Given the prominence and magnitude of airport incentive schemes,it is surprising that literature hitherto remains silent as to their effectiveness.In this paper,the relationship between airport incentive schemes and t...Given the prominence and magnitude of airport incentive schemes,it is surprising that literature hitherto remains silent as to their effectiveness.In this paper,the relationship between airport incentive schemes and the route development behavior of airlines is analyzed.Because of rare and often controversial findings in the extant literature regarding relevant influencing variables for attracting airlines at an airport,expert interviews are used as a complement to formulate testable hypotheses in this regard.A fixed effects regression model is used to test the hypotheses with a dataset that covers all seat capacity offered at the 22 largest German commercial airports in the week 46 from 2004 to 2011.It is found that incentives from primary choice,as well as secondary choice airports,have a significant influence on Low Cost Carriers.Furthermore,Low Cost Carriers,in general,do not leave any of both types of airports when the incentives cease.In the case of Network Carriers,no case is found where one joins a primary choice airport and receives an incentive.Insufficient data between Network Carriers and secondary choice airports in the time when incentives have ceased means that no statement can be given.展开更多
Price Discrimination of film products is theoretically feasible and logically inevitable, and it has been used for a long time in film industry as well. However, there are practical paradoxes in the new environment du...Price Discrimination of film products is theoretically feasible and logically inevitable, and it has been used for a long time in film industry as well. However, there are practical paradoxes in the new environment due to market factors like popularization of Internet environment and Online to Offline(O2O) retailers between hierarchical markets. Compared with high-level markets, low-level markets are lack of conditions for differentiated lower price like cinema infrastructure, and environment for film consumption market, so that the consumption potential for market has not been motivated yet. Therefore, it is quite important to pay close attention to how to expand the market by clearer gradient pricing structures and Internet platform.展开更多
Women have been oppressed since the beginning of time;however,the past has earned women their rightful position in society.Despite that,there are still traces of sexism that we find in modern society–these traces can...Women have been oppressed since the beginning of time;however,the past has earned women their rightful position in society.Despite that,there are still traces of sexism that we find in modern society–these traces can be shown through direct or indirect means.One of the major areas that women are still vigorously oppressed in is gender-based pricing.The pink tax is an old phenomenon that has only gained global attention recently.The pink tax segregates women and often causes life-threatening consequences.This paper will analyze the effects of the pink tax through commodities being sold in the world-famous city of New York in the States.The New York City government is the only government that took action to undergo comprehensive research on such an important topic.In addition to that,the paper will also compare the pink tax while making notations on the gender wage gap to fully highlight the injustice women face today.To conclude this paper,policies and solutions will be recommended to work towards the abolishment of the pink tax trend.展开更多
This paper studies and enlightens mainly price discrimination;which is simply selling products for differentiated prices.First,a literature framework is detailed with all the theories and types of price discrimination...This paper studies and enlightens mainly price discrimination;which is simply selling products for differentiated prices.First,a literature framework is detailed with all the theories and types of price discrimination throughout the years.It is a strategy that is used worldwide by so many companies and firms,but this paper studies specifically the activity of the major player in the Egyptian steel industry;Ezz steel.The research resulted in;that there is no price discrimination,activities are implied in the industry currently by the companies due to the interference of the government.However,before that,the company applied some strategies that are illustrated in the paper in detail.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to examinethe gender-based discrimination in car insurance ratesand whether the reasons provided by the car insurancecompanies for the different rates are valid or not. Thepaper studies th...The purpose of this paper is to examinethe gender-based discrimination in car insurance ratesand whether the reasons provided by the car insurancecompanies for the different rates are valid or not. Thepaper studies the average annual premiums paid bymen and women across different age groups from 16years old to over 56 years old along with the percentagedifferences. Additionally, the concept of big data andhow it is utilized by businesses to apply personalizeprice discrimination is investigated. The researchdesign is conclusive and secondary data is used in bothqualitative and quantitative forms. Qualitative data iscollected from articles for the literature review andas for the quantitative data it is in the form of reportsand surveys. The data shows that at lower age groupswomen pay less than men for car insurance but as theage increase men start paying less. The paper reaches aconclusion that gender is not necessarily a crucial riskfactoras the regular factors such as driving record canprovided accurate risk determinants.展开更多
Serious price discrimination emerges with the development of big data and mobile networks,which harms the interests of consumers.To solve this problem,we propose a blockchain-based price consensus protocol to solve th...Serious price discrimination emerges with the development of big data and mobile networks,which harms the interests of consumers.To solve this problem,we propose a blockchain-based price consensus protocol to solve the malicious price discrimination faced by consumers.We give a mathematical definition of price discrimination,which requires the system to satisfy consistency and timeliness.The distributed blockchain can make the different pricing of merchants transparent to consumers,thus satisfying the consistency.The aging window mechanism of our protocol ensures that there is no disagreement between any node on the consensus on price or price discrimination within a fixed period,which meets the timeliness.Moreover,we evaluate its performance through a prototype implementation and experiments with up to 100 user nodes.Experimental results show that our protocol achieves all the expected goals like price transparency,consistency,and timeliness,and it additionally guarantees the consensus of the optimal price with a high probability.展开更多
This study aims at implementing price discrimination to get maximum revenue on a two-path route expressway, focusing on the problems which occur in traffic forecasting when applying a ＂profit-maximizing＂ toll design...This study aims at implementing price discrimination to get maximum revenue on a two-path route expressway, focusing on the problems which occur in traffic forecasting when applying a ＂profit-maximizing＂ toll designed to maximize revenue for a certain toll road in Japan. A break-even discussion is inevitable in the process of planning a certain toll road. According to the theory of transportation economics, market segmentation price discrimination is supposed to be efficient in the transportation market to increase the revenue of fixed facilities. In the model, a bypass and an adjacent expressway form a two-path route section. Two different toll levels are implemented for the bypass： one is for through traffic, and the other is for insideinside and inside-outside traffics. This two-path route plus two-toll-level system thus causes difficulty in traffic assignment that is based on the minimum route searching method. In the study, a rational approach of adjusting the through traffic is implemented to predict the traffic flow as well as revenue on two parallel routes with different toll levels. The approximate calculation method that fixes the split rate of the passing through traffic flow is applied to solve the two-path route plus two-toll-level problem since passing through traffic is price elastic. Market segmentation pricing, which gives two toll levels in a toll road, is proved to be practical for increasing revenue. The results are also verified to be rational by using the survey data of Meishin Expressway.展开更多
A two-period duopoly model is developed to examine the competitive effects of targeted advertising with customer recognition （TACR）. In the model, two competing firms sell goods to end consumers in the first period,...A two-period duopoly model is developed to examine the competitive effects of targeted advertising with customer recognition （TACR）. In the model, two competing firms sell goods to end consumers in the first period, during which customer recognition is obtained. In the second period, advertising can be targeted toward different consumer types. Advertising is assumed to be persuasive in the way that consumer valuation is increased. Equilibrium decisions and profits in each period are derived, showing that the firm who loses the current competition will win in the future. As a result, forward-looking firms price less aggressively so that their long-term profits can be enhanced with the help of TACR. Particularly, TACR improves profits through three important effects： valuation increasing, customer poaching, and anti-competition. Finally, this paper investigates the welfare issues, showing that firms enhance profits at the expense of consumer surplus. It is, therefore, suggested that public sectors take a step to protect consumers with the rapid development of targeting technology.展开更多
文摘Given the prominence and magnitude of airport incentive schemes,it is surprising that literature hitherto remains silent as to their effectiveness.In this paper,the relationship between airport incentive schemes and the route development behavior of airlines is analyzed.Because of rare and often controversial findings in the extant literature regarding relevant influencing variables for attracting airlines at an airport,expert interviews are used as a complement to formulate testable hypotheses in this regard.A fixed effects regression model is used to test the hypotheses with a dataset that covers all seat capacity offered at the 22 largest German commercial airports in the week 46 from 2004 to 2011.It is found that incentives from primary choice,as well as secondary choice airports,have a significant influence on Low Cost Carriers.Furthermore,Low Cost Carriers,in general,do not leave any of both types of airports when the incentives cease.In the case of Network Carriers,no case is found where one joins a primary choice airport and receives an incentive.Insufficient data between Network Carriers and secondary choice airports in the time when incentives have ceased means that no statement can be given.
基金the phased research achievement of social science planning key project of Shandong Province—“cultural enterprise innovation of business model way and method study based on big data”(No:15BGLJ07)
文摘Price Discrimination of film products is theoretically feasible and logically inevitable, and it has been used for a long time in film industry as well. However, there are practical paradoxes in the new environment due to market factors like popularization of Internet environment and Online to Offline(O2O) retailers between hierarchical markets. Compared with high-level markets, low-level markets are lack of conditions for differentiated lower price like cinema infrastructure, and environment for film consumption market, so that the consumption potential for market has not been motivated yet. Therefore, it is quite important to pay close attention to how to expand the market by clearer gradient pricing structures and Internet platform.
文摘Women have been oppressed since the beginning of time;however,the past has earned women their rightful position in society.Despite that,there are still traces of sexism that we find in modern society–these traces can be shown through direct or indirect means.One of the major areas that women are still vigorously oppressed in is gender-based pricing.The pink tax is an old phenomenon that has only gained global attention recently.The pink tax segregates women and often causes life-threatening consequences.This paper will analyze the effects of the pink tax through commodities being sold in the world-famous city of New York in the States.The New York City government is the only government that took action to undergo comprehensive research on such an important topic.In addition to that,the paper will also compare the pink tax while making notations on the gender wage gap to fully highlight the injustice women face today.To conclude this paper,policies and solutions will be recommended to work towards the abolishment of the pink tax trend.
文摘This paper studies and enlightens mainly price discrimination;which is simply selling products for differentiated prices.First,a literature framework is detailed with all the theories and types of price discrimination throughout the years.It is a strategy that is used worldwide by so many companies and firms,but this paper studies specifically the activity of the major player in the Egyptian steel industry;Ezz steel.The research resulted in;that there is no price discrimination,activities are implied in the industry currently by the companies due to the interference of the government.However,before that,the company applied some strategies that are illustrated in the paper in detail.
文摘The purpose of this paper is to examinethe gender-based discrimination in car insurance ratesand whether the reasons provided by the car insurancecompanies for the different rates are valid or not. Thepaper studies the average annual premiums paid bymen and women across different age groups from 16years old to over 56 years old along with the percentagedifferences. Additionally, the concept of big data andhow it is utilized by businesses to apply personalizeprice discrimination is investigated. The researchdesign is conclusive and secondary data is used in bothqualitative and quantitative forms. Qualitative data iscollected from articles for the literature review andas for the quantitative data it is in the form of reportsand surveys. The data shows that at lower age groupswomen pay less than men for car insurance but as theage increase men start paying less. The paper reaches aconclusion that gender is not necessarily a crucial riskfactoras the regular factors such as driving record canprovided accurate risk determinants.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.62172385the Anhui Initiative in Quantum Information Technologies under Grant No.AHY150300.
文摘Serious price discrimination emerges with the development of big data and mobile networks,which harms the interests of consumers.To solve this problem,we propose a blockchain-based price consensus protocol to solve the malicious price discrimination faced by consumers.We give a mathematical definition of price discrimination,which requires the system to satisfy consistency and timeliness.The distributed blockchain can make the different pricing of merchants transparent to consumers,thus satisfying the consistency.The aging window mechanism of our protocol ensures that there is no disagreement between any node on the consensus on price or price discrimination within a fixed period,which meets the timeliness.Moreover,we evaluate its performance through a prototype implementation and experiments with up to 100 user nodes.Experimental results show that our protocol achieves all the expected goals like price transparency,consistency,and timeliness,and it additionally guarantees the consensus of the optimal price with a high probability.
文摘This study aims at implementing price discrimination to get maximum revenue on a two-path route expressway, focusing on the problems which occur in traffic forecasting when applying a ＂profit-maximizing＂ toll designed to maximize revenue for a certain toll road in Japan. A break-even discussion is inevitable in the process of planning a certain toll road. According to the theory of transportation economics, market segmentation price discrimination is supposed to be efficient in the transportation market to increase the revenue of fixed facilities. In the model, a bypass and an adjacent expressway form a two-path route section. Two different toll levels are implemented for the bypass： one is for through traffic, and the other is for insideinside and inside-outside traffics. This two-path route plus two-toll-level system thus causes difficulty in traffic assignment that is based on the minimum route searching method. In the study, a rational approach of adjusting the through traffic is implemented to predict the traffic flow as well as revenue on two parallel routes with different toll levels. The approximate calculation method that fixes the split rate of the passing through traffic flow is applied to solve the two-path route plus two-toll-level problem since passing through traffic is price elastic. Market segmentation pricing, which gives two toll levels in a toll road, is proved to be practical for increasing revenue. The results are also verified to be rational by using the survey data of Meishin Expressway.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71071033)the Research and Innovation Project for College Graduates of Jiangsu Province(No.CXZZ-0186)
文摘A two-period duopoly model is developed to examine the competitive effects of targeted advertising with customer recognition （TACR）. In the model, two competing firms sell goods to end consumers in the first period, during which customer recognition is obtained. In the second period, advertising can be targeted toward different consumer types. Advertising is assumed to be persuasive in the way that consumer valuation is increased. Equilibrium decisions and profits in each period are derived, showing that the firm who loses the current competition will win in the future. As a result, forward-looking firms price less aggressively so that their long-term profits can be enhanced with the help of TACR. Particularly, TACR improves profits through three important effects： valuation increasing, customer poaching, and anti-competition. Finally, this paper investigates the welfare issues, showing that firms enhance profits at the expense of consumer surplus. It is, therefore, suggested that public sectors take a step to protect consumers with the rapid development of targeting technology.
