Review of the Relocation of General Zhang Fei’s Temple in View of the Three Gorges Dam Project

As a national cultural property,General Zhang Fei’s Temple is the largest ancient architectural complex in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River.It was built in the Han Dynasty and has a long history of nearly 2,000 years.In 1994,the Chinese government launched the Three Gorges Dam project at the Yangtze River and implemented the largest relocation project for the General Zhang Fei Temple to prevent it from being submerged.The temple was relocated 32 kilometers upstream along with the local people of Yunyang County,and the historic environment was rebuilt on the opposite side of the migrant city of New Yunyang County.The temple was restored successfully and the tradition of offering sacrifices to General Zhang Fei continued in the local community.The relocation project lasted for 8 years and became the largest cultural heritage conservation project of the People’s Republic of China at the end of the 20th century.This paper comprehensively summarizes and reviews the project goals,implementation process,and project highlights of this relocation,so as to provide an important case reference for heritage conservation projects in the future.

Effects of ecological projects on vegetation in the Three Gorges Area of Chongqing, China

The construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir and the resettlement project have caused increasing contradictions between human and land,and led to the deterioration of the ecological environment. In order to ameliorate ecological environment of the Three Gorges Area, the government carried out several ecological restoration projects to improve the vegetation coverage from 1990 s. This paper aims to quantitatively analyze the impact of ecological projects on the vegetation in the Three Gorges Area of Chongqing, China. Landsat and MODIS data from 1992 to 2015 were used to estimate vegetation coverage. In addition, the land cover data of the European Space Agency(ESA) was used to explore the impact of ecological projects on land cover change. The cropland accounted for about 62% and the forestland accounted for about 34% of the total area. There was more than 90% of the study area covered with high or very high vegetation coverage.From 1992 to 2015, a total of 272.7 km;croplands were converted into forestland in the Ecological Migration Project(EMP), 795.6 km;in the Grain for Green Project(GGP), and 13.77 km;in the Ecological Restoration Zone Project(ERZP). Among the three projects, the GGP was the most powerful measure,with a contribution rate of 1.6%. The implementation of the ecological projects improved vegetation coverage, which indicated that the ecological projects measures were effective in ecological restoration.

Impact on Mountainous Agricultural Development in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area forced by Migrants of the Three Gorges Project

The Three Gorges Project attracts worldwide attention because of the Three Gorges migrants, and the agriculture of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area is a foundation for the development of the Three Gorges migrants. The Three Gorges Reservoir Area is situated at the mountainous area with bad agricultural development conditions and relatively low levels of development. As a result, the large-scale migration has special influence on its agricultural development, which has attracted much attention. The paper analyzes influence that the migrants have forced on its agricultural development based on the scientific data, and makes some explorations on the models that are suitable for the development of mountainous agriculture in the Three Gorges Reservoir

Compound Planting of Bletilla striata under Forest in the Three Gorges Dam Area

[Objectives] The aim was to study the artificial cultivation of Bletilla striata to realize large scale and standardization planting. [Methods] The comparison tests were conducted on B. striata with different canopy densities of the Magnolia officinalis forests,different compound planting densities and different tending measures and management. [Results] When the stand canopy density was 0. 4-0. 6,the per unit yield of B. striata was 5. 4%,6. 8% higher than that at the canopy density of less than 0. 4 and more than 0. 6,respectively. When the planting density was 30 cm × 30 cm,the per unit yield increased by 16. 1%,12. 0%,13. 1% respectively compared with the planting density of 20 cm × 20 cm,25 cm × 25 cm,35 cm × 35 cm. When B. striata was planted from October to November,the per unit yield was 5. 6% higher than that planted from December to January of the following year,and 21. 3% higher than that from February to March of the second year. When farmyard manure was applied during the cultivation,the per unit yield was 31. 7% and 18. 4% higher than the application of chemical fertilizer and compound fertilizer. When weeding 4 times per year,the per unit yield increased by 240. 1%,137. 0% and 43. 9% respectively from that weeding 1 times,2 times,3 times per year. [Conclusions]When planting B. striata,the stand canopy density of 0. 4-0. 6 could make it receive absolutely shelters and the lighting conditions required for the growth,thereby bringing in high emergence rate,good growth potential and high yield. The best planting effect of B. striata could achieve by planting from October to November with the planting density of 30 cm × 30 cm,which can play the maximum benefit of individual plants. Moreover,weeding 4 times per year combined with the use of farmyard manure can promote the development and growth of tubers,which can greatly improve the yield of B. striata.

The dam design of Three Gorges Project

The dam of Three Gorges Project is a concrete gravity dam with the crest elevation of 185 m,the maximum height of 181 m and dam axis length of 2 309.5 m.The dam consists of spillway,powerhouse,non-over flow,ship-lift,temporary ship-lock,left diversion wall and longitudinal cofferdam blocks.Some key techniques relating to dam structure design are presented,including hydraulics of flood discharge structure,dam joint design,layout and structural type of penstock,deep anti-sliding stability of dam foundation,reconstruction of temporary ship-lock and closed drainage and pumping of dam foundation.

Key issues in rock mechanics of the Three Gorges Project in China

The Three Gorges Project is one of the essential key projects for flood controlling and water resources regulation in the Yangtze River. The project includes a river-crossing dam, underground powerhouses, and navigation structures. Because of the huge size and complicated construction technologies, the project faced a series of challenging engineering issues. In terms of rock mechanics, there are many key technical issues, including the sliding resistance and stability of the dam section along the foundations of powerhouses No.l-5, the ,,;lope stability of the double-line five-stage shiplock, excavation of large-scale underground powerhouses, and curtain grouting under the dam. With decades of scientific research and 16 years of practical construction experiences and reservoir operations, these key technical issues in construction of the Three Gorges Project are successfully resolved, which will attribute to the development of hydropower technology. On the basis of the monitoring data during construction and normal operation periods of the Three Gorges Project, this paper presents a systematic analysis of these key rock mechanical issues in terms of behaviors, solutions, dynamic controlling, monitoring arrangement and integrated assessment.

Key Technologies of the Hydraulic Structures of the Three Gorges Project

To date,the Three Gorges Project is the largest hydro junction in the world.It is the key project for the integrated water resource management and development of the Changjiang River.The technology of the project,with its huge scale and comprehensive benefits,is extremely complicated,and the design difficulty is greater than that of any other hydro project in the world.A series of new design theories and methods have been proposed and applied in the design and research process.Many key technological problems regarding hydraulic structures have been overcome,such as a gravity dam with multi-layer large discharge orifices,a hydropower station of giant generating units,and a giant continual multi-step ship lock with a high water head.

Assessment of Diversity, Distribution, Conservation Status and Preparation of Management Plan for Medicinal Plants in the Catchment Area of Parbati Hydroelectric Project Stage-Ⅲ in Northwestern Himalaya

The developmental activities, particularly the construction of hydroelectric projects are causing a great loss of biodiversity in the Indian Himalayan Region. The Himachal Pradesh, a part of IHR is well known for the development of hydroelectric projects. The Parbati H.E. Project is amongst the major projects of the State. The different stages of the project are all causing loss of biodiversity of the area. Stage Ⅲ of the Parbati H.E. Project is a run of the river scheme on the Sainj River downstream of Power House of Parbati H.E. Project Stage Ⅱ. The project shall utilize regulated discharge of Parbati H.E. Project Stage Ⅱ and inflow of River Sainj for power generation, and has been contemplated as a peaking station operating in tandem with Stage Ⅱ. The present study has been undertaken to see the impact of hydroelectric project on the biodiversity, particularly on medicinal plants. A total of 104 species of medicinal plants, belonging to different life forms, i.e., trees (23 spp.), shrubs (22 spp.), herbs (57 spp.) and ferns (2 spp.) were recorded. The species have been analyzed and studied for their distribution, classification, altitudinal zones, part (s) used, indigenous uses, nativity, endemism and rarity.Different parts of these species, such as whole plants, roots (including rhizomes and tubers), leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, stems, barks, spikes, nuts and insect galls are used by the inhabitants for curing various diseases and ailments. 30 species are native to the Himalayan region, 9 species native to the Himalayan region and adjacent countries also and 65 species are non-natives. 9 species are near endemics. Considering the whole Himalaya as a biogeographic unit (sensu lato), the near endemics are endemic to the Himalaya. Among these species, Zanthoxylum armatum is categorized as Endangered and Valeriana wallichii as Vulnerable. Hedychium spicatum, Rhus javanica, Berberis lycium, Thalictrum foliolossum, Salvia lanata, Rubia cordifolia and Bergenia ligulata may be considered as threatened species due to their over exploitation for trade. 90 species are propagated by seeds, 8 species by seeds and rhizomes/roots/tubers, 4 species by seeds and cuttings, and 2 species by sori. A management plan for the cultivation and conservation of the medicinal plants in the dam submergence area, and the commercially viable medicinal plants with high value in the catchment area is suggested.

Three Gorges Dam project in great progress as planned

It hasn’t been easy, but almost all of the work on the Three Gorges Project is on schedule, according to a corporation overseeing construction of the dam. The China Yangtze Three Gorges Project Development Corporation has reported that contractors and other staff are working hard to ensure that the flood season does not slow the dam project. The company recently detailed the mammoth tasks that have taken place so

Projecting Spring Consecutive Rainfall Events in the Three Gorges Reservoir Based on Triple-Nested Dynamical Downscaling

Spring consecutive rainfall events(CREs) are key triggers of geological hazards in the Three Gorges Reservoir area(TGR), China. However, previous projections of CREs based on the direct outputs of global climate models(GCMs) are subject to considerable uncertainties, largely caused by their coarse resolution. This study applies a triple-nested WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting) model dynamical downscaling, driven by a GCM, MIROC6(Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate, version 6), to improve the historical simulation and reduce the uncertainties in the future projection of CREs in the TGR. Results indicate that WRF has better performances in reproducing the observed rainfall in terms of the daily probability distribution, monthly evolution and duration of rainfall events, demonstrating the ability of WRF in simulating CREs. Thus, the triple-nested WRF is applied to project the future changes of CREs under the middle-of-the-road and fossil-fueled development scenarios. It is indicated that light and moderate rainfall and the duration of continuous rainfall spells will decrease in the TGR, leading to a decrease in the frequency of CREs. Meanwhile, the duration, rainfall amount, and intensity of CREs is projected to regional increase in the central-west TGR. These results are inconsistent with the raw projection of MIROC6. Observational diagnosis implies that CREs are mainly contributed by the vertical moisture advection. Such a synoptic contribution is captured well by WRF, which is not the case in MIROC6,indicating larger uncertainties in the CREs projected by MIROC6.

The Drivers of Land Use Change in the Migration Area, Three Gorges Project, China: Advances and Prospects

This paper reviewed existing literatures on land use change since the demonstration phase of the Three Gorges Project and found that reservoir inundation, migration resettlement, urban relocation, and post-supporting construction were first paid more attention to, when analyzing the driving forces of land use change in the migration area. However, at the post-migration period （the end of migration resettlement）, above-mentioned drivers had not obviously driven land use change, but the evolutions of ＂migration demands＂ replacing them increasingly became the major drivers of land use change in the migration area. Therefore, the future priority fields of land use explanations in the mi- gration area, Three Gorges Project were （1） identifying the corresponding relationships between the spatial distributions of land use change and migration resettlement and indigenous inhabitants; （2） un- derstanding the change of ＂migration demands＂ and their causing ＂indigenous inhabitants＇ demands＂ being how to drive land use transforms; （3） finding the driving processes of the conflict and exclusion between immigrants and indigenous inhabitants, and the transfer of immigrants and indigenous in- habitants on land use change; and （4） measuring the dynamic feedback of ＂migration demands＂ at dif- ferent stages on the processes, directions and their corresponding impacts of land use change in order to building the coupling framework among ＂migration demands＂, driver behaviors, and land use. This paper presents a new access for the explanation of land use change and also supplies scientific proofs to obtain adaptive decision-making to optimize land use patterns in the migration area, Three Gorges Project.

The hydrological effect between Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake during the initial period of Three Gorges Project operation

Based on the measured hydrological data from 1951 to 2008, the chain hydrological effect between Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake is analyzed by comparative method after the Three Gorges Project operation. The result indicates that 1） the scouring amount in Jing- jiang River made up 78.9% of the total from Yichang to Chenglingji, and its average scouring intensity was higher than the latter; 2） the water and sand diversion rates at the three outlets of the Jingjiang River were reduced by 2.33% and 2.78% separately; 3） the proportion of multi-year average runoff and sediment through the three outlets in the total into the Dongting Lake decreased by 7.7% and 24.4% respectively; 4） in Dongting Lake, the speed of sediment accumulation was lowered by 26.7%, in flood season, the runoff amount was 20.2% less than the multi-year average value, leading to seasonal scarcity of water year by year. The former prolonged the lake life, while the latter induced droughts in summer and fall in successive years, shortage of drinking and industrial water, shipping insecurity, as well as ecological problems such as decrease of birds and quick increase of Microtus fortis; 5） The multi-year average values of sediment and flood transporting capacity at the lake outlet were respec- tively increased by 26.6% and 3.7%, the adapt to the new change of the river-lake embankments were protected effectively. Then, to relation, some suggestions were put forward, such as optimizing further operation program of the Three Gorges Reservoir, reexamining the idea of river and lake regulation, and maintaining connection of the river and the lake.

发挥长江经济带关键骨干作用 促进三峡工程安全运行和库区高质量发展

三峡工程是“国之重器”,具有防洪、发电、航运、水资源利用等巨大的综合效益,是长江的骨干性、控制性水利枢纽工程,在长江大保护与长江经济带高质量发展中发挥了巨大的作用。按照习近平总书记关于三峡工程“一个标志、三个典范”的高度评价,文章准确把握了三峡工程和三峡库区在长江经济带发展中的关键骨干作用,深入理解了三峡工程安全运行和库区高质量发展面临的新形势新要求,合理确定了世界水工程安全运行管理典范、国家重要淡水资源战略储备库、生态优先绿色发展和谐稳定共同富裕示范区、人与自然和谐共生三峡新文化引领者等四大战略定位,系统谋划了促进三峡工程高水平安全运行和库区高质量发展的具体实施路径。

Landslide Dam Forming Hazard Analysis Based on Geological and Induced Factors

Landslide dams and lakes can cause great casualties and economic losses.A landslide dammed lake named Tangjiashan by Wenchuan earthquake in China was well known all over the world since May 12,2008. Many other landslide dams or lakes can also formed by rainfall or water fluctuation besides earthquake. Landslides along the river or branch banks in the Three Gorges Reservoir area face dam or lake forming possibility especially within the water

三峡工程运行后荆江河段分汇段航道水深资源及碍航驱动机制

系统解析长江中游河湖交汇区域航道水深资源的变化,可支撑“黄金航道”的可持续发展。本研究以洞庭湖-荆江交汇段为对象,研究洞庭湖分汇区域水沙条件、荆江河段滩槽演变与河湖交汇段航道水深资源的关系。研究表明:三峡工程运行以来,洞庭湖三口分流量和分沙量延续了三峡工程运行前的减少态势,伴随洞庭湖分流量减少,相对增加的长江干流径流量增强了河床冲刷强度,反馈使得洞庭湖三口分流量和分沙量均处于较低值;荆江河段河床冲刷给航道尺度提升奠定了有利基础,河湖分汇区域不满足4.5 m×200 m(水深×宽度)的长度为12.6 km,占荆江河段碍航总长度的68.35%。碍航驱动机制上:松滋口分流区段(枝城-昌门溪)的4.5 m水槽贯通但宽度不足200 m,汊道分流关系不稳定及洲滩萎缩制约航道条件稳定,枯水位下降及“坡陡流急”现象仍然严峻,不利于航道条件保障及船舶安全航行;太平口分流区段水位下降、洲滩萎缩、汊道交替发展使得枯水航路不稳定或水深不足4.5 m;藕池口分流区域的洲滩崩退、洲滩冲刷引起的向下游泥沙输移,碍航表现为航宽不足200 m或出现水深不足4.5 m的浅滩;洞庭湖入汇影响区段(熊家洲-城陵矶)受弯道冲淤特性、湖泊出流顶托作用等影响,航槽内出现水深不足4.5 m的浅滩,但顶托作用存在趋缓趋势,有利于航道条件的改善。

基于多源时序InSAR的三峡坝区形变监测分析

自2003年三峡库区蓄水以来,水位的大幅上升和周期性变化,给三峡大坝及其周边环境的稳定性造成威胁,三峡坝区的形变监测一直备受关注.随着InSAR技术的不断发展,其在基础设施与地质灾害形变监测领域发挥着越来越大的作用.采用时序InSAR技术对获取的2015年-2019年L波段ALOS2 PALSAR2数据集和2015年-2022年C波段Sentinel-1数据集进行处理分析,发现三峡大坝与茅坪溪大坝存在与蓄水相关的周期性形变,振幅约为1.1 mm和3.2 mm,茅坪溪大坝左岸护坡、关门洞地区与银杏沱填埋区分别存在28、40、40 mm/a的显著形变.采用指数衰减模型对银杏沱填埋区形变过程进行拟合,结果表明填埋区可在2040年达到稳定状态。研究表明,InSAR技术有助于加深对地表形变的认识理解,为地质灾害治理与决策提供依据.

大藤峡水利枢纽库区水资源保护规划布局与策略研究

针对大藤峡水利枢纽工程建成后库区水资源保护的要求,通过调查研究库区环境特征和生态环境功能定位,分析了水资源保护面临的水质污染风险和富营养化趋势等水环境水生态方面的挑战,给出了落实库区水生态保护措施、适时开展跟踪监测和后评价以及划定库区水生态空间全面融入国土空间管控体系等对策。遵循节水优先、空间均衡、系统治理、两手发力的治水方针提出了水资源保护规划控制指标体系,根据统筹山水林田湖草系统治理应基于流域层面,强化流域综合整治,促进生态系统修复的思路,提出了“一带一圈”水资源保护规划总体布局,并提出了以峡谷水质保护和敏感目标水生态保护为主的“一带”保护策略和以面源控制、生态调度和流域监控管理为主的“一圈”保护策略。

长江安徽段江心洲侵蚀-堆积过程对长江三峡工程建设的响应特征分析

近年来,长江干流修建众多水利工程,三峡水库作为世界上最大水利工程——三峡工程的一部分,其建设改变了长江中下游河段的天然水沙条件,影响了长江中下游江心洲的发育。基于2000、2003、2005、2007、2010、2013、2015、2017、2020年等9期TM/ETM/OLI遥感影像,借助改进归一化差异水体指数法(MNDWI)提取长江安徽段(下称皖江)江心洲形态演变的时空信息,得到江心洲面积变化量和变化率随时间的变化关系,进而分析皖江江心洲侵蚀-堆积过程对长江三峡工程建设的时间响应特征。研究发现:(1)三峡水库施工期蓄水后,皖江江心洲面积发生频繁波动变化,安庆段和铜陵段江心洲对皖江江心洲面积影响较大,贡献可达80%以上。(2)安庆、池州、铜陵、芜湖等4段因距离三峡水库较近受到的影响较大,江心洲最大面积变化率分别达到了-19.54%、-39.05%、-24.87%、-15.02%,而马鞍山段因距离三峡水库较远受到的影响较小,最大面积变化率仅为-7.33%。(3)皖江江心洲侵蚀-堆积过程对三峡工程建设存在三个响应时期,即2003—2007年的调整期、2007—2013年的平稳期和2013—2020年的平衡期。

消落带与城市——消落带影响下沿江城市景观品质提升研究

长江上游三峡库区消落带一直是一个世界难题,由于消落带生态结构脆弱、长江行航要求等种种限制,长江上游地区常年受30~40米消落带涨幅影响;消落带景观设计难点一是保护当先,二是行航要求压缩设计空间。文章首先分析三峡工程的影响以及季节性涨落水文机制;从沿江景观品质提升这一角度出发,分别从保护、规划、设计三个方面展开,以重庆为落脚点去探讨如何提升消落带景观品质,并结合案例研究动态景观设计手法如何运用在设计中。