NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF AERODYNAMIC AND MIXING CHARACTERISTICS OF SCARFED LOBED MIXER FOR TURBOFAN ENGINE EXHAUST SYSTEM

The flow field and aerodynamic performances for the scarfed lobed forced mixer are studied based on a computational fluid dynamics（CFD） technique. A series of computations are conducted to obtain the effects of the bypass ratio and the scarf angle on the mixing performance for the scarfed lobed mixer. Results show that the scarfed lobed mixer is reduced in the system weight. Meanwhile, aerodynamic performances are slightly improved compared with the normal lobed mixer. Two reasons for causing the mixing enhancement between the core and the bypass flow are as follows： （1） The stream-wise vortices shed from the training edge of the half/full scarfed lobed mixer earlier is enhanced by about 25%. （2） The mixing augmentation is also associated with the increase of the interface length caused by scarfing. The thermal mixing efficiency is enhanced with the increase of the bypass ratio and the scarfing angle. The scarfed lobed mixer design has no negative effects on the pressure loss. The total pressure recovery coefficient reaches above 0. 935 in various bypass ratios and scarfed angles. As the bypass ratio increases, the total pressure recovery coefficient also increases for the scarfed lobed mixer.

Computation and Validation of Parameter Effects on Lobed Mixer-Ejector Performances

Three-dimensional numerical computation of the flow fields and pumping performances for the lobed mixer-ejector are conducted using full Navier-Stokes equations. In the computation, the inlet of the primary flow uses the mass flowrate boundary condition. The inlet of the second flow and the outlet of the mixing flow use the pressure boundary condition. Compared with the relative experimental resuits, it is shown that the present calculation is reasonable. And a series of numerical studies is performed to obtain the effects of area ratio and length-to-diameter ratio of mixing duct on pumping coefficient and thermal mixing efficiency of a lobed mixer-ejector.

Vortex structures downstream a lobed nozzle/mixer

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the evolutions of unsteady vortex structures downstream a lobed mixer/nozzle.A novel dual-plane stereoscopic PIV system was used to measure all 3-components of vorticity distributions to revealed both the large-scale streamwise vortices produced by the lobed mixer/nozzle and the Kelvin-Helmholtz vortex structures generated due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities simultaneously and quantitatively for the first time.The instantaneous and the ensemble-averaged vorticity distributions displayed quite different aspects about the evolutions of the unsteady vortex structures.While the ensemble-averaged vorticity distributions indicated the overall effect of the special geometry of the lobed nozzle/mixer on the enhanced mixing process,the instantaneous vorticity distributions elucidated many details about how the enhanced mixing process was conducted.In addition to quantitatively confirming conjectures of previous studies,further insight about the formation,evolution and interaction characteristics of the unsteady vortex structures downstream of the lobed mixer/nozzle were also uncovered quantitatively in the present study.

Effects of Lobe Peak-to-Trough Width Ratio on Mixing and Combustion Performance in ATR Combustors

The air-turbo-rocket(ATR)engine is a promising propulsion plant for achieving numerous surface and air launched missile missions.The application of lobed mixer in the ATR combustor can promote the mixing of the fuelrich gas and the air,thus improving the engine performance significantly.The numerical simulation method was conducted to explore the effects of lobe peak-to-trough width ratio on mixing and combustion performance in ATR combustors.Results show that:For a given peak lobe width b1,the combustion efficiency and total pressure loss decrease with the increase of trough lobe width b2;For a given b2,the combustion efficiency and total pressure loss decrease with the increase of b1;The fan-type lobed mixer with smaller b2has a better effect on promoting the combustion efficiency in the region near the ATR combustor center line than that with a pair of parallel side walls.The total pressure recovery coefficient reaches more than 0.99 at the exit of combustor in nonreactive combustion while the total pressure loss reaches more than 4%in the reacting combustion.Compared with the mixing process,more than80%of the total pressure loss is caused during combustion.

空气涡轮火箭发动机燃烧室异形尾缘波瓣混合器掺混、燃烧特性研究

为了促进空气涡轮火箭发动机(ATR)燃烧室内涵富燃燃气与外涵空气之间的掺混,提高燃烧室燃烧效率,本文通过对波瓣进行尾缘修形设计,探究C形尾缘结构对波瓣下游流动及燃烧特性的影响规律。研究发现:(1)在波瓣混合器尾缘增加C形结构,会诱导产生多源副涡结构;(2)径向高度越高,径向速度梯度越大,造成副流向涡和副展向涡的强度和尺度越大;(3)由于受到C形尾缘结构诱导的副流向涡和副展向涡的影响,燃烧室展向截面温度分布出现“串状”局部高温区,燃烧得到强化;(4)当燃烧室距离与波瓣直径<1时,内、外涵气流掺混强烈,热混合效率、燃烧效率以及总压损失迅速增大;(5) C形尾缘结构数量与燃烧效率不成单调递增关系,当C形结构数量≤2时,副涡强化掺混起主导作用,燃烧效率随着副涡量的增大而增大;当C形结构数量≥3时,出口面积增大导致的涡量衰减起主导作用,燃烧效率随着副涡量的增大而减小。

Optimization of a Lobed Mixer with BP Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm

A Sequential Approximate Optimization framework(SAO)for the multi-objective optimization of lobed mixer is established by using the BP neural network and Genetic Algorithm:the ratio of lobe wavelength to height(η)and the rise angle(α)are selected as the design parameters,and the mixing efficiency,thrust and total pressure loss are the optimization objectives.The CFX commercial solver coupled with the SST turbulence model is employed to simulate the flow field of lobed mixer.A tetrahedral unstructured grid with 5.6 million cells can achieve the similar global results.Based on the response surface approximation model of the lobed mixer,it is necessary to avoid increasing or decreasingαandηat the same time.Instead,theαshould be reduced while theηis appropriately increased,which is conducive to achieving the goal of increasing thrust and reducing losses at the expense of a small decrease in the mixing efficiency.Compared with the normalized method,the non-normalized method with better global optimization accuracy is more suitable for solving the multi-objective optimization problem of the lobed mixer,and its optimal solution(α=8.54°,η=1.165)is the optimal solution of the lobed mixer optimization problem studied in this paper.Compared with the reference lobed mixer,theα,β(the fall angle)and H(lobe height)of the optimal solution are reduced by 0.14°,1.34°and 3.97 mm,respectively,and theηis increased by 0.074;its mixing efficiency is decreased by 4.46%,but the thrust is increased by 2.29%and the total pressure loss is decreased by 0.64%.Downstream of the optimized lobed mixer,the radial scale and peak vorticity of the streamwise voritices decrease with the decreasing lobe height,thereby reducing the mixing efficiency.For the optimized lobed mixer,its low mixing efficiency is the main factor for the decrease of the total pressure loss,but the improvement of the geometric curvature is also conducive to reducing its profile loss.Within the scope of this study,the lobed mixer has an optimal mixing efficiency(ε=74.14%)that maximizes its thrust without excessively increasing the mixing loss.

基于PAM-STAMP仿真的波瓣混合器整体成形技术研究

对混合器波瓣的整体成形工艺进行了分析,利用PAM-STAMP软件对成形过程进行模拟仿真,对仿真结果显示可能造成零件减薄和开裂的部位采取措施,最后提出合理的成形工艺方案,解决了零件整体成形时产生裂纹、减薄、起皱等难题。

Flow-Field of an Axisymmetric Lobed Mixer

The flow-field of a fuel/air mixing system with an axisymmetric lobed mixer was numerically investigated. Large-scale streamwise vortices are formed immediately downstream of the mixer trailing edge, stretched further downstream, and finally broken into fragments where more intense mixing occurs. Both numerical and experimental results indicate that the length required for streamwise vortices breakdown in the confined flow-field of an axisymmetric lobed mixer is much shorter than that in the case of planar lobed mixers subject to parallel freestreams. For the conditions studied, the streamwise vortices start to breakdown at three wavelengths downstream of the mixer trailing edge.

Computational Studies of Lobed Forced Mixer Flows

Full Navier-Stokes Analyses have been conducted for the flows behind the trailing edge of a lobed forced mixer. The governing equations are derived from the timedependent compressible Navier-Stokes equa tions and discretized in the finite-difference form. A simple two-layer eddy viscosity model has also been used to account for the turbulence. Computed results are compared with some of the velocity measurements using a laserDoppler anemometer (Yu and Yip (1997)). In general, good agreement can be obtained in the streamwise mean velocity distribution but the decay of the streamwise circulation is underpredicted. Some suggestions to the discrepancy are proposed.

圆排波瓣圆柱混合管的气动特性实验研究

建立了实验装置 ,对圆排波瓣喷管与 8只圆柱混合管相配合 ,进行了冷热态实验。得出了它们引射混合的引射流量比随主次流温度比、混合管截面比、次流进口截面比的变化关系曲线。另外 ,还对不同温度下修正流量比的温度指数进行了研究 ,得出圆排波瓣圆柱混合管引射混合器的修正流量比温度指数 n=0 .4。

直升机排气系统用波瓣喷管引射-混合式红外抑制器研究

在针对直升机排气系统用波瓣喷管引射-混合式红外抑制器开展的一系列数值计算和模型实验研究基础上,对其内流气动特性和红外辐射特性进行较为系统的综合总结。揭示并分析了这种形式的红外抑制器内部混合流动特征,引射混合和隔热遮挡的红外抑制作用效果,以及红外抑制器缩比模型红外辐射模化关系;同时也指出了需进一步研究的一些问题。

速度比对波瓣混合器混合气动性能的影响

在常压、双涵进气条件下 ,通过对几种波瓣混合器与圆形收敛喷管组合的出口流场测试 ,研究不同外、内涵速度比情况下 ,波瓣混合器的混合气动性能 (压力和温度均匀度、压力损失系数等 )变化规律 ,为对比起见 ,还对环形混合器组合进行了试验。试验表明 :在本试验范围内 ,随着速度比的增加 ,压力均匀度曲线呈“凸”形 ,冷态试验时 ,峰值在速度比 1 .0处 ,热态试验时 ,峰值在 0 .68附近 (冷、热态峰值的速度都与温度比的平方根成正比 )。压力损失系数曲线呈“凹”形 ,冷态试验时 ,谷值速度比小于 1 .0 ,热态试验时 ,谷值在速度比更小处 ,温度均匀度曲线则随着速度比的增加呈下降趋势 ,在速度比 0 .2～ 0 .7之间 ,温度均匀度随速度比的变化基本呈线性关系 ,而在速度比大于 0 .7以后 ,则下降趋势变平缓。

空气涡轮火箭发动机内外涵气流掺混研究

通过无化学反应、均匀进气条件下肼单组元空气涡轮火箭发动机混流燃烧室内流场的数值计算,得到了流向涡与正交涡系产生、衰减演变过程及其对内外涵气流掺混效率的影响规律。结果表明,大尺度阵列二次环流诱导形成的流向涡对内外涵气流掺混起主导作用,大波瓣穿透率的斜切波瓣混流器的综合性能较优。结合热试车结果,分析了包括波瓣混流器在内的两类掺混方案的强化掺混效率。分析表明,非均匀进气条件对小尺寸空气涡轮火箭发动机掺混燃烧效率影响很大。

波瓣喷管-狭长出口弯曲混合管引射混合特性分析

针对波瓣喷管和具有狭长出口的弯曲混合管所构成的引射-混合系统,进行了引射和混合特性的实验和数值研究,获得了主流和引射气流相互混合过程中的速度场、压力场和温度场的相关信息,以及表征引射-混合系统总体性能的引射系数和总压恢复系数等结果,对比表明数值计算和实验数据的相对误差在15%以内。由于弯曲混合管的出口狭长,弯曲混合管的混合流动受到流向旋涡和弯管二次流的共同影响,形成了有别于常规椭圆形出口截面混合管的一些独特的流动现象和特征。

波瓣混合器对双S形二元排气系统红外特性的影响

为了研究波瓣混合器对排气系统红外特性的影响,设计了波瓣数分别为12、15、18的波瓣混合器双S形二元排气系统,通过数值计算研究了波瓣数对排气系统红外抑制效果的影响,并与相应的环形混合器双S形二元排气系统对比。研究结果表明,随着波瓣数的增加,排气系统的推力略微升高,最大差值在0.1%以内;波瓣数越少,排气系统内、外涵气流的热混合度越高,尾喷流的最高温度和红外辐射强度越低,波瓣数由18减少到12时,喷流辐射强度最大降低了18.1%;相比环形混合器双S形二元排气系统,在侧向和下方探测面上纯喷流辐射的90°方位角,三种波瓣数的波瓣混合器双S形二元排气系统辐射强度分别降低了20.9%和26.9%以上。因此,为了得到更好的红外抑制效果,建议使用较少波瓣数的波瓣混合器。

局部进气条件下空气涡轮火箭发动机掺混燃烧研究

为揭示空气涡轮火箭发动机燃烧室中富燃燃气与空气在涡轮局部进气条件下的混合增强机制和燃烧反应机理,对富燃燃气与空气的湍流混合及燃烧过程进行了数值模拟,并结合试验结果定量分析了两类燃烧组织方案的掺混和燃烧效率。研究结果表明:涡轮局部进气条件下波瓣混流器强化掺混的主导因素是大尺度流向涡的对流型混合,涡轮局部进气对涡系的初始空间分布及涡量强度具有显著影响,其对下游掺混质量的影响与波瓣型面相关;肼分解燃气与空气的燃烧是一种分支链锁反应,其主要反应历程是氢气的氧化反应和氨气的分解,热混合效率可作为掺混燃烧效率预测的重要参考量。

波瓣喷管结构参数对引射混合器性能影响的数值研究

通过三维CFD数值计算,研究了波瓣喷管几何结构参数对波瓣喷管引射-混合器的影响规律.计算结果表明:瓣宽增加导致引射流量和波瓣出口处速度环量减小,热混合效率降低,但可以减小混合流动损失,提高总压恢复系数.波瓣扩张角的改变,对引射流量的改变因不同混合管尺寸而异,在混合管直径较小时,随着波瓣扩张角在20°～90°范围内增大,引射流量呈先增加后减小的趋势;在混合管直径较大时,引射量持续提高.扩张角的增加可提高速度环量,但是流动混合损失增加,总压恢复系数减小.

空气涡轮火箭发动机掺混燃烧研究进展

在混流燃烧室内组织富燃燃气与空气的高效稳定掺混燃烧对于空气涡轮火箭发动机(ATR)性能至关重要。回顾了国外各研究机构关于ATR掺混燃烧方案的试验研究,对波瓣混流器在航空领域强化内、外涵气流掺混中的典型应用及研究成果进行总结评述,总结并提出ATR掺混燃烧的特点和关键问题,分析了后续掺混燃烧研究中需重点关注的问题。

进口预旋条件下波瓣混合器强制掺混机理

以波瓣混合器为研究对象,通过试验和数值计算的方法研究了其强制射流掺混的机理及进口预旋对射流掺混的作用机制。结果表明:κ-ωSST模型能较好地模拟波瓣射流掺混过程;波瓣贯穿区径向压力梯度所诱导的大尺度流向涡在射流掺混过程中起支配作用;与轴向进气工况相比,进口预旋导致附加流向涡对及中心锥下游回流区的形成,强化了射流涡系间相互作用,加速了射流掺混过程。

波瓣尾缘切角对涡扇发动机混合排气系统气动热力性能影响

为了获得尾缘切角对涡扇发动机波瓣强迫混合排气系统的流场、热混合效率、总压恢复系数以及推力系数的影响,以涡扇发动机波瓣强迫混合排气系统为研究对象,采用基于Navier-Stokes方程的三维数值模拟方法对不同波瓣尾缘切角模型进行了计算并得到了气动热力性能的影响规律。结果表明:较大的尾缘切角造成在尾缘截面前主次流更早的提前混合,使流向涡的产生和发展在位置上向上游提前,以至于在尾缘截面之后的一定范围内混合效率更高。但大尾缘切角同时也造成较大的能量损失,以至于总压恢复系数较小,总的混合效率偏低:相比0°切角,25°切角的总压恢复系数减小了0.34%,热混合效率减小了11%。适当的尾缘切角修形可以增大推力系数。