Effects of mother tree ages, different rooting mediums, light conditions and auxin treatments on rooting behaviour of Dalbergia sissoo branch cuttings

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. is one of the promising multipurpose tree species of South Asia. Most of the plantations of D. sissoo from seeds are facing severe threats due to the die-back disease, which ultimately causes death of this potential tree-species within a few months. Vegetative propagation could avoid the die-back disease. Thirty mother trees of different age-groups of D. sissoo were selected for evaluating the rooting behaviour of branch cuttings from D. sissoo as influenced by auxins （IAA or IBA at 100, 200, 500 mg·L^-1）, ages of mother trees （10, 4 and 2 years old） and different environment conditions, i.e., different mediums （soil and sand） or light conditions （in shade and open condition）. The results show that application of IAA and IBA induced more numbers of cuttings （collected from 10-year-old mother trees） to root compared to control. Branch cuttings of D. sissoo collected from 10-year-old mother trees and planted in soil bed in open conditions had 100.0% of cuttings to root in IAA （100 mg·L^-1） and IBA （200 mg·L^-1） treatments. Both rooting medium （Soil and sand） influenced significantly （p〈0.05） on rooting response of branch cuttings. Soil medium was found to achieve maximum no. of branch cuttings to root, compared to sand medium.

Assessment of genetic diversity in Dalbergia sissoo clones through RAPD profiling

We studied the genetic polymorphism among 29 clones of shisham （Dalbergia sissoo Roxb） belonging to different geographic regions using random amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） markers. Out of 30 primers used, only 20 primers generated polymorphism in amplified product. In total 232 bands were amplified with 20 primers, of which 192 （82%） were polymorphic with an average of 9.6 bands/primer. The resolving power （Rp） ranged from 2.14 （Primer 5） to 11.93 （Primer 4）. Primer 4 and Primer 3 possessed high Rp value. Polymorphism information content （PIC） ranged from 0.15 （Primer 5） to 0.37 （Primer 4）. Primer 4 amplified total 18 bands in 29 genotypes with PIC value of 0.37 hence; this set of primer was most informative. The similarity coefficient analysis revealed two clusters. The first cluster comprised of only 10 clones and the second major cluster comprised of 19 clones. The genetic similarity among 29 clones ranged from 25.86% （clone 10 and 235） to 100% （clone 19 and 59）, suggesting a wide genetic base in shisham clones.

Nursery practice on seed germination and seedling growth of Dalbergia sissoo using beneficial microbial inoculants

Nursery practice using microbial inoculants was performed to find out the efficacy of the inoculants on seed germination and seedling growth of sissoo（Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.）.Microbial inoculants or effective microorganisms（EM） are a mixture of many different beneficial microorganisms in a solution.The seedlings were grown in a mixture of sandy soil and cowdung（3：1） kept in polybags with pouring EM solution at different concentrations（0.1%,0.5%,1%,2%,5% and 10%） before and after a week of sowing the seeds.Seed germination rate and growth parameters of seedlings were measured,such as,shoot and root length,vigor index,fresh and dry weight of shoot and root and total biomass increment.The nodulation status influenced by EM was also observed along with the measurement of pigment contents in leaves.The highest germination rate（69%） was observed in 2% EM treatment,followed by 67% and 65% in 1% and 5% EM.The highest shoot length（33.2 cm） was in 2% EM,whereas highest root length（26.3 cm） was in 1% EM.Both fresh and dry weights from shoot and root,were maximum（4.16 g and 1.57 g;2.12 g and 0.83 g respectively） in 2% EM and were significantly（p ≤ 0.05） different from control.Vigor index was highest（4071） in 2% EM,which was significantly（p ≤ 0.05） different from control.Total dry weight increment was highest in 2% EM treatment,followed by 1% and 5% concentrations of EM.Nodulation number was higher at very low（0.1%） concentration of EM solution but it normally decreased with the increase of EM concentrations.The contents of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b and carotenoid were highest（60.11,17.05 and 42.48 mg·L1respectively） in 2% EM treatment and lowest（39.35,13.55 and 27.29 mg·L-1 respectively） in control treatment.Therefore,low concentration of EM（up to 2%） can be used for getting maximum seed germination rate and seedling development of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.

Variability in seed traits and genetic divergence in a clonal seed orchard of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.

The variations in seed and pod traits, genetic superiority and genetic divergence were evaluated for a Clonal Seed Orchard （CSO） of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. at Bithmera, India consisting of 20 clones from different agro-climatic conditions of four northern states （Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana and Rajasthan）. The seeds and pods of various clones in the orchard exhibited significant variability in size, weight and other characters. Significant positive correlations were observed between seed length and seed width （p〈0.05）, seed length and sccd thickness （p〈0.01）, seed length and seed weight （p〈0.01）, seed thickness and seed weight （p〈0.01）, seed length and germination value （p〈0.05）. The ge- netic parameters for seed and pod traits also showed a wide range of variations in the orchard. Heritability values were found to be over 50 percent for most of ~e seed and pod traits. Seed weight, seed length and seed thickness showed high heritability values coupled with maximum genetic gain for these characters. Ward＇s minimum variance dendrogram of clones of D. sissoo showed three distinct clusters; cluster I was the largest with 12 better clones whereas cluster 2 and 3 consisting of seven moderate clones and one poor clone, respectively. Mean cluster values showed sufficient variation among the clusters for seed weight, germina- tion value and seed length. The possible hybridization between best clones of cluster I to the disease resistant clone of cluster 2 （resistant against deadly Gandoderma lucidum root rot disease of D. sissoo） is also suggested for further breeding programmes of the species. The deploy- ment of clone 194 （better performed and disease resistant） is also rec- ommended in future plantation programmes of D. sissoo in northern India.

Genetic divergence for growth and wood parameters in different clones of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb

The wood analysis for different parameters was carried out in a clonal seed orchard ofDalbergia sissoo Roxb. established during 1997 at Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India. Twelve clones with higher index value were subjected to Euclidean Cluster Analysis based on wood and growth parameters to group into seven clusters. Cluster I and II contained four and three clones, respectively, and remaining clusters bad just one clone each. Clone originated from Barielly, Uttar Pradesh of cluster VII was found to be the most divergent clone. Cluster II with three clones main- tained greater inter cluster distance with other clusters. The divergence analysis has confirmed that the clones planted in the clonal seed orchard are sufficiently divergent and seed harvested from the orchard would maintain high diversity.

D2 analysis for estimating genetic divergence in different clones of Dalbergia sissoo

Genetic divergence was studied in selected 36 genotypes of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. on the basis of seven morphological parameters. The divergence among genotypes was estimated by Mahalanobis method and genotypes were grouped into clusters by Tocher＇s method. All the genotypes were classified into seven distinct clusters on the basis of seven morphological traits. Cluster 1 was the largest with 25 genotypes followed by Cluster 2 （four genotypes）. Cluster 3, 5, 6 and 7 were the divergent clusters. The D2 analysis revealed that D2 value （39.42） between clone 5040 and clone 201 was recorded maximum. The intra-cluster distance ranged from 0.00 （Cluster 3, 5, 6 and 7） to 3.89 （Cluster 1）, the Cluster 3 （clone 33） was the most divergent cluster with maximum inter cluster distance （13.97） with the Cluster 7. By the divergence analysis, the parents for hybridization from diverse clusters could be selected for heterotic hybrids.

Genotype × environmental interactions for analyzing adaptability and stability in different clones of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.

In total 36 superior clones of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb., screened from 300 selections conducted in natural and growing range of India and Nepal, were multiplied using single nodal cuttings and estab- lished to evaluate genotypexenvironmental interactions for adaptability and stability at the age of 30 months in three geographical locations in the state of Punjab, India. Clone 124 had maximum adaptability and stability （bi = 1.04） to perform exceedingly well over the locations. Clones 36 and 1 were stable with mean regression coefficient of 0.84 and 1.22, respectively. Nonetheless, clone 4 1 performed exceedingly well for all the characters to attain maximum population mean, and the perform- ance varied substantially across the locations. Therefore, clone 41 was considered as productive but non-adaptive clone. Though some of the clones were sensitive to sites, 14 clones for height, 16 for collar diameter, 12 for DBH and 7 for volume were relatively un-sensitive with higher regression coefficient. Nonetheless, clone 124 was the most Stable with average bi value of 1.04 and productive, which could play an important role in future breeding and commercial deployment of stable and produc- tive planting stock of Dalbergia sissoo.

Growth and heritability estimates among clones of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. in a clonal seed orchard

The study of genetic variability is a prerequisite for any tree improvement program. Screening of clones showing the effect of dominance in growth and tree form is essential to identify productive clones, matched to sites. Our study performed in a clonal seed orchard at Lacchiwala of India, represented by 31 clones of Dalbergia sissoo （Shisham） Roxb. from diverse locations revealed significant variability at the 0.1% level of significance in various morphological traits. At the age of 13 years, clone 196 （Gonda） revealed maximum height of 20.2 m and a girth at breast height of 74.2 cm. The five identified clones viz. 196, 198, 192, 123 and 235 were well adapted to the climatic conditions of this zone, hence survived well and showed good performance compared to other clones. Heritability estimates of 87%, 83% and 80% for height, crown width and crown length respectively coupled with high genetic gains indicated strong genetic control of these variables. A correlation matrix of various growth attributes revealed positive correlation among these attributes. On the basis of the entire set of growth variables, the clones were grouped into two major clusters with three subgroups.

Vegetative propagation of Dalbergia sissoo:effect of growth regulators,length,position of shoot and type of cuttings on rooting potential in stem cuttings

The effect of auxins （IAA or IBA at 100, 200, 500 mg.L J） on rooting and sprouting parameters differed significantly （p 〈 0.05）. Rooting and sprouting percentages were higher in some treatments while other parameters were significantly higher in other treatments. The results of the present study revealed that rooting was significantly （p 〈 0.05） affected by the length of cuttings, as well as the position of shoots and type of cuttings. On average, 86.0 per cent rooting was observed in the 30-cm long cuttings com- pared to the other two lengths of cuttings, i.e., 20 and 25 cm, irrespective of any auxin treatment. In a control set, without any auxin treatment, a maximum of 60.0% rooting was recorded in the 30-cm long cuttings and a minimum of 40.0% of the cuttings rooted in the 20-cm long cuttings. Similarly, cuttings collected from the lower and upper portions of shoots resulted in 72.5 and 52.5 per cent rooting respectively, irrespective of auxin treatments. Maximum rooting was observed in the lower portion （40.0%） of cutting com- pared to the upper portion （30.0%） in the control set without auxin treatment. Leafless branches produced maximum （72.0%） rooting compared to the leafy cuttings （35.0%）, irrespective of the auxin treatment. The leafy cuttings produces a minimum of 15.0% sprout- ing and rooting in the control set.

Genetic diversity and relationship between cultivated clones of Dalber- gia sissoo of wide geographical origin using RAPD markers

Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA （RAPD） polymor- phism was employed to assess the genetic diversity in the elite germplasm＇of Dalbergia sissoo. Sixty-seven clones that are under cultivation in northern India, originated frorri six different states of India and Nepal were analyzed with 30 RAPD primers that generated a total of 342 fragments out of which 290 were polymorphic. Total genetic diversity （Ht） varied between 0.01 and 0.37, with an average of 0.19. Shannon＇s Information index （I） varied between 0102 and 0.54, with an average of 0.31. Marker attributes like Polymorphism Information Content （PIC）, Marker Index （MI） and Effective Multiplex Ratio （EMR） values were calculated to assess the discriminatory power of 30 primers used. The PIC values ranged from 0.01 to 0.37 with an average of 0.17 per primer and the EMR ranged from 0.17 to 21.00 with a mean of 8.66 across all genotypes. Closely related clones were C49 and C51 with similarity index of 0.86 while the least similar or most dissimilar clones were C14 and S-DB showing similarity index of 0.58. The UPGMA-phenogram categorized the 67 clones into six clusters based on genetic similarity and dissimilarity. The clustering of clones in relation to their geographical location has been discussed.

引进树种印度黄檀解剖构造变异性质及其化学性质的研究

采用木材定量解剖方法和木材化学性质分析方法,对引进的印度黄檀解剖构造性质径向变异特征和化学性质进行了系统研究,结果表明:印度黄檀木材纤维长度和宽度均值分别是1430.87、18.02μm,导管分子长度和直径平均值分别是204.13、146.46μm,微纤丝角平均值是12.24°。印度黄檀的解剖构造特征的径向变异趋势有的明显,有的不明显。印度黄檀木材pH值为5.39,其结果为开发和培育印度黄檀优质材提供了基础数据和理论指导。

印度黄檀适生性的气候因子研究

气候因素是影响印度黄檀生长的主导因素之一，对印度黄檀的造林气候适生性进行研究，结果表明：印度黄檀适于年平均气温20～27℃，极端最低气温0℃以上，极端最高气温39～43℃，年平均降水量600mm以上的地区。印度黄檀适于云南干热河谷地区的荒山造林。

人工幼龄印度黄檀木材解剖性质和结晶度的径向变异及预测模型

对元江地区幼龄印度黄檀木材各生长轮间的解剖各参数和结晶度的径向变异趋势及它们的相关性做了全面的测定和分析,结果表明:纤维长度和宽度、导管分子长度和弦径、纤维比量总体径向变化趋势是从髓心往外呈增加趋势;纤维壁厚和生长轮的径向变异趋势是先增加后减小;导管比量、胞壁率和微纤丝角的变化趋势是沿髓心向外呈递减趋势;结晶度的径向变异趋势是先增加后减小。方差分析表明:各生长轮间的解剖参数和结晶度差异均明显。相关分析表明:生长轮年龄与各解剖参数和结晶度相关性显著,据此建立了木材解剖性质和结晶度预测模型,相关系数大都达到0.88以上。

引进种源印度黄檀优株选择及优良无性系选择与评价

[目的]印度黄檀Dalbergia sissoo(Roxb.)是一种经济价值比较高的用材树种,对印度黄檀优株选择及优良无性系筛选,可以为印度黄檀优良品种选育提供理论指导和支持。[方法]本研究测定4种国外引进种源(N0、N2、I4和H6)印度黄檀母株株高和胸径,选择出20棵优株;并通过嫁接进行无性系苗木繁殖,测定2年生无性系苗木胸径和株高,比较分析了20个无性系株高和胸径,筛选出优良无性系用于印度黄檀优良品种选育。[结果]4个种源的印度黄檀母株株高和胸径变异系数较大,选择的20棵优株株高和胸径约等于或大于母株平均株高和胸径的130%;9和10号无性系株高和胸径均明显大于其它无性系,且变异系数远远小于母株;其次为12、18、19和20号无性系;9和10号优株,树干较直,胸径较大,超过母株平均值的170%;9和10号无性系株高和胸径均超过对照的130%,可作为优良无性系。[结论]本研究选择了20棵印度黄檀优株,并繁殖出20个无性系,筛选出9和10号作为优良无性系,用于之后的印度黄檀优良品种的选育。

引进树种印度黄檀木材解剖构造及物理力学性质的初步研究

对印度黄檀木材的解剖和物理力学性质做了系统研究,结果表明:印度黄檀属散孔材,纤维形态均匀,平均长度1.43 mm;微纤丝角为12.24°;气干密度和剖面密度分别为0.746 g.cm-3和0.634 g.cm-3,属中等;气干和全干差异干缩分别为1.75和1.55;印度黄檀的综合品质系数为2 309×105Pa,为高等级材。综合分析,人工培育的印度黄檀材质优良。

印度黄檀引种试验研究

在云南干热河谷地区进行了印度黄檀的引种试验研究，结果表明，印度黄檀在干热河谷地区表现出较强的抗旱能力，生长良好。4年生印度黄檀的平均胸径为4～11cm，平均树高为5—10m，保存率达90％，结实率达97．5％，和引种地生长情况接近。水分园子是影响印度黄檀在干热河谷地区生长的主要因子。印度黄檀作为千热河谷地区的荒山造林树种，具有广阔的前景。

印度黄檀叶多酚提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性研究

目的]印度黄檀叶含有多酚及类黄酮物质,研究印度黄檀叶多酚及其抗氧化活性,可为其利用提供依据。[方法]以印度黄檀叶为原料,乙醇为提取液,经单因素实验与正交试验设计,检测在不同乙醇浓度、提取时间、提取温度及超声功率120 w时3个因素进行响应面优化试验,确定印度黄檀多酚的提取工艺;同时,鉴定印度黄檀叶乙醇-水提取液对DPPH-自由基的清除能力。[结果]低浓度印度黄檀叶多酚能发挥更强的抗氧化能力,其提取液对清除DPPH自由基的半数抑制质量浓度(IC_(50))约为3.2 mg·L^(-1),略大于Vc的2.5 mg·L^(-1);不过,其还原能力略低于Vc。[结论]印度黄檀叶内富含多酚类物质,具有很强的体外抗氧化活性,可作为天然抗氧化植物资源开发利用。

现今进口降香并非印度黄檀心材

通过对印度黄檀心材与进口降香商品药材在性状、显微、理化等几个方面的比较鉴别，认为现今进口降香非印度黄檀心材，否定了以往文献的观点。

印度黄檀茎段腋芽诱导培养研究

为建立有效的印度黄檀组培快繁技术，本研究采用优树嫁接苗的腋芽茎段作为外植体，阐明不同消毒方法、不同基础培养基、不同植物生长调节剂和活性炭浓度对诱导培养的影响，以期为获得能够保持母株优良性状的无性系苗木奠定基础。结果表明，最佳的消毒方法是，外植体先用75％酒精浸泡30s，然后用0．1％升汞浸泡10min，此时污染率最低，腋芽萌发率最高，污染率和存活率分别为（16．67±2．03）％和（70．33±2．03）％；相对于B5和WPM基础培养基，使用MS培养基对外植体进行培养，萌芽率和苗高最高，分别为（85．00±2．89）％和（22．03±0．09）mm；培养基中植物生长调节剂6-BA和NAA的浓度及两者浓度比率均对腋芽诱导产生显著影响；当NAA浓度（0．01～0．02mg／L）较低时，在0．2～0．3mg／L范围内提高6-BA的浓度有利于植株生长，且两者浓度比率达到20～30时，最适宜腋芽诱导；在最适激素浓度条件下，添加0．5∥L活性炭，能够有效提高外植体萌芽率，降低玻璃化率。综上所述，印度黄檀茎段腋芽诱导的最适培养基为MS＋0．3mg／L6-BA＋0．01mg／LNAA＋0．5g／L。

容器规格对印度黄檀小苗生长影响试验研究

5种规格容器对印度黄檀苗木的苗高、地径、根幅、主根长、地上部分鲜重、地下部分鲜重、全株鲜重的影响试验结果显示,苗木平均苗高为为28.40~57.00cm,地径为0.31~0.54cm,主根长为21.33~55.60cm,根幅为8.23~13.17cm,地上生物量为6.10~16.18g,地下生物量为4.72~10.08g,单株总生物量为10.82~26.05g,不同处理之间在各指标的差异不尽相同,总体表现为处理1最优、处理4最差（p〈0.05）,印度黄檀育苗可优先选用13cm×18cm容器,尽量不用8cm×11cm容器。