Mantle Branch Structure in the South-Central Segment of the Da Hinggan Mts.,Inner Mongolia and Its Ore-controlling Role

Mantle branch structure is the third tectonic unit of multiple evolution of a mantle branch. It is not only the main mechanism of intercontinental orogeny, but also an important ore-forming and ore-control structure. Studies on geotectonic evolution, regional geological characteristics and oreforming and ore-control structures have shown that since the Mesozoic the Da Hinggan Mts. region has entered a typical intercontinental orogenic stage, and it is closely related to mantle branch activities. The south-central segment of the Da Hinggan Mts. is a typical mantle branch structure and possesses obvious magmatic-metamorphic complexes in the core, detachment slip beds in the periphery and overlapped fault depression basins. Moreover, all of these are the principal factors leading to ore formation and ore control in the region. This paper also further explores the mechanism of mineralization in the south-central segment of the Da Hinggan, summaries the rules of mineralization, puts forward the models of mineralization and points out future ore-exploring orientation.

Petrogenesis of Early Cretaceous riebeckite granophyres in southern Da Hinggan Mts.

This Aliwula area in paper reports lithologic features, K-Ar age and geochemical data of riebeckite granophyres from the southern Da Hinggan Mts., aiming to reveal the petrogenesis of riebeckite granophyres. K- Ar age of riebeckite granophyres is 126± 2 Ma, implying that the riebeckite granophyres formed in the Early Cretaceous. The granophyres are rich in riebeckites and with a lot of melt-fluid inclusion in its quartz pheno- crysts. The granophyres are characterized by extensive enrichment in Si02, FeO, and （Na20 ＋ K20） and de- pletion in MgO and CaO, strong negative Eu anomalies and strong positive Ce anomalies. Additionally, the rie- beckite granophyres not only have high total REE contents and display enrichment of HFSEs （for example Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta）, but also are strong in depletion of LILEs （ e. g. Ba, Sr） as well as high Ga/A1 ratios. Primitive mantle-normalized REE pattern significantly displays REE M-W tetrad effect. REEs fractionate evidently and highly enrich in LREE, but are uneven distribution in the rocks. Taken together, we conclude that the riebeck- ite granophyres are similar to typical A-type granite, which could be derived from stretching environments in the Early Cretaceous. The granophyres originated from residual melt which underwent highly differentiation process, and were formed in magmatic-hydrothemal transition stage at last.

Mesozoic Bimodal Volcanic Suite in Zhalantun of the Da Hinggan Range and Its Geological Significance: Zircon U-Pb Age and Hf Isotopic Constraints

Mesozoic bimodal volcanic rocks of basaltic andesite and rhyolite are widely distributed in the Da Hinggan Range, but their petrogenetic relationships and geodynamic implications are rarely constrained. Detailed studies on doleritic and porphyry dikes in the Zhalantun area indicate that they display features of magma mixing, suggesting their coeval formation. In situ zircon U-Pb dating shows that the porphyry was emplaced in the Early Cretaceous with a ^206Pb/^238U age of 130±1 Ma. Zircons from the dolerite also yield an Early Cretaceous emplacement age of 124±2 Ma although some inherited zircons have been identified. These age results indicate that the Early Cretaceous was an important period of magmatism in the Da Hinggan Range. Zircons from porphyry are characterized by positive value of εHf（t） as high as 10.3±0.5 with Hf depleted mantle model age of 349-568 Ma, whereas magmatic zircons from the dolerite have εHf（t） value of 11.0±1.4 with Hf depleted mantel model age of 342-657 Ma, consistent with those from the porphyry. Considering other data on the geological evolution of this area, it is concluded that the mafic magma originated from the partial melting of Paleozoic enriched lithospheric mantle, whereas the felsic magma came from recycling of juvenile crust formed during the Paleozoic. Both of the protoliths are closely related to the subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean during the Paleozoic, indicating that the Paleozoic is an important period of large-scale crustal growth in the area.

Discovery and Significance of Quaternary Glacial Vestiges in the Hexigten Area of the Southern Da Hinggan Mountains, Inner Mongolia

The question whether there have been Quaternary glaciations in the Da Hinggan area has puzzled glacial geologists for many years because no sufficient glacial evidence has been found in this area. The study of Quaternary glaciers in the Da Hinggan area is also a key issue of the glaciology in China because of the special location of this area. In the past two years, a large number of complete and typical glacial vestiges have been found in Hexigten in the southern Da Hinggan Mountains, such as fossil cirque groups, horns, knife-edge crests, terminal moraines, glacial stepped stones. These landforms are located at a watershed, which are thus impossible to be formed due to tectonic processes, water or weathering, but can only be formed by glaciation. The calculated flat indexes of the fossil cirques in the Hexigten are 1.7-4.5, 4-5 and 1.3-5, which are within the range of 1.7-5 that is the flat index of real cirques. The typical and complete moraines have also been found in this area. All these glacial vestiges prove that the Quaternary glaciers did exist in the Da Hinggan Mountains of eastern China. Thus, it is of important scientific significance for the research on Chinese, even the global climatic and environmental evolution since the Quaternary.

Geology and Geochemistry of the Bianbianshan Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn Deposit, Southern Da Hinggan Mountains, Northeastern China

The Bianbianshan deposit, the unique gold-polymetal （Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn） veined deposit of the polymetal metallogenic belt of the southern segment of Da Hinggan Mountains mineral province, is located at the southern part of the Hercynian fold belt of the south segment of Da Hinggan Mountains mineral province, NE China. Ores at the Bianbianshan deposit occur within Cretaceous andesite and rhyolite in the form of gold-bearing quartz veins and veinlet groups containing native gold, electrum, pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite. The deposit is hosted by structurally controlled faults associated with intense hydrothermal alteration. The typical alteration assemblage is sericite ＋ chlorite ＋ calcite ＋ quartz, with an inner pyrite-sericite-quartz zone and an outer seicite - chlorite - calcite-epidote zone between orebodies and wall rocks. δ34 S values of 17 sulfides from ores changing from -1.67 to ＋0.49‰ with average of -0.49‰, are similar to δ34 S values of magmatic or igneous sulfide sulfur. 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/ 204Pb data of sulfide from ores range within 17.66-17.75, 15.50-15.60, and 37.64-38.00, respectively. These sulfur and lead isotope compositions imply that ore-forming materials might mainly originate from deep sources. H and O isotope study of quartz from ore-bearing veins indicate a mixed source of deep-seated magmatic water and shallower meteoric water. The ore formations resulted from a combination of hydrothermal fluid mixing and a structural setting favoring gold-polymetal deposition. Fluid mixing was possibly the key factor resulting in Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn deposition in the deposit. The metallogenesis of the Bianbianshan deposit may have a relationship with the Cretaceous volcanic-subvolcanic magmatic activity, and formed during the late stage of the crust thinning of North China.

Symbiosis of Marshes and Permafrost in Da and Xiao Hinggan Mountains in Northeastern China

Recently, the degradation of permafrost and marsh environments in the Da and Xiao Hinggan Mountains has become a great concern as more human activities and pronounced climate warming were observed during the past 30 years and projected for the near future. The distr/bution patterns and development mechanisms of the permafrost and marshes have been examined both in theories and in field observations, in order to better understand the symbiosis of permafrost and marshes. The permafrost and marshes in the Da and Xiao Hinggan Mountains display discernible zonations in latitude and elevation. The marsh vegetation canopy, litter and peat soil have good thermal insulation properties for the underlying permafrost, resulting in a thermal offset of 3 ℃ to 4℃ and subsequently suppressing soil temperature. In addition, the much higher thermal conductivity of frozen and ice-rich peat in the active layer is conducive to the development or in favor of the protection of permafrost due to the semi-conductor properties of the soils overlying the permafrost. On the other hand, because permafrost is almost impervious, the osmosis of water in marsh soils can be effectively reduced, timely providing water supplies for helophytes growth or germination in spring. In the Da and Xiao Hinggan Mountains, the permafrost degradation has been accelerating due to the marked climate warming, ever increasing human activities, and the resultant eco-environmental changes. Since the permafrost and marsh environments are symbiotic and interdependent, they need to be managed or protected in a well-coordinated and integrated way.

Fluid Inclusion Geochemistry of Metallic Ore Deposits in the South- Central Sector of theDa Hinggan Mountains in China

Physicochemical parameters of mineralization such as temperature, pressure, salinity, density, composition and boiling of ore fluids as well as pH, Eh, fo2 and reducing parameter in theprocess of mineralization of major ore deposits in the study district have been obtained by the authors through systematic observation and determination of characteristics and phase changes of fluid inclusions at different temperatures and analysis of gaseous and liquid phase compositions of the inclusions, thus providing a scientific basis for the division of mineralization-alteration stages, types of mineral deposits and minerogenetic series and the deepening of the knowledge about the ore-forming processes and mechanisms of mineral deposits. It is indicated that the deposits of the same type have similar fluid inclusion geochemical features and physicochemical parameters though they belong to different minerogenetic series, while the compositions of inclusions are not conditioned by deposit types but closely related to the minerogenetic series of deposits.

Effects of Forest Roads on Habitat Pattern for Sables in Da Hinggan Mountains, Northeasten China

The anthropogenic managements of forest have created a network of roads resulting in the loss and alternation of habitat. To better understand road′s impact on animal habitats, we assessed the habitat pattern of sables(Martes zibellina), one of rodents within national first-class protected species, when roads are considered in Huzhong area in Da Hinggan Mountains, northeastern China. Employing published literatures about behavior ecology, aerial photographs and forest stand maps, we classified the study area into three habitat types including best-suitable, suitable and unsuitable habitats based on sable habitat requirements at the landscape scale including four variables derived from forest source map with attribute database. Results indicated the loss and significant fragmentation of best-suitable habitat and home range habitat when roads, especially 150 m avoidance distance of roads, were considered. The roads reduced and fragmented highly suitable habitats more significantly during earlier development period than the later development period. Additionally, the suitable area percentage increased with increasing distance to roads. This study helped to identify the suitable area for sables and location of sable population. Also, this study suggested the passage construction and road management involving road closure and removal will reduce the fragmentation functionally and benefit the sable population.

Responses of Soil Fauna Structure and Leaf Litter Decomposition to Effective Microorganism Treatments in Da Hinggan Mountains,China

Microorganisms are nutritious resources for various soil fauna.Although soil fauna grazing affects microorganism composition and decomposition rate,the responses of soil fauna and leaf litter decomposition to added microorganism is little understood.In this study,in the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest of Tahe County in the northern Da Hinggan Mountains,China,three sampling sites(each has an area of 10 m2) were selected.The first two sites were sprinkled with 250 times(EM1) and 1000 times(EM2) diluted effective microorganism(EM) preparations evenly,and the third site was sprinkled with the same volume of water as a control site.The responses of soil fauna structure and leaf litter decomposition to EM treatment were conducted during three years.The results revealed that EM treatment resulted in significant increase of soil organic matter.The number of soil fauna in the EM1 and EM2 sites increased by 12.88% and 2.23% compared to the control site,and among them springtails and mites showed the highest increase.However,the groups of soil fauna in the EM1 and EM2 sites decreased by 6 and 9,respectively.And the changes in the diversity and evenness index were relatively complicated.EM treatment slowed the decomposition of broad-leaved litter,but accelerated the decomposition of coniferous litter.However,the decomposition rate of broad-leaved litter was still higher than that of coniferous litter.The results of this study suggested that the added microorganisms could help individual growth of soil fauna,and this method led to a change in the process of leaf litter decomposition.This paper did not analyze the activity of soil microorganisms,thus it is difficult to clearly explain the complex relationships among litter type,soil fauna and soil microorganisms.Further research on this subject is needed.

Dynamics of Soil Fauna in Da Hinggan Mountains, Northeast China

The dynamics of soil animals was studied in seven representative forest communities in the north of the Da Hinggan Mountains, Northeast China. The results indicate that it was distinctive in the changes of the numbers of soil animals and groups and diversity in relationship with seasons for macrofauna and meso-micro fauna in the study area. The numbers of the observed soil animals in different months were: October>August>June. Group number was larger in August and October, but smaller in June. The change of diversity index in different months was: August>June>Oc- tober. The biomass for macrofauna in different months was: October>June>August. The composition and number of each functional group was relatively stable. In the community of the predominant soil environment, the percentage of saprophagous animals was higher than carnivorous animals and herbivorous animals. The dynamics changes of sapro- phagous and carnivorous animals were distinctive, increasing from June to October, while the change of herbivorous animals was unremarkable.

RS AND GIS-BASED FOREST FIRE RISK ZONE MAPPING IN DA HINGGAN MOUNTAINS

The Da Hinggan Mountains is one of the most important forest areas in China, but forest fire there is also of high frequency. So it is completely necessary to map forest fire risk zones in order to effectively manage and protect the forest resources. Two forest farms of Tuqiang Forest Bureau (53 degrees 34'-52 degrees 15'N,124 degrees 05'-122 degrees 18'E) were chosen as typical areas in this study. Remote sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) play a vital role and can be used effectively to obtain and combine different forest-fire-causing factors for demarcating the forest fire risk zone map. Forest fire risk zones were described by assigning subjective weights to the classes of all the coverage layers according to their sensitivity to fire, using the ARC/INFO GIS software. Four classes of forest fire risk ranging from low to extremely high were generated automatically in ARC/INFO. The results showed that about 60.33% of the study area were predicted to be upper moderate risk zones, indicating that the forest fire management task in this area is super onerous. The RS and GIS-based forest fire risk model of the study area was found to be highly compatible with the actual fire-affected sites in 1987. Therefore the forest fire risk zone map can be used for guidance of forest fire management, and as basis for fire prevention strategies.

TECTONIC ORE-CONTROLLING IN THE MIDDLE-SOUTHERN SEGMENT OF DA HINGGAN LING, NORTHEAST CHINA

Studies on geotectonic evolution, regionally geological characteristics and ore-forming and ore-controlling structures have shown that since the Mesozoic the Da Hinggan Ling region has entered the typical intercontinental orogenic stage, which appears to be closely related to mantle plume activities. Da Hinggan Ling is a typical mantle branch structure and possesses obvious magmatic-metamorphic complexes in the core, detachment slip beds in the periphery and overlapped fault depression basins. Moreover, all these are the principal factors leading to ore formation and ore controlling in the region. This paper also further explores the mechanism of mineralization in the middle-southern segment of Da Hinggan Ling, summaries the rules of mineralization, puts forward the models of mineralization and points out the ore-search orientations in the future time.

Latest Zircon U-Pb Age of the Baiyingaolao Formation Volcanic Rocks in the Keyihe Area of North-Central Da Hinggan Mountains

Objective Mesozoic volcanic rocks are mainly distributed in the Da Hinggan Mountains.The Baiyingaolao Formation is the main stratum in this area and has been considered to be formed in the Late Jurassic.Many scholars have researched these Mesozoic volcanic rocks in this area,which have been much debatable（Zhang Xiangxin et al.,2017）.A series of studies focusing on the Baiyingaolao Formation volcanic rocks in the middle-south section of

Helium-argon isotopic tracing for the Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic ore deposits in the central-south segment of the Da Hinggan Ling Range

In recent years big strides have been made in the exploration of ores in the central-south segment of the Da Hinggan Ling Range,though some debates still exist on the metallogenesis and sources of ore-forming materials.Pyrite and other sulfides in direct relation to the Pb-Zn-Ag ore deposits were chosen for the He and Ar isotopic analysis of ore-forming fluids,and the first He and Ar isotope data have been obtained from the study region.3He/4He ratios in 14 samples collected from 7 mining districts are 2.17×10-6-12.52×10-6,averaging 6.86×10-6 and their R/Ra ratios are 1.56-9.01 Ra,averaging 4.37 Ra.By projecting the data points onto the 3He-4He concentrations diagram,all the points fall near the mantle helium area.The calculated mantle-source helium ratios are within the range of 19.58%-76.96%,with an average of 49.52%.Argon isotopic characteristics are close to those of mantle source,indicating that the ore-forming material was transport upwards via the multi-stage evolution of mantle plume and concentrated as ores in the favorable loci of mantle branch structures.

Value Assessment of Wetland Ecosystem Services in the Da Hinggan Mountains, China

This study examined regional differences in ecosystem services for the Da Hinggan Mountains(DHM),China.A correction index was constructed based on ten-year average net primary productivity(NPP)data.A new equivalent factor table that was suitable for the assessment of wetlands in the DHM was formed by using the expert weight determination method(EWDM).An evaluation model was established for evaluating the ecosystem service value(ESV)of wetlands in the DHM.The results show that in 2020,the total ESV of wetlands reached 93361×10^(6) USD,with the forest swamp and marsh ecosystems contributing the most.From the perspective of value composition,regulating services and supporting services are the main service functions of wetlands in the DHM.From 2010 to2020,ESV provided by wetlands increased by 4337×10^(6) USD/yr in the DHM.The value of forest swamp and peatland ecosystems increased by 18.6%and 12.7%,respectively,whereas the value of swamp,shrub swamp,and marsh decreased.The research results are of significance for contributing to local government performance evaluation and determining financial compensation for the provision of wetland ecosystem services.

New Zircon U-Pb Ages of Granitic Rocks in Northeastern Jiagedaqi of the Da Hinggan Mountains and their Significance

Objective The research area is located in the north of the Xing＇an block and within the Ali River-Zhalantun granite belt in the eastern part of the Xingmeng orogenic belt. The geotectonic setting and geological evolution history of this area are complex with strong magmatic activity and extremely developed granite rocks. Since predecessors have not obtained accurate dating result, there is much controversy over the formation of granitic rocks. Therefore, this work conducted zircon U-Ph dating on alkali-feldspar granite and granite porphyry in the northeast of Jiagedaqi to provide age constraint. The age data shows that the forming age is the Early Cretaceous and provides age basis for the tectonic evolution of the Da Hinggan Mountains.

大兴安岭北段呼玛地区晚侏罗世花岗闪长岩年代学和地球化学特征:对蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋构造演化的制约

大兴安岭北段地区晚中生代花岗岩极其发育,但该区岩浆活动期次、岩石组合及成岩动力学机制一直是地学界争议的科学问题。笔者对大兴安岭北段呼玛地区中细粒花岗闪长岩进行了系统锆石U--Pb同位素年代学和全岩元素组成研究,探讨岩石成因和岩浆源区,分析成岩构造环境并尝试限定蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋闭合时限。研究结果显示,花岗闪长岩成岩时代为(149.9±1.7)Ma,属于晚侏罗世。花岗闪长岩具有富Si、Al,贫Mg、Y、Yb(w(Y)≤18×10^(-6),w(Yb)≤1.9×10^(-6)),高Sr(w(Sr)>400×10^(-6))的特征,A/CNK为1.01~1.15,属于高钾钙碱性岩石系列,相对富集Rb、Ba、K、La、Ce、Sr元素,亏损Ta、Nb、P、Ti、Y、Yb、Lu元素,微弱Eu正异常,属于“C”型埃达克岩。结合区域岩浆锆石Nd同位素组成特征,表明岩浆来源于新元古代晚期—显生宙新增生下地壳角闪岩相物质的部分熔融。综合年代学、地球化学特征和区域构造演化,认为大兴安岭北段呼玛地区晚侏罗世花岗闪长岩形成于后碰撞隆起构造环境,与蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋闭合作用密切相关。

1974—2020年大兴安岭北部多年冻土区积雪变化及其与地面、空气温度的关系

基于大兴安岭北部多年冻土区5个气象站1974—2020年逐日气温、地面温度、积雪深度资料,利用气象统计方法分析了积雪气候特征及长期变化、积雪物候变化及积雪对温度的影响,结果表明:大兴安岭北部冻土区积雪深度年内变化呈单峰型,积雪深度最大出现在2月,平均17.9 cm,年积雪日数为161.5 d,积雪日数和积雪深度最大月份不重合。年均积雪深度为10.6 cm,最大积雪深度平均为22.6 cm,近47 a年均积雪深度呈弱的上升趋势。积雪初日显著推迟,终日显著提前,使得积雪持续日数明显缩短。研究区年均积雪深度和冷季地面−雪面温差呈较好的正相关,年最大积雪深度和冷季地面−雪面温差亦呈较好的正相关,积雪深度越大其对地面的隔热作用越大,年均积雪深度每增加1 cm,地面−雪面温差升高0.4211℃,年最大积雪深度每增加1 cm,地面−雪面温差升高0.2889℃,年均积雪深度对冷季地面−雪面温差的影响更大。

化痰解郁安神汤联合振腹推拿手法对老年慢性失眠症的临床治疗效果研究

【目的】探讨化痰解郁安神汤联合振腹推拿手法对老年慢性失眠症的临床治疗效果。【方法】将94例老年慢性失眠症痰热内扰型患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各47例。对照组给予化痰解郁安神汤治疗,观察组给予化痰解郁安神汤联合振腹推拿手法治疗,疗程为4周。观察2组患者治疗前后中医证候积分、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)评分、阿森斯失眠量表(AIS)评分、疲劳量表-14(FS-14)评分、世界卫生组织生存质量测定量表简表(WHOQOL-BREF)评分以及血清褪黑素(MT)、多巴胺(DA)、皮质醇(CORT)水平的变化情况,并评价2组患者的临床疗效。【结果】(1)疗效方面:治疗4周后,观察组的总有效率为97.88%(46/47),对照组为87.23%(41/47),组间比较(χ2检验),观察组的疗效明显优于对照组(P<0.01)。(2)中医证候积分方面:治疗后,2组患者的主症积分和次症积分均较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),且观察组对主症积分和次症积分的降低幅度均明显优于对照组(P<0.01)。(3)相关量表评分方面:治疗后,2组患者的PSQI评分、AIS评分、FS-14评分均较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),WHOQOL-BREF评分均较治疗前明显升高(P<0.05),且观察组对PSQI评分、AIS评分、FS-14评分的降低幅度及对WHOQOL-BREF评分的升高幅度均明显优于对照组(P<0.01)。(4)血清学指标方面:治疗后,2组患者的血清MT水平均较治疗前明显升高(P<0.05),血清DA、CORT水平均较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),且观察组对血清MT水平的升高幅度及对血清DA、CORT水平的降低幅度均明显优于对照组(P<0.01)。【结论】化痰解郁安神汤与振腹推拿手法联合治疗方案在老年慢性失眠症痰热内扰型患者中能达到较理想的应用效果,可有效调节患者的中枢神经系统,改善患者的睡眠质量,促进机体疲劳感的消除及生活质量的提升,对提升其整体的失眠治疗效果有重要意义。

1848—2019年大兴安岭卧牛湖湖泊环境演变及其驱动因素

湖泊生态环境演变过程和驱动机制研究对湖区生态系统的恢复至关重要。本文针对东北近现代湖泊生态环境重建研究相对不足的现状,以阿尔山浅水湖泊——卧牛湖为研究对象,在210Pb和137Cs建立的精确年代基础上,通过沉积岩芯的正构烷烃、粒度、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和碳氮比(C/N)等多指标分析,结合流域现代监测和历史资料,重建了1848—2019年来卧牛湖生态环境(包括藻类、水生植物等)的演化过程,并评价了多种环境压力对湖泊生态演变的影响。20世纪40年代之前,湖泊生态环境处于自然演化阶段,20世纪40年代之后,人类开始通过农业施肥和用水灌溉对湖泊环境产生影响,并在20世纪90年代显著加强,导致短链正构烷烃指示的藻类生物急剧上升。冗余分析和方差分解分析结果显示,在20世纪40—90年代,营养因子、气候因子和流域侵蚀共同作用影响湖泊生态环境演化;20世纪90年代以来,人类活动和营养因子成为湖泊生态环境变化的主控因子,人为干扰对湖泊环境影响显著加强,多种压力的胁迫作用导致了湖泊向富营养化状态的转变。