Metastasis of primary gallbladder carcinoma in lymph node and liver

AIM: To evaluate the patterns with metastasis of gallbladder carcinoma in lymph nodes and liver.METHODS: A total of 45 patients who had radical surgery were selected. The patterns with metastasis of primary gallbladder carcinoma in lymph nodes and liver were examined histopathologically and classified as TNM staging of the American Joint Committee on Cancer.RESULTS: Of the 45 patients, 29 (64.4%) had a lymph node positive disease and 20 (44.4%) had a direct invasion of the liver. The frequency of involvement of lymph nodes was strongly influenced by the depth of the primary tumor(P = 0.0001). The postoperative survival rate of patients with negative lymph node metastasis was significantly higher than that of patients with positive lymph node metastasis (P = 0.004), but the postoperative survival rate of patients with N1 lymph node metastasis was not significantly different from that of patients with N2 lymph node metastasis (P = 0.3874). The postoperative survival rate of patients without hepatic invasion was significantly better than that of patients with hepatic invasion (P= 0.0177).CONCLUSION: Complete resection of the regional lymph nodes is important in advanced primary gallbladder carcinoma (PGC). The initial sites of liver spread are located mostly in segments Ⅳ and V. It is necessary to achieve negative surgical margins 2 cm from the tumor. In patients with hepatic hilum invasion, extended right hepatectomy with or without bile duct resection or portal vein resection is necessary for curative resection.

Fatty liver is an independent risk factor for gallbladder polyps

BACKGROUND Gallbladder polyps(GBPs)are known to be associated with obesity and metabolic diseases.However,to date,the relationship between GBPs and abnormal body fat distribution,such as fatty liver,visceral obesity,or sarcopenia,has not yet been established.AIM To evaluate whether GBPs are associated with fatty liver,visceral obesity,or sarcopenia.METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of subjects who underwent various laboratory tests,body composition measurement with a non-invasive body composition analyzer,and abdominal ultrasonography during health checkups.A total of 1405 subjects with GBPs were compared with 2810 age-and sex-matched controls.RESULTS The mean age of the subjects was 46.8±11.7 years,and 63.8%were male.According to multiple logistic regression analysis,the presence of fatty liver[odds ratio(OR)1.413;95%confidence interval(CI)1.218-1.638;P<0.001]was an independent risk factor for GBP,together with low levels of alanine aminotransferase(OR 0.993;95%CI 0.989-0.996;P<0.001).Additionally,fatty liver showed both independent(OR 1.629;95%CI,1.335-1.988;P<0.001)and dosedependent(moderate to severe fatty liver;OR 2.137;95%CI,1.662-2.749;P<0.001)relationship with large GBPs(≥5 mm).The presence of sarcopenia and high visceral fat area were not significantly associated with GBPs.CONCLUSION Fatty liver was found to be closely associated with GBPs irrespective of sarcopenia and visceral obesity.

Ectopic liver tissue (choristoma) on the gallbladder: Acomprehensive literature review

BACKGROUND Liver tissue situated outside the liver with a hepatic connection is usually calledan accessory liver, and that without a connection to the mother liver, is calledectopic liver tissue.AIM To identify studies in the literature on ectopic liver tissue located on thegallbladder surface or mesentery.METHODS We present two patients and review published articles on ectopic liver tissuelocated on the gallbladder surface accessed via PubMed, MEDLINE, GoogleScholar, and Google databases. Keywords used included accessory liver lobe,aberrant liver tissue, ectopic liver tissue, ectopic liver nodule, heterotopic livertissue, hepatic choristoma, heterotopic liver tissue on the gallbladder, and ectopicliver tissue on the gallbladder. The search included articles published before June2020 with no language restriction. Letters to the editor, case reports, reviewarticles, original articles, and meeting presentations were included in the search.Articles or abstracts containing adequate information on age, sex, history of liverdisease, preliminary diagnosis, radiologic tools, lesion size, surgical indication,surgical procedure, and histopathological features of ectopic liver tissue wereincluded in the study.RESULTS A total of 72 articles involving 91 cases of ectopic liver tissue located on the gallbladder surface or mesentery were analyzed. Of these 91 patients, 62 werefemale and 25 were male (no gender available for 4 patients), and the age rangewas 5 d to 91 years. Forty-nine patients underwent surgery for chroniccholecystitis or cholelithiasis, and 14 patients underwent surgery for acutecholecystitis. The remaining 28 patients underwent laparotomy for other reasons.Cholecystectomy was laparoscopic in 69 patients and open in 11 patients. Theremaining 19 patients underwent various other surgical procedures such asautopsy, liver transplantation, living donor hepatectomy, Whipple procedure, andliver segment V resection. Histopathologically, hepatocellular carcinoma wasdetected in the ectopic liver tissue of one patient.CONCLUSION Ectopic liver tissue is a rare developmental anomaly which is usually detectedincidentally. Although most studies suggest that ectopic liver located outside thegallbladder has a high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, this is not reflected instatistical analysis.

Gallbladder polyp as a manifestation of hemobilia caused by arterial-portal fistula after percutaneous liver biopsy: A case report

Outpatient percutaneous liver biopsy is a common practice in the differential diagnosis and treatment of chronic liver disease. The major complication and mortality rate were about 2-4% and 0.01-0.33% respectively. Arterio-portal fistula as a complication of percutaneoos liver biopsy was infrequently seen and normally asymptomatic. Hemobilia, which accounted for about 3% of overall major percataneous liver biopsy complications, resulted rarely from arterioportal fistula We report a hemobilia case of 68 years old woman who was admitted for abdominal pain after liver biopsy. The initial ultrasonography revealed a gallbladder polypoid tumor and common bile duct (CBD) dilatation. Blood clot was extracted as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) showed hemobilia. The patient was shortly readmitted because of recurrence of symptoms. A celiac angiography showed an intrahepatic artedo-portal fistula. After superselective embolization of the feeding artery, l^e patient was discharged uneventfully. Most cases of hemobilia caused by percutaneous liver biopsy resolved spontaneously. Selective angiography embolization or surgical intervention is reserved for patients who failed to respond to conservative treatment.

PRIMARY NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS OF THE LIVER AND GALLBLADDER

To study Clinico-pathological characters of the neuroendocrine tumors of the liver and gallbladder.MethodsUsing histology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscope, 3 cases of liver and gallbladder were investigated. The primary antibodies including anti-chromogranin A, gastrin, serotonin, insulin, somatostatin, gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide, adreno- corticotropic hormone (ACTH), calcitonin, bombesin, β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) were employed to identify the property of tumors.ResultsIn one cases tumor of neuroendocrine carcinoma. In the other two cases tumor were typical carcinoid. In immunohistochemistry study, the tumor cells showed positive reaction to chromagranin A and contained positive cells of gastrin, serotonin, insulin and pancreatic polypaptide. Electronmicroscopy showed the cytoplasm contained dense round granules.ConclusionThe Nuroendocrine tumor of liver and gallbladder is a special type neoplasm with character of histology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Subject headings neuroendocrine tumor gallbladder liver immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for a left-sided gallbladder

Cholecystectomy is a common procedure.Abnormalities in the anatomy of the biliary system are common but an abnormal location of the gallbladder is much rarer.Despite frequent pre-operative imaging,the aberrant location of the gallbladder is commonly discovered at surgery.This article presents a case of a patient with the gallbladder located to the left of the falciform ligament in the absence of situs inversus totalis that presented with right upper quadrant pain.A laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed and it was noted that the cystic duct originated from the right side.The presence of a left sided gall bladder is often associated with various biliary,portal venous and other anomalies that might lead to intra-operative injuries.The spectrum of unusual positions and anatomical gallbladder abnormalities is reviewed in order to facilitate elective and emergent cholecystectomy as well as other hepatobiliary procedures.With proper identification of the anatomy,minimally invasive approaches are still considered safe.

Unexpected gallbladder cancer:Surgical strategies and prognostic factors

Gallbladder cancer is the most common tumor of the biliary tract and it is associated with a poor prognosis.Unexpected gallbladder cancer is a cancer incidentally discovered,as a surprise,at the histological examination after cholecystectomy for gallstones or other indications.It is a potentially curable disease,with an intermediate or good prognosis in most cases.An adequate surgical strategy is mandatory to improve the prognosis and an adjunctive radical resection may be required depending on the depth of invasion.If the cancer discovered after cholecystectomy is a pTis or a pT1a,a second surgical procedure is not mandatory.In the other cases(pT1b,pT2 and pT3 cancer) a re-resection(4b + 5 liver segmentectomy,lymphadenectomy and port-sites excision in some cases) is required to obtain a radical excision of the tumor and an accurate disease staging.The operative specimens of re-resection should be examined by the pathologist to find any "residual" tumor.The "residual disease" is the most important prognostic factor,significantly reducing median disease-free survival and disease-specific survival.The other factors include depth of parietal invasion,metastatic nodal disease,surgical margin status,cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis,histological differentiation,lymphatic,vascular and perineural invasion and overall TNM-stage.

Endoscopic transcystic stent placement for an intrahepatic abscess due to gallbladder perforation

Perforation of the gallbladder with cholecystohepatic communication is a rare cause of liver abscess. Because it is a rare entity, the treatment modality has not been fully established. We report for the first time a patient with an intrahepatic abscess due to gallbladder perforation successfully treated by endoscopic stent placement into the gallbladder who had a poor response to continuous percutaneous drainage.

Hepatectomy for gallbladder-cancer with unclassified anomaly of right-sided ligamentum teres: A case report and review of the literature

Right-sided ligamentum teres(RSLT) is a congenital anomaly in which the right umbilical ligament becomes dominant and anomalous ramifications of the hepatic vessels and biliary system are present. A male patient in his 70 s was diagnosed with advanced gallbladder cancer directly infiltrating the right hepatic duct(RHD), together with RSLT. Preoperative three-dimensional simulation of the liver based on multiple detector computed tomography images after cholangiography revealed ramifications of all segmental portal veins from the portal trunk and discordance of the arterial and biliary branching patterns of segment 8. Fusion analysis of the biliary architecture and segmental volumetry showed that the RHD drained segments 1 r, 5, 6, and 7. We successfully performed a modified right-sided hepatectomy sparing segment 8(i.e., resection of the RHD drainage territory), with negative surgical margins. This report is the first to describe major hepatectomy for advanced gallbladder cancer with RSLT.

Sinistroposition of the gallbladder and common bile duct

BACKGROUND: Despite its rare incidence, few cases of left-side gallbladder have been already published. METHODS: We reported herein the case of a 29-year-old man with a left liver tumor in whom left lateral bisegmen- tectomy was mandatory. It represents the first description of a sinistroposition of both gallbladder and common bile duct. RESULTS: Surgical exploration revealed a left-side gall- bladder , located under the left lobe of the liver. During he- patic parenchyma dissection at the left side of the round liga- ment and the Rex recessus, the common bile duct was in- jured. Complete separation of hepatic pedicle structures showed that the upper biliary convergence passed on the left side of the Rex recessus before reaching the hepatoduo- denal ligament. CONCLUSION: Only careful dissection of the hepatoduo- denal ligament up to Rex recessus level prior to liver paren- chyma resection could avoid biliary tract injury during left lobectomy.

Primary liposarcoma of gallbladder diagnosed by preoperative imagings: A case report and review of literature

一个 49 岁的日本女人被指我们的部门因为高发烧和一个巨大的腹的团。计算断层摄影术(CT ) 和磁性的回声(先生) 成像揭示了一个肿瘤，在直径的大约 30 厘米，占据了恰好肝的脑叶和腹洞。腹的血管造影术证明肿瘤主要被膀胱的动脉喂。我们外科手术前地诊断了胆囊的血管肉瘤并且因为肿瘤是几乎 capsulated，与胆囊炎执行了肿瘤切除术，然而，胆囊的以后的墙紧紧地属于肿瘤。组织学地，肿瘤与细胞的多形性包括脂肪的强风由锭子房间组成，它也在胆囊的肌层被检测。我们最后诊断了胆囊的多形的脂肪的肉瘤。在在第一操作以后的 10 瞬间和 29 瞬间，因为复发，她经历了二更多的操作。现在，她在第一操作以后有生命 3 年和 6 瞬间的好质量。

自拟利胆经验方治疗慢性胆囊炎临床观察

目的观察孙晓生教授自拟利胆1号方治疗慢性胆囊炎的临床疗效和安全性。方法选取108例慢性胆囊炎患者为研究对象,利用随机数字表法分为2组,各54例。对照组采取常规西医治疗,观察组加用自拟利胆1号方治疗,4周后对比2组临床疗效。结果治疗前2组患者的中医症状积分、肝胆功能指标、免疫指标、炎性细胞因子相比,组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗4周后均较治疗前改善且观察组改善效果优于对照组(P<0.05);观察组不良反应发生率与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论自拟利胆1号方对慢性胆囊炎有效,不良反应发生率低,使用前景广阔。

清肝利胆法配合胆囊穿刺引流治疗高龄重症急性胆囊炎临床研究

目的:探讨给予高龄重症急性胆囊炎患者胆囊穿刺引流+清肝利胆法治疗的效果。方法:选取医院收治的60例高龄重症急性胆囊炎患者,经随机数表法分为两组。对照组(30例)患者进行超声引导下经皮肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术(PTGBD)治疗,治疗组(30例)患者进行PTGBD+清肝利胆法治疗。观察患者相关血清指标、炎性因子水平变化情况及临床症状体征改善、总疗效。结果:两组经过治疗后,治疗组患者WBC、ALT及GGT水平相比治疗前、对照组均明显更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗组患者CRP、IL-6及TNF-α水平均低于治疗前,同时低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,治疗组患者各项中医症候评分相比对照组均更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者临床治疗总有效率分别为73.33%、90.00%,治疗组总有效率明显更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:选用PTGBD+清肝利胆法的中西医结合方案,给予高龄重症急性胆囊炎患者治疗,能够更好地改善患者相关血清指标、炎性因子水平,减少患者不适情况,提高患者临床症状和体征的改善效果,获得更理想总体疗效。

胡陵静教授从肝、胆、脾论治胆囊癌经验

胆囊癌是胆道最常见的恶性肿瘤,可占胆道恶性肿瘤的70%以上,恶性程度较高,对放化疗均不敏感,术后容易复发,预后不良。中医药治疗胆囊癌可以减轻患者症状,提高其生活质量,延长生存期,疗效显著。胆囊癌属于中医学“积聚”“胁痛”“黄疸”“腹痛”等疾病范畴。中医认为,胆囊癌的发生多由肝郁气滞、痰凝血瘀、湿热内蕴、经络阻滞、气血亏虚、脏腑失调等因素所致。由于情志不畅、饮食不节、水土失宜、虫积等因素,肝胆疏泄失职,胆汁排泄受阻,化作湿热痰浊,气血运行不畅,此时毒邪侵袭,郁结于胆腑,久之发为癌肿。病性属本虚标实,虚实夹杂,临床多表现为邪存正虚,治疗多标本兼治,从疏肝、行气、清热、祛湿、化瘀、补益气血、调整脏腑功能等角度出发。胡陵静教授从事临床工作30余载,擅长治疗多系统肿瘤疾患。胡师认为,胆囊癌的发病与肝、胆、脾三脏密切相关,病机多为肝郁脾虚、湿热毒结,治疗多从疏肝郁、清湿热、健脾胃三方面着手,常以柴胡疏肝散、茵陈蒿汤、香砂六君子汤作为基础方,酌情加减,临床用之,疗效颇佳。文章中附验案1则,以期为临床相关治疗提供参考。

孙建光从肝胆论治不寐临证经验

不寐是由于情志、饮食等诸多原因引起的以睡眠时长和(或)深度不足为主要表现的病证。轻者表现为入睡困难、眠浅易醒,或者醒后不能复寐,甚者可彻夜不寐,长期反复发作则严重影响患者的身心健康和生活质量。随着现代人们生活节奏的加快和饮食习惯的改变,越来越多的患者开始深受不寐困扰。不寐发病与情志不畅、饮食不节、年老体弱、思虑劳倦等因素关系密切。现代医家认为本病总属阴盛阳衰、阴阳失交,病机关键在于心火不能下通于肾,肾水不能上济于心,在治疗上多以心肾论治。孙建光教授是山东中医药大学博士生导师,师承尹常健教授、王文正教授,从事中医临床、教育、科研工作二十余年,临证多从肝胆论治不寐,每收良效。孙建光教授认为肝气郁滞不畅常为不寐起病的始动因素,在此基础上又可化火、生痰、化瘀,导致痰、火、瘀等多病理因素夹杂,病情进一步发展则出现肝虚之证,并兼有心、脾、肾多脏腑失养,故切不可单以心肾为治。临证常以调理气机为辨治基础,酌施疏肝护肝之法,治病求本,随证施以清热利湿、化痰降浊、活血化瘀等诸法。对于顽固性失眠或久病不愈的患者重视补肝、健脾、养心、滋肾,且在此基础上尤为重视调养脾胃,顾护中焦,收效颇丰。

基于肠肝轴理念探讨“凡十一脏取决于胆”与2型糖尿病关系

中医认为“凡十一脏取决于胆”,胆在消渴发生发展中起重要作用,主要通过:(1)胆主决断,调控人体精神活动;(2)和解少阳枢机;(3)主少阳春升之气;这三个环节调控人体的新陈代谢。若枢机失常,气血不畅,则气滞、痰凝、血瘀产生,进而发为消渴。现代医学发现“肠-肝轴”与2型糖尿病发病密切相关,其内在机制可能与肠道机械屏障破坏通透性增加、化学屏障不足代谢失常、生物屏障失调能量紊乱等因素相关。因此,从“胆”出发辨证论治,结合“肠-肝轴”功能特点,为2型糖尿病的治疗提供了一个新视角。

Clinical observation of gastrointestinal function recovery in patients after hepatobiliary surgery

BACKGROUND The liver is an important metabolic and digestive organ in the human body,ca-pable of producing bile,clotting factors,and vitamins.AIM To investigate the recovery of gastrointestinal function in patients after hepato-biliary surgery and identify effective rehabilitation measures.METHODS A total of 200 patients who underwent hepatobiliary surgery in our hospital in 2022 were selected as the study subjects.They were divided into a control group and a study group based on the extent of the surgery,with 100 patients in each group.The control group received routine treatment,while the study group re-ceived targeted interventions,including early enteral nutrition support,drinking water before gas discharge,and large bowel enema,to promote postoperative gastrointestinal function recovery.The recovery of gastrointestinal function was compared between the two groups.RESULTS Compared with the control group,patients in the study group had better recovery of bowel sounds and less accumulation of fluids in the liver bed and gallbladder fossa(P<0.05).They also had shorter time to gas discharge and first meal(P<0.05),higher overall effective rate of gastrointestinal function recovery(P<0.05),and lower incidence of postoperative complications(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Targeted nursing interventions(early nutritional support,drinking water before gas discharge,and enema)can effectively promote gastrointestinal function recovery in patients undergoing hepatobiliary surgery and reduce the incidence of complications,which is worthy of promotion.

新生儿抚触联合中医穴位按摩护理在新生儿黄疸中的应用研究

目的 探究在新生儿黄疸中应用新生儿抚触联合中医穴位按摩护理的效果。方法 以2021年5月—2023年5月为研究开展时段,抽选在该时段内在商丘市第一人民医院分娩出生确诊黄疸的新生儿80例为研究对象,按照电脑随机分组的方式划分40例为对照组,接受常规新生儿抚触护理,余40例患儿为观察组,在对照组的基础上增加中医穴位按摩,比较两组患儿的护理前后经皮胆红素值(TCB)、血清胆红素水平(TB)、血清直接胆红素水平(DB)值、黄疸消退时间、胆红素恢复时间、日睡眠时间、日排便次数、体质量增长。结果 护理后,观察组观察组TCB下降快于对照组(P<0.05);TB、DB均低于对照组(P<0.05);黄疸消失时间、血清胆红素恢复时间均短于对照组(P<0.05);日睡眠时间、日排便次数、体质量均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 在新生儿黄疸中应用新生儿抚触联合中医穴位按摩护理的效果较好,可降低血清胆红素水平,改善黄疸症状,加快黄疸消退,保障了新生儿睡眠时间,利于新生儿排便和正常哺育,体质量向正向情况良好发展。

熊去氧胆酸片对胆囊合并胆总管结石术后老年患者肝功能及胆汁成分的影响

目的探讨熊去氧胆酸片对胆囊合并胆总管结石术后老年患者肝功能及胆汁成分的影响。方法选取医院2021年2月至2023年2月收治的胆囊合并胆总管结石并行腹腔镜胆囊切除术联合消化内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术的老年(年龄不低于60岁)患者120例,按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,各60例。术后,对照组患者予常规治疗注射用头孢噻肟钠和异苷草酸镁注射液,观察组患者在对照组治疗基础上加用熊去氧胆酸片,两组患者均治疗3周。结果治疗后,两组患者的胆囊壁厚度均显著变小(P<0.05),胆囊收缩率均显著升高(P<0.05),且观察组均显著优于对照组(P<0.05);两组患者的丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶水平均显著降低(P<0.05),且观察组均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);两组患者的胆汁总胆固醇、总胆红素水平均显著降低(P<0.05),总胆汁酸水平均显著升高(P<0.05),且观察组均显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。术后2个月,观察组患者的腹胀、右上腹不适、胆绞痛等临床症状消失率均显著高于对照组(95.00%比61.67%,88.33%比68.33%,100.00%比76.67%,P<0.05)。术后1,6,12个月,观察组患者的结石复发率均显著低于对照组(0比1.67%,3.33%比8.33%,3.33%比18.33%,P<0.05)。结论熊去氧胆酸片可有效改善胆囊合并胆总管结石术后老年患者的肝功能及胆汁成分,减轻患者的临床症状,增强胆囊功能,减少结石复发。

利胆退黄汤对梗阻性黄疸(肝胆湿热证)术后退黄、改善肝功能的临床疗效

目的 观察利胆退黄汤对梗阻性黄疸(肝胆湿热证)术后退黄、改善肝功能的临床疗效。方法 选取2022年6月—2023年1月医院收治的梗阻性黄疸(肝胆湿热证)患者136例,均行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy, LC)+腹腔镜胆总管探查术(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration, LCBDE)联合T管引流术,所有患者通过随机数表法分为两组,各68例,对照组术后常规抗感染及护肝治疗,研究组在对照组基础上服用利胆退黄汤治疗。比较两组术后肛门排气时间、黄疸消退时间和住院时间,术前及术后2周肝功能指标、炎症因子指标,中医症状积分,不良反应发生情况。结果 两组患者术后肛门排气时间和住院时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),研究组黄疸消退时间明显短于对照组(P<0.05)。术后2周,两组总胆红素(total bilirubin, TBIL)、直接胆红素(Direct Bilirubin, DBIL)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate transaminase, AST)、丙氨酸转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)水平显著降低,且研究组低于对照组(P<0.05)。术后2周,两组肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)、白介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)水平显著降低,且研究组低于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组术后2周口苦咽干、恶心呕吐、舌苔症状积分均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组均无严重不良反应发生。结论 利胆退黄汤对梗阻性黄疸(肝胆湿热证)术后患者临床疗效显著,能够退黄、改善肝功能,减轻机体炎症,促进患者,并且安全性可靠,值得推荐应用。