid,ammonia nitrogen wastewater,waste gypsum and biomass,have become major problems restricting the development of the social economy.Regulation of bauxite residues alkalinity by industrial waste was proposed to achieve‘waste control by waste’with good economic and ecological benefits.This review will focus on the origin and transformation of alkalinity in bauxite residues using typical industrial waste.It will propose key research directions with an emphasis on alkaline regulation by industrial waste,whilst also providing a scientific reference point for their potential use as amendments to enhance soil formation and establish vegetation on bauxite residue disposal areas(BRDAs)following large-scale disposal.

Plant Test of Industrial Waste Disposal in a Cement Kiln

Destruction of industrial waste in cement rotary kilns (CRKs) is an alternative technology for the treatment of certain types of industrial waste (IW). In this paper, three typical types of industrial wastes were co-incinerated in the CRK at Beijing Cement Plant to determine the effects of waste disposal (especially solid waste disposal) on the quality of clinker and the concentration of pollutants in air emission. Experimental results show that (1) waste disposal does not affect the quality of clinker and fly ash, and fly ash after the IW disposal can still be used in the cement production, (2) heavy metals from IW are immobilized and stabilized in the clinker and cement, and (3) concentration of pollutants in air emission is far below than the permitted values in the China National Standard-Air Pollutants Emission Standard (GB 16297-1996).

An overview on industrial waste management in China

The article is a summary of the industrial waste management in China during the recent years.An overall description of industrial waste was given from generation; treatment, disposal and emission and comprehensive utilization. In spite of the serious situation of industrial waste,China has realized it and made great progress in establishing corresponding legislation system, taking a series of administrative measures and developing effective treatment and disposal technologies.However, there still exist many problems , and it is of great urgency to take countermeasures in industrial waste management.

Zeolite Synthesis under Insertion of Silica Rich Filtration Residues from Industrial Wastewater Reconditioning

Zeolite synthesis was studied using two silica rich filtration residues (FR 1 and FR 2) as Si-source and sodium aluminate in a direct synthesis at 60°C at strong alkaline conditions (8 M - 16 M NaOH). In addition to these one-pot syntheses, a two-step process was investigated. Here, an alkaline digestion of FR at 60°C was followed by gel precipitation with sodium aluminate and gel crystallization under usual conditions of 80°C - 90°C. The results show that the substitution of chemical reagent sodium silicate by a waste material like FR as Si-source is possible but requires fine tuning of the reaction conditions as zeolite crystallization is a process under kinetic control. The solubility behaviour and impurities of the inserted filtration residues strongly influenced the course of reaction. Thus zeolites like hydrosodalite or intermediate zeolite between cancrinite and sodalite, or zeolite NaA or Z-21 in cocrystallization with hydrosodalite could be observed in the one pot syntheses already in a short time interval between 1 - 4 h depending on the alkalinity. The two step process yield to zeolites NaA and NaX in very good quality. The reaction process of FR in both reaction methods was characterized by chemical analyses, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy. Surface area and water content of selected products were further characterized by the BET-method and by thermogravimetry. Summing up the results, we can show that zeolite formation from filtration residues is possible by several reaction procedures as model cases for a re-use of industrial waste materials. Beside the importance for environmental protection, the reactions are of interest for zeolite chemistry as the re-use of FR is possible under economically conditions of low energy consumption at 60°C and short reaction periods.

Application of Fe-Based Amorphous Alloy in Industrial Wastewater Treatment:A Review

Amorphous alloy(MGs)is a solid alloy with disordered atomic accumulation obtained by ultra-rapid solidification of alloy melt.The atom deviates from the equilibrium position and is in metastable state.Up to now,a large number of MGs have been applied to the treatment of dye and heavy metal contaminated wastewater and ideal experimental results have been obtained.However,there is no literature to systematically summarize the chemical reaction and degradation mechanism in the process of degradation.On the basis of reviewing the classification,application,and synthesis of MGs,this paper introduces in detail the chemical reactions such as decolorization,mineralization,and ion leaching of Fe-based amorphous alloy(Fe-MGs)in the degradation of organic and inorganic salt wastewater through direct reduction or advanced oxidation mechanism.Compared with crystalline materials,the higher reaction rate of Fe-MGs can be attributed to lower activation energy,negative redox potential,loose product layer,and band structure with downward shift of valence band top.Finally,some suggestions and prospects are put forward for the limitations and research prospects of MGs in the environmental field,which provides a new idea for the synthesis of new environmental functional materials.

Long-Term Effect of Industrial Waste Water Irrigation on Soil Chemical Properties

A laboratory experiment was conducted in Soil Science Division of BRRI during 2011 aimed to determine the vertical distribution of soil chemical properties under long-term industrial waste water irrigated rice field. Waste water irrigated rice field seemed to create some differences in soil pH profile. The pHW and pHKCl in all soil depth was higher with waste water irrigated rice field. The surface charge of both the soils was considerably negative. Waste water irrigated rice field developed more negative charges in soils. Irrigation with waste water increased Electrical Conductivity （EC） in rice soils profile. The organic carbon content （%） started to decrease sharply with the increase in soil depth. Organic carbon content was higher with waste water irrigated rice soils Total nitrogen （%） was high with underground water irrigated rice soils in surface but at deeper, total N was similar in both soils. Olsen P （mg/kg） was higher with underground water irrigated soil at 0-5 cm depth but at 5-100 cm soils profile, it was higher with waste water irrigated rice soils. Micronutrients （Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn） and heavy metals （Pb, Cd, Ni and Cr） in soils were increased significantly through irrigation with waste water in rice-rice cropping pattern.

Polluter Pays Principle： Who Pays for Industrial Waste in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Rapid industrialization in Vietnam has resulted in the difficult task of finding means to properly manage the generation of industrial waste. In an attempt to deal with this problem, the Vietnamese government revised the Law on Environmental Protection of 2005, with which it imposed strict regulations on industrial waste generators and the waste they discharge. However, questions remain about the current industrial solid waste management system because of the discrepancy between the ideals embodied in the Law and the actual practices occurring in industry. We report here on the effectiveness of governmental policies, focusing on environmental performance in industrial zones in Ho Chi Minh City （HCMC）, Vietnam. We examined government records, and reports from waste generators, as well as waste treatment methods at sites. In addition, on-site surveys were carried out at 44 companies in HCMC in 2009 and 2010 to obtain a better understanding of the companies＇ handling of and attitude toward the industrial waste they produced. Our results show that the incoherence of the revised Law and regulations in industrial waste management has caused a serious pressure on domestic landfills. We conclude that there is a strong need for change in the current regulatory and management system in order to increase the effectiveness of environmental management for future sustainable development.

Development of Lightweight Concrete Using Industrial Waste Palm Oil Clinker

Concrete is a major material used in the construction of buildings and structures in the world.Gravel and sand are the major ingredients of concrete but are non-renewable natural materials.Therefore,the utilisation of palm oil clinker(POC),a solid waste generated from palm oil industry is proposed to replace natural aggregate in this research to reduce the demand for natural aggregates.One mix of ordinary concrete as control concrete;while four mix proportions of oil palm clinker concrete were obtained by replacing 25%,50%,75%,and 100%of gravel and sand of control concrete with coarse and fine oil palm clinker respectively by volume,with same cement content and water cement ratio.Compressive strength test was carried out of concretes with different percentages of oil palm clinker;whereas water absorption tests according to respective standard,were carried out to determine the durability properties of various mixes.Based on the results obtained,the study on the effect of percentage of clinker on strength and durability properties was drawn.According to ACI classification of light weight concrete only the 100 percentage replacement can achieve the definition of light weight concrete since its density is less than 1,900 kg/m3 and strength larger than 17 MPa.Eventually the 25%replacement of the normal aggregate by the OPC will improve the strength and durability of the concrete.

The catalytic effect of the Na and Ca-rich industrial wastes on the thermal ignition of coal combustion

The catalytic effects of four industrial wastes,namely,the soap residue(SR),brine sludge(BS),calcium carbide residue(CCR),and white lime mud(WLM),on coal thermal ignition were investigated.The acidity of palmitate anion associated with Na+in SR was lower than that of chloride anion combined with Na+in BS,which resulted in an improved the combustion of SR.The acidity of OH-anion combined with Ca2+in CCR was lower than that of CO32-anion combined with Ca2+in WLM,resulting in CCR exhibiting a better catalytic effect on coal ignition.The alkaline metal Na had lower initial ionisation energy than the alkaline earth metal Ca.Therefore,the Na-rich SR exhibited higher catalytic activity on coal ignition than Ca-rich CCR.The ignition temperature of coal with 0.5%SR decreased from 544 to 503°C.

Performance Simulation of H-TDS Unit of Fajr Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant Using a Combination of Neural Network and Principal Component Analysis

Nowadays, with regard to environmental issues, proper operation of wastewater treatment plants is of particular importance that in the case of inappropriate utilization, they will cause serious problems. Processes that exist in environmental systems and environmental engineers are dealing with them mostly have two major characteristics: they are dependent on many variables;and there are complex relationships between its components which make them very difficult to analyze. Being familiar with characteristics of industrial town effluents from various wastewater treatment units, which have high qualitative and quantitative variations and more uncertainties compared to urban wastewaters, plays very effective role in governing them. In order to achieve a better and efficient control over the operation of an industrial wastewater treatment plant, powerful mathematical tool can be used that is based on recorded data from some basic parameters of wastewater during a period of treatment plant operation. In this study, the multilayer perceptron (MLP) feed forward neural network with a hidden layer and stop training method was used to predict quality parameters of the industrial effluent. Data of this study are related to the Fajr Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant located in Mahshahr—Iran that qualitative and quantitative characteristics of its units were used for training, calibration and evaluation of the neural model. Also, Principal Component Analysis technique was applied to modify and improve performance of generated models of neural networks. The results of this model showed good accuracy of the model in estimating qualitative pro- file of wastewater. This model facilitates evaluating the performance of each treatment plant units through comparing the results of prediction model with the standard amount of output.

Behavior of Cu, Pb, and Zn in Ash during the Endothermic Burning of Mixed Industrial Wastes

The behaviors of Cu, Pb, and Zn during the endothermic burning of heterogeneous wastes were investigated using a variety of operational parameters, i.e., the mixed waste ratio, burning temperature, and burning time, to obtain fundamental knowledge to generate an optimal burning operation and recycling strategy for bottom ash. Changing these parameters had no impact on the Cu content of the ash, whereas the Pb content depended on the burning temperature and the mixed ratio, and the Zn content was affected by all three parameters. It was found in this study that the optimal burning conditions were a temperature of 1100?C, a time of 15 minutes, and either the current waste conditions or waste conditions with double the waste plastic and wood content.

Synthesis of Zeolite LTN-(SOD) Self-Supporting Membranes from SiO2-Rich Industrial Waste

Synthesis of zeolite LTN (“Linde Type N”) was investigated under insertion of a SiO2-rich filtration residue (FR) from waste water cleaning of the silane production. A new synthesis procedure was therefore developed applying a flotation mechanism with the aim to grow LTN in form of thin membrane like sheets. Preparation starts with preactivation of FR by slurrying first in alkaline solution, followed by an addition of aluminate solution and citric acid. The latter was added as suitable chelating agent for the initiation of the flotation process. In the course of these experiments, we succeeded in synthesizing zeo-lite LTN with more or less zeolite SOD as byproduct in the form of a stable compact membrane-like layer at low temperature of 60℃. The crystallization was performed under isotherm static conditions in an open reaction system without addition of organic templates as structure directing agents (OSDA’s). FR was utilized as a total substitute of sodium silicate in all experiments and an expansive pre-treatment procedure like calcinations was not needed. Furthermore, membrane formation with LTN of usual synthesis needs chemically functionalized supports. In contrast self-supporting membranous LTN layers were grown for the first time in the present study.

Biochemical changes during composting of coir pith waste as influenced by different agro industrial wastes

Coir pith, a byproduct of coconut husk is difficult to decompose due to its high lignin and cellulose content. In this study, coir pith was composted with different agro industrial by products such as cow dung, vegetable market waste, poultry waste and microbial consortium. The different treatment combinations used in the present study were Control, T1 (Coir pith + Cow dung + Vegetable market waste + Poultry waste + mixed microbial culture (Trichoderma viridae + Pleurotus sajar caju), T2 (Coir pith + Vegetable market waste + Poultry waste + Tank slit + Mixed microbial culture) and T3 (Coir pith + Cow dung + poultry waste + tank slit + mixed microbial culture). At the end of 12th week, in the treatment T1, C: N ratio of 21.8:1 was observed in the composted coir pith sample. Highest P content of 0.47% and K content of 1.2% and the least Cellulose and Lignin contents of 22.8% and 10.03% were recorded in the T1 treatment after a composting period of 12 weeks. Highest pH of 7.4 was observed in the treatment T3, this was followed by T1 (7.2) treatment.

Behavior of Heavy Metals during the Agro-Industrial Wastes Gasification

The characterization analysis of three agro-industrial wastes was performed in order to study its thermal gasification. Some analyses such as determination of Ca, K and Mg concentration and determination of three representative toxic metals concentration Cd, Cr and Pb in all its oxidation states and the fundamental state, were carried out. The heavy metals concentration was also determined in the ashes obtained during the gasification process. The mobility of these elements was studied through three leaching tests. The behavior of heavy metals, sulfur and chlorine compounds, was predicted considering the presence of water vapor, syngas, Ca, Mg, K, Si, Al and other ash components. The heavy metals are not more concentrated in the gasification ash;these pollutants are released during this process. Ca, Mg and K presence in these residues would promote the pollutants retention. The ash of the studied waste can be disposed in controlled landfills or used in road construction, according to the obtained results during the leaching test DIN-DEV S4. The obtained results in the leaching test EPA 1311 TLCP classify these gasification ashes as no toxic waste.