Landscape change on burned blanks in Daxing'an Mountains

Daxing抋n Mountains was one of the most important forest areas in China, but it was also an area which was prone to suffering forest fire. The catastrophic forest fire that occurred in Daxing抋n Mountains on May 6, 1987 devastated more than 1.33?06 hm2 of natural forests, which leaded to the formation of some mosaic areas with different burn intensities. Two forest farms of Tuqiang Forest Bureau (124?5-122?8E, 53?4-52?5N) were chosen as a typical area to analyze the post-fire landscape change by drawing and comparing the two digital forest stand maps of 1987 and 2000. The landscape lands of forest were classi-fied into 12 types: coniferous forest, broadleaf forest, needle-broadleaf mixed forest, shrub, nursery, harvested area, burned blanks, agricultural land, swamp, water, built-up, grass. The results showed that: 1) The burned blanks was almost restored, some of them mainly converted into broadleaf forest land during the process of natural restoration, and coniferous forest land by the artificial re-forestation, and the others almost changed into swamp or grass land; 2) The proportion of forest area increased from 47.6% in 1987 to 81.3% in 2002. Therefore, a few management countermeasures, such as the enhancing peoples consciousness of fire-proofing and constructing species diversity, were put forward for forest sustainable development.

Wild fruit resources and exploitation in Xiaoxing'an Mountains

The ornamental characters, nutritious composition, edible value and medical value of thirteen kinds of major wild fruit resources in Xiaoxing’an Mountains Region were synthetically analyzed such as Rosa spp,, Actinidia spp. and so on. The results showed that the wild fruit resources in this region had important garden ornamental value, edible value and medical value. A lot of good germplasm resources and honey plant resources hadnt been effectvely protected and enough utilized. The right way of appropriate arrangement and reasonable exploitation of wild fruit resources in this region should be benefit to got rid of economic crisis early in this region.

Site classification of the eastern forest region of Daxing'an Mountains

Based on the plot data from the investigation and the theory of forest ecology and ecological system,the site classification of the eastern forest region of Daxing’an Mountains was made by mean of mathematical method. The main factors were slope, thickness of soil layer, slope position and slope aspect. Grades of slope were used as the division standard for site type group. The slope aspect, slope position and thickness of soil layer were used as the division standards for site type. Altogether 7 site type groups and 15 main site types were determined the region. It provided reliable fundamental basis for the reasonable management and planting design in the area.

Spring habitat selection of sables in Daxing'an Mountains

This paper studies the habitat selection of sables (Martes. zibellina) in spring adopting radio-tracking and GPS (Global Positioning System) in Daxing’an Mountains of China. Sables liked mature and elder forest, but it avoided uncovered and young growth land. In spring sables had strong selection to medium cover-degree forest, but it avoided widen ground and especial high cover-degree forest. On the contrary sables didn’t have the strong selection to shrubs cover-degree, but strong selection to dominant tree species, slope degree and slope direction, especially sable liked medium and lower slope. At the same time, sables had the strong selection to the log’s density and the crown’s cover-degree. Generally it avoided high elevation and lower slope land.

Population Characteristics of Dendrolims Superans in Daxing'an Mountains

Dendrolims superans produced one generation every two years Large larvae and small larvae exist at the sametime. lt broke out in Daxiang an Mountains in 1990. and seriously destroyed growth of Larix gmelum Rupr In order to control D Superans.the population properties of D.superans were stedied from 1991 to 1992 including sex ratio.age distribution. pattern etc.. The sex ratio of D. superans population is The larvae age distrihution indicates that larvaeover 5 instar is less than younger larvae under 4 instar in Yongqing forest farm- but the younger larvae under 4 instar is morethan larvae over 5 instar in Hanjiayuanzi Forest Farm. The population of D. superans in Yongqing Farm has heen declining.and incrcasing in Hanjiayuanzi. Pupae and eggs are mainly distributed in middle and lower crowns layer of trees. respec-tively account for 66% and 59.5%, of total individuals. The pupae in higher cown layer is lightly regular distrihution. andclumping distribution middle and lower crowns layer of trees. The eggs in higher crown is light clumpin1g distribution. andrandom in middle and low crown of tree.

Short-term effects of fire disturbance on CH4 emission from forested wetlands in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains, Northeast China

Using static chamber gas chromatography, we determined the seasonal dynamics, controlling factors, and distribution patterns of forest swamp CH4 levels and related environmental factors (temperature, water level) after fire disturbance in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains. The results showed the following: during the growing season, the annual CH4 emission distribution ranged from - 0.001 ± 0.012 to 22.373 ± 3.650 mg m^-2 h^-1;mild fire caused the swamp CH4 emission flux of tussock, shrub, Alnus sibirica and birch swamp to increase by 56.0–524.7%;at low water levels, temperature had a significant influence on the swamp type, and the correlation between the methane emission flux and temperature was significantly strengthened;after a fire disturbance, methane emissions from all types of marsh were highest in summer and second highest in autumn, with a weak absorption in spring;and along the water environment gradient of the transition zone, the CH4 emission flux presented a decreasing trend in its spatial distribution pattern.

Quantitative dynamics on stimulating regeneration and sowing seedlings of Larix gmelinii in Daxing'an Mountains

To understand the quantitative dynamics and death reason of stimulating regeneration seedlings is significant for stimulating the natural regeneration ofLarix gmelinii and implement of conservation project of natural forest. This paper summarized location observations and directly-seeding simulation experiments of six permanent sample plots that were set up after the seed bumper harvest year ofLarix gmelinii in 1989. The study showed that stimulating natural regeneration seedlings had a large mortality in the first three years, especially in the first year of seedling emergence. After three years seedlings died less and stepped into the stable regeneration stage. A large number of seedlings died of sunscald as the primary death reason. For those areas of good site conditions and rich soil, damping-off would cause seedlings to death in large quantities. The task of stimulating regeneration is mainly to get rid of the litter (forest floor) on burned areas. By means of promoting measures, emergence rate of sown seeds would be several times and dozens of times higher than that of seed shedding on the condition of retention of forest floor. Promoting the regeneration need to select the suitable site against great slope and low-lying lands; at the same time, be careful of the avoidance of frost heaving by depression water.

Effect of thinning intensity on the carbon sequestration of natural mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests in Xiaoxing'an Mountains, China

To study the effect of thinning intensity on the carbon sequestration by natural mixed coniferous and broad-leaf forests in Xiaoxing’an Mountains,China,we established six 100 m×100 m experimental plots in Dongfanghong For-est that varied in thinning intensity:plot A(10%),B(15%),C(20%),D(25%),E(30%),F(35%),and the control sample area(0%).A principal component analysis was performed using 50 different variables,including species diversity,soil fertility,litter characteristics,canopy structure param-eters,and seedling regeneration parameters.The effects of thinning intensity on carbon sequestration were strongest in plot E(0.75),followed by D(0.63),F(0.50),C(0.48),B(0.22),A(0.11),and the control(0.06).The composite score of plot E was the highest,indicating that the carbon sequestration effect was strongest at a thinning intensity of 30%.These findings provide useful insights that could aid the management of natural mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests in Xiaoxing’an Mountains,China.This information has implications for future studies of these forests,and the methods used could aid future ecological assessments of the natural forests in Xiaoxing’an Mountains,China.

Meteorological Tower Observed CO_(2)Flux and Footprint in the Forest of Xiaoxing’an Mountains,Northeast China

The Xiaoxing’an Mountains,located in the temperate monsoon climate zone in Northeast China,have the largest and most complete virgin Korean pine forest in Asia,which has great potential for carbon sequestration.Based on the observational data of the eddy-covariance system at Wuying National Climate Observatory in January 2015–November 2017,the CO_(2)flux in the forest ecosystem around the observatory was quantitatively studied and the distribution characteristics of the flux source area were analyzed by the Kljun model and the Agroscope Reckenholz–Tänikon footprint tool,providing references for assessing the carbon source/sink potential of the unique forest area.The results showed that the annual total carbon flux around the observatory in 2015,2016,and 2017 was−756.84,−834.73,and−629.37 gC m−2,respectively,higher than that of other forest ecosystems.The forest of the study area in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains was a strong carbon sink,with the strongest carbon fixation capacity in June and weakest in October,and the carbon flux of each month was less than zero.The flux source area under stable atmospheric conditions was larger than that under unstable conditions,and the source area was larger in the nongrowing season than in the growing season.The size of the source area was largest in winter,followed by spring,autumn,and summer.The maximum length of the source area was 1614.12 m(5639.33 m)under unstable(stable)conditions when the flux contribution rate was 90%.The peak flux contribution was located near the sensor(i.e.,within 200 m)in all seasons.The contribution of the source area from the coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest on the west side of the observatory was greater than(3.4 times)that from the Korean pine forest on the east side.

基于Landsat时间序列数据的火烧迹地识别与恢复效果评价

为研究大兴安岭地区火烧迹地识别和火后植被恢复状况,基于2006—2020年Landsat TM遥感影像,利用Google Earth Engine编写代码,以2006年大兴安岭地区松岭区那源林场森林火灾为研究背景,以差分归一化燃烧指数(dNBR)为基础数据进行火烧迹地识别,并对火烧烈度进行轻度、中度、重度和极重的等级划分;基于火烧迹地的增强型植被指数(EVI)值,采用一元线性回归分析、用于气候诊断与预测的Mann-Kendall突变检验法和用于做趋势分析的Theil-Sen median趋势分析等方法分析火烧迹地2006—2020年的植被恢复特征,探究大兴安岭地区火烧迹地植被恢复进程。结果表明,1)基于dNBR得到研究区过火面积为2488.7 hm^(2),其中轻度、中度、重度和极重火烧迹地面积占比分别为23.5%、9.6%、35.2%和31.7%,重度和极重过火区分布于火烧迹地西部和东部,过火强度从中部向南部和北部逐渐降低,其EVI值与火烧前相比分别下降了约30%、40%、58%和67%;2)不同烈度林地火烧迹地EVI恢复速率由大到小表现为极重、重度、中度、轻度,植被恢复过程中,迹地EVI值逐渐增加,其中,轻度和中度火烧迹地可在火后6~8 a恢复,而重度火烧迹地的恢复则需14 a;3)火烧迹地恢复过程中,林地EVI突变点较灌草地少,说明森林生态系统较灌草地稳定性强。不同烈度林地火烧迹地的突变情况也存在一定差异,且对照区的突变时间点滞后于火烧迹地。

内蒙古大兴安岭林火时空动态的变化特征

内蒙古大兴安岭森林火灾频发,研究其季节性变化趋势及空间动态分布特征,对今后该地区森林防火期划分和防火资源的合理分配具有重要意义。利用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、滑动t检验法对1981—2018年内蒙古大兴安岭森林火灾数据进行趋势和突变分析,使用分位数回归法研究影响森林火灾过火面积的时间与空间因素,得出内蒙古大兴安岭森林火灾在时间和空间上的动态变化特征。结果表明:内蒙古大兴安岭森林火灾整体呈先下降(1981—1999年)再上升(2000—2007年)又下降(2008—2018年)的趋势。森林火灾主要发生在春、夏、秋三季,春季森林火灾变化较复杂,波动明显,在1991年发生突变;秋季森林火灾波动较平缓,但在1994年发生突变;2004—2011年期间夏季森林火灾明显增长,火险期向夏季发生偏移和延长;冬季发生火灾较少。森林火灾过火面积与火灾持续时间呈正相关,尤其在高分位点处,正相关性更加显著。内蒙古大兴安岭森林火灾主要发生在鄂伦春自治旗等地,从空间横向动态变化来看,整体呈现由西南向东北递增的趋势;从空间纵向动态变化来看,海拔对森林火灾过火面积的影响并不显著。建议应加强内蒙古大兴安岭东北地区及春、夏两季的林火监测和防火宣传,适当调整森林防火期和防火资源时空分配,将有助于减少内蒙古大兴安岭森林火灾的发生。

大兴安岭沿麓黑土区翻耕农田微立垡覆盖阻风减蚀技术创新与应用

大兴安岭沿麓是我国重要的农畜产品生产基地,由于长期过度耕作和单一翻耕等不合理的耕作方式,加速了该地区农田风蚀退化、质量下降和产能降低,因此,减少土壤风蚀、提升农田地力和作物产量是农业可持续发展亟待解决的问题。文章综述了不同类型生态区传统翻耕、长期免耕、合理轮耕技术及其应用效果,论述了翻耕地微立垡覆盖阻风减蚀核心技术的内容及其对土壤风蚀、蓄水保墒、作物生长与产量等方面的影响,明确了微立垡覆盖是大兴安岭沿麓黑土区翻耕地冬春季风蚀防控的关键技术和途径。翻耕地微立垡覆盖阻风减蚀技术大面积应用效果显著,破解了长期以来翻耕农田裸露风蚀重、水土流失损失大导致农田逐步退化的科技难题,为大兴安岭沿麓及其生态类型相似区翻耕农田风蚀防控研究提供了重要支撑。

大兴安岭东部林区天然林主要树种胸径生长模型构建

预测大兴安岭地区天然林主要树种胸径生长对未来该地区森林动态监测和规划管理具有重要意义。本研究以大兴安岭东部林区全区1034块三期连续清查数据为研究对象,使用5种常见的模型形式作为基础模型,对8个天然树种调查数据进行拟合,最终构建了8个天然主要树种的胸径预测模型。使用总相对误差(R_(S)),决定系数(R~2)、平均相对误差(■)、预估精度(P)、L值(L)5个指标对8种天然林主要树种的5个拟合模型的拟合效果进行评估。最终结果表明M1模型是樟子松、山杨和黑桦的最优胸径预测模型,M5模型是兴安落叶松、河岸杨柳、云杉、白桦和柞木的最优胸径预测模型。本研究所构建的大兴安岭地区天然林8个主要树种的胸径生长模型拟合效果较好,能有效为未来森林生长动态预测提供支持。

基于碳储量分布状态分析黑龙江省典型林型碳汇结构

基于碳储量分布状态分析黑龙江省典型林型,对黑龙江省小兴安岭地区典型树种进行碳汇测定分析。结果表明,不同树种间不同组分(根、干、冠)碳比例存在显著的差异,但同一树种不同组分的碳密度比例不存在显著差异。不同林型不同样地针阔混交林垂直空间上不同组分(根、干、冠)的碳密度比例存在一定的差异,垂直空间碳比例平均值差异不明显,树根、树冠、树干的平均垂直碳密度比例平均值分别为:25.05±1.14%、16.35±0.96%、58.59±1.62%。

大兴安岭南段锡的成矿作用:以黄岗-甘珠尔庙地区为例

大兴安岭南段是我国重要的锡多金属成矿集中区,为促进区域锡多金属找矿突破,以在黄岗-甘珠尔庙地区多年的野外调查研究工作为基础,运用年代学测试、化学分析及地质模型等方法,分析了区域锡的成矿作用。认为二叠统基底地层及锡林郭勒杂岩是成矿物质的初始来源,经历的变质过程具有进一步富集的作用,大部分锡矿均遭受了多期次的火山-岩浆活动,最终决定锡多金属成矿的是燕山期酸性岩浆-热液成矿作用。同时成矿作用还受到控岩控矿构造、围岩性质、氧化-还原条件、开放-封闭环境的制约,认为在氧化性花岗岩浆侵入钙质地层条件下成矿作用以铁锡为主;还原性岩浆在侵入具开放性特征的围岩时,成矿作用以花岗岩外带围岩中的热液型脉状锡矿为主,而在侵入具封闭性特征的围岩时,成矿作用以花岗岩内带岩浆凸起部位的花岗岩型锡矿为主。因此,建议将主攻矿种由铅锌调整为锡银,部署重砂及化探方法圈定异常,针对硫化矿体部署电法,针对隐伏岩体部署磁法与重力,还可部署烃、汞、氧气测量等非常规化探方法预测隐伏岩体。

沼泽湿地与多年冻土的共生模式——以中国大兴安岭和小兴安岭为例

以中国大、小兴安岭为例,在前期沼泽湿地与多年冻土共生机制研究基础上,构建了沼泽湿地与多年冻土的共生模式,并发现在不同尺度空间上,共生模式的主导特性并不相同:在大尺度空间上为"结构型共生模式";在中尺度空间上为"功能型共生模式";在小(微)尺度空间上为"过程型共生模式"。三者间,后者依次是前者的基础。微观过程型共生模式又分为3类:第一类为厚泥炭沼泽与稳定多年冻土的强共生模式,第二类为中厚泥炭沼泽与亚稳定多年冻土的中强度共生模式,第三类为薄(或无)泥炭沼泽与不稳定多年冻土的弱共生模式。沼泽湿地与多年冻土共生模式的构建,对揭示该共生体的形成演化规律具有理论价值,对冻土保护提供了新思路。

大兴安岭呼中林业局森林景观格局变化及其驱动力

以大兴安岭呼中林业局为研究区,利用TM数据、森林资源清查数据和采伐统计资料,结合野外调查,以GIS为技术手段,剖析研究区1989～2000年景观变化,结果表明该区主要景观类型为针叶林、针阔混交林和阔叶林,这3种类型面积总比例达90%以上,其他景观类型面积比例小于10%,主要有荒草地、火烧迹地、采伐迹地、沼泽、居民点和道路.10a间景观由原有的大面积连续的针叶林为基质、小面积的阔叶林和针阔混交林斑块散布其中的格局,转变成大面积针阔混交林为基质的格局.研究区1989年是成过熟林、高公顷蓄积量、高郁闭度占优势的景观,2000年中幼龄林、低公顷蓄积量和低郁闭度森林面积增大,并趋于连续,形成低质量的相对均质化的景观.最后,结合历史资料,通过比较分析火烧、人工更新、土地利用和人为采伐活动这几种主要驱动力的特征,论证了采伐活动在该地区景观变化中所发挥的主导作用.

大、小兴安岭植物区及交错区物种多样性比较研究

在中国东北大兴安岭植物区、小兴安岭植物区及交错区,选择典型群落,采用物种丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数及均匀度指数,研究了大兴安岭植物区、小兴安岭植物区及交错区物种构成和不同分布区群落的结构。分析比较了3个植物区物种多样性指数及不同生活型物种多样性指数及均匀度指数,结果表明:大、小兴安岭植物区与交错区植物种类过渡性明显,小兴安岭植物区和交错区植物群落结构以落叶松、红松、白桦针阔混交林为主,大兴安岭植物区以兴安落叶松、东北白桦、樟子松为主;大、小兴安岭植物区及交错区物种多样性指数表现为小兴安岭植物区>交错区>大兴安岭植物区;大、小兴安岭植物区及交错区不同生活型物种多样性指数变化为草本层>灌木层>乔木层,乔木层物种多样性指数差异显著,灌木层和草本层差异不显著。

大兴安岭林区雷击火灾规律及概率分析

运用大兴安岭2000—2008年森林火灾和气象资料,对大兴安岭地区雷击火数据进行分析,总结出该地区雷击火发生的规律和特点。运用距离权重反比法对雷击火数据、雷电数据和气象要素资料的选取、匹配,通过对各因子间的相关性分析,建立雷击火与气温、湿度、气压、雷电数据等相关气象要素的火险报警模型,并对模型的准确率和实用性进行了验证。

火干扰对小兴安岭白桦沼泽和落叶松-苔草沼泽凋落物和土壤碳储量的影响

火干扰在湿地生态系统中起着重要的作用,尽管湿地占全球陆地生态系统很小一部分,却是陆地生态系统一个重要的碳汇。然而关于火干扰对我国小兴安岭森林沼泽生态系统土壤碳库影响的研究鲜有报道。因此选取两种森林沼泽典型地段进行土壤取样,研究火干扰对小兴安岭白桦(Betula platyphylla)沼泽和落叶松(Larix gmelinii)-苔草(Carex schmidtii)沼泽地表凋落物和土壤碳储量(0—50 cm)的影响。研究结果表明:①重度火烧使得白桦沼泽地表凋落物量和碳储量降低了36.36%(0.50 kg/m2)和35.52%(0.23 kg C/m2),而轻度火烧无显著影响;轻度火烧和重度火烧落叶松-苔草沼泽地表凋落物量和碳储量分别减少了45.32%(0.99 kg/m2)和44.66%(0.42 kg C/m2)、50.42%(1.10 kg/m2)和49.71%(0.47 kg C/m2);②白桦沼泽和落叶松-苔草沼泽两者对照样地、轻度火烧样地、重度火烧样地的土壤碳储量(0—50 cm)分别为(23.55±6.34)kg C/m2、(18.50±8.16)kg C/m2、(32.50±7.22)kg C/m2和(20.89±2.59)kg C/m2、(23.52±16.03)kg C/m2、(21.75±6.60)kg C/m2,然而火干扰对两种森林沼泽土壤碳储量(0—50 cm)影响不显著。研究结果可为我国东北开展森林湿地计划火烧和碳管理提供理论依据。