Best tracking performance for integrator and dead time plant

The optimal tracking performance for integrator and dead time plant in the case where plant uncertainty and control energy constraints are to be considered jointly is inrestigated. Firstly, an average cost function of the tracking error and the plant input energy over a class of stochastic model errors are defined. Then, we obtain an internal model controller design method that minimizes the average performance and further studies optimal tracking performance for integrator and dead time plant in the simultaneous presence of plant uncertainty and control energy constraint. The results can be used to evaluate optimal tracking performance and control energy in practical designs.

Estimation of key rate after setting dead time

The estimation of key rate is an important aspect of the quantum key distribution process, especially in the use of dead time. In this paper, we demonstrate a numerical simulation to estimate the average detection probability and the key rate. Using our method, the estimated average detection probability is better than the previous result. Besides, we can easily find the best dead time, especially when considering the impact of after pulse.

DCM,FSM,dead time and width controllers for a high frequency high efficiency buck DC-DC converter over a wide load range

This paper presents a width controller,a dead time controller,a discontinuous current mode（DCM） controller and a frequency skipping modulation（FSM） controller for a high frequency high efficiency buck DC-DC converter. To improve the efficiency over a wide load range,especially at high switching frequency,the dead time controller and width controller are applied to enhance the high load efficiency,while the DCM controller and FSM controller are proposed to increase the light load efficiency.The proposed DC-DC converter controllers have been designed and fabricated in the Chartered 0.35μm CMOS process,and the measured results show that the efficiency of the buck DC-DC converter is above 80%over a wide load current range from 8 to 570 mA,and the peak efficiency is 86%at 10 MHz switching frequency.

Adaptive Variable Structure Control of MIMO Nonlinear Systems with Time-varying Delays and Unknown Dead-zones

In this paper, adaptive variable structure neural control is presented for a class of uncertain multi-input multi-output （MIMO） nonlinear systems with state time-varying delays and unknown nonlinear dead-zones. The unknown time-varying delay uncer- tainties are compensated for using appropriate Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals in the design. The approach removes the assumption of linear function outside the deadband without necessarily constructing a dead-zone inverse as an added contribution. By utilizing the integral-type Lyapunov function and introducing an adaptive compensation term for the upper bound of the residual and optimal approximation error as well as the dead-zone disturbance, the closed-loop control system is proved to be semi-globally uniformly ultimately bounded. In addition, a modified adaptive control algorithm is given in order to avoid the high-frequency chattering phenomenon. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.

Compensation of Dead-Time Effect of Speed Sensorless Vector Control System

The key of speed sensorless vector control system lies in the accurate orientation of magnetic field. In some field-oriented algorithms, the integrator of observers and the dead-time effect bring in system errors during the estimation of field position. In this paper, a saturated feedback integrator is used, and the dead-time effect is compen-sated by current positive feedback. Experiments were carried out on the hardware platform of MCK2407, with chip TMS320LF2407 from TI Company. The results show that the proposed method is simple and effective, and the accuracy of field position is improved.

Using GIS for Time Series Analysis of the Dead Sea from Remotely Sensing Data

Developed tools of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System are rapidly spread in recent years in order to manage natural resources and to monitor environmental changes. This research aims to study the spatial behavior of the Dead Sea through time. To achieve this aim, time series analysis has been performed to track this behavior. For this purpose, fifteen satellite imageries are collected from 1972 to 2013 in addition to 2011-ASTGTM-DEM. Then, the satellite imageries are radiometrically and atmospherically corrected. Geographic Information system and Remote Sensing techniques are used for the spatio-temporal analysis in order to detect changes in the Dead Sea area, shape, water level, and volume. The study shows that the Dead Sea shrinks by 2.9 km2/year while the water level decreases by 0.65 m/year. Consequently, the volume changes by –0.42 km3/year. The study has also concluded that the direction of this shrinkage is from the north, northwest and from the south direction of the northern part due to the nature of the bathymetric slopes. In contrast, no shrinkage is detected from the east direction due to the same reason since the bathymetric slope is so sharp. The use of the Dead Sea water for industrial purposes by both Israel and Jordan is one of the essential factors that affect the area of the Dead Sea. The intensive human water consumption from the Jordan and Yarmouk Rivers for other usages is another main reason of this shrinkage in the area as well.

双有源桥DC-DC变换器三移相调制及其死区效应分析和补偿

针对双有源桥(DAB)变换器宽电压范围应用,该文研究一种全工况连续、表达形式统一、计算量小的三移相(TPS)调制策略,并分析其功率传输特性及软开关性能。结合工程应用中的非理想因素,对TPS调制不同开关模式下的死区效应及其边界进行研究,给出DAB宽电压范围运行时避免电压跌落和极性反转的约束条件。针对死区引入的移相比损失、软开关范围减小等问题,提出一种基于开关脉冲调整的死区补偿策略以补偿移相比损失,重新获取全工况软开关范围,降低死区引入的附加电流应力及损耗、提升效率。最后通过仿真和实验验证所提策略的有效性。

单光子计数太赫兹雷达直接探测方法与性能研究

针对远距离非合作目标探测,现有太赫兹雷达由于受到发射机功率低、大气衰减效应等因素影响,其作用距离有限,难以满足对目标的预警探测应用需求。为提升太赫兹雷达探测能力,该文研究了基于单光子探测技术的目标超灵敏探测方法,利用单光子探测器替代传统雷达接收机,有望显著提升太赫兹雷达的作用距离。首先,该文分析了太赫兹单光子雷达信号光子数的统计规律,从微观角度阐述了目标的回波特性,进一步,结合超导量子电容探测器的特点,建立了太赫兹单光子目标探测模型;此外,推导得到太赫兹单光子雷达目标检测性能数学表达式,并通过仿真实验对目标检测性能进行了验证和分析,获得了雷达检测性能曲线;最后开展了时间分辨太赫兹光子计数原理验证实验,通过回波脉冲计数的方式实现了目标高精度测距。该文工作将为太赫兹频段超灵敏探测技术及单光子雷达系统的研究与发展提供支撑。

混合式步进电机空间矢量PWM逆变器死区补偿策略

针对步进电机传统开环控制运行效果欠佳的问题,结合矢量控制算法对两相混合式步进电机进行控制,通过逆变器产生正弦波电流对电机进行驱动。由于步进电机气隙磁场畸变和PWM逆变器的死区效应,使步进电机的运行电流掺杂大量谐波,低速工作时尤为严重。为了改善电机低速运行性能、抑制谐波干扰,结合混合式步进电机矢量控制的电流环进行优化,通过自适应线性神经网络(ADALINE)算法将谐波进行提取与抑制,然后进行电流方向判断,对逆变器的输出进行补偿。实验证明,所提出的补偿策略能够有效抑制两相PWM逆变器的电流谐波,改善波形、降低电机低速运行的转矩脉动。

一种新的自然伽马测井仪死时间修正方法

死时间是决定伽马测井数据准确性的一个重要参数,传统的死时间修正方法存在测量条件较高,或测量步骤繁琐,或计算步骤复杂,或存在一定的安全隐患等不足。为降低测量条件、简化测量和计算步骤以及降低测量风险,提出一种新的死时间测量方法——“图解法”。从原理上详细论述了其可行性,并开展了相关实验以验证其可行性。使用2套伽马探测系统利用“图解法”获取的死时间对系列已知铀质量分数的饱和模型的计数率数据进行修正,对比修正前后计数率与铀质量分数的线性拟合优度以及“图解法”与“双源法”所得死时间值的大小。结果表明:2套伽马探测系统经“图解法”死时间修正前后计数率与铀质量分数的线性拟合优度分别为0.986和0.998以及0.98和0.998,说明“图解法”是有效的;“图解法”与“双源法”所得死时间值分别为0.902μs和0.941μs以及1.674μs和1.745μs,相对误差仅为-4.145%和-4.069%,说明“图解法”相对准确。因此,可将“图解法”作为伽马测井仪死时间修正方法应用于实际中。

Fast fluorescence lifetime imaging techniques:A review on challenge and development

Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy(FLIM)is increasingly used in biomedicine,material science,chemistry,and other related research fields,because of its advantages of high specificity and sensitivity in monitoring cellular microenvironments,studying interaction between proteins,metabolic state,screening drugs and analyzing their efficacy,characterizing novel materials,and diagnosing early cancers.Understandably,there is a large interest in obtaining FLIM data within an acquisition time as short as possible.Consequently,there is currently a technology that advances towards faster and faster FLIM recording.However,the maximum speed of a recording technique is only part of the problerm.The acquisition time of a FLIM image is a complex function of many factors.These include the photon rate that can be obtained from the sample,the amount of information a technique extracts from the decay functions,the fficiency at which it determines fluorescence decay parameters from the recorded photons,the demands for the accuracy of these parameters,the number of pixels,and the lateral and axial resolutions that are obtained in biological materials.Starting from a discussion of the parameters which determine the acquisition time,this review will describe existing and emerging FLIM techniques and data analysis algo-rithms,and analyze their performance and recording speed in biological and biomedical applications.

考虑死区特性的全桥型MMC状态空间平均化建模方法

为避免同侧互补导通的功率管发生直通短路故障,模块化多电平换流器(MMC)中开关器件需要设置死区时间,死区的存在会产生死区效应且死区难以被彻底消除。随着电力电子器件开关频率的不断提高,死区占比增加,死区影响已不容忽视。针对死区效应越来越显著和MMC仿真耗时过长的问题,提出一种考虑死区特性的提速模型。首先,对级联子模块含死区时间的实际开关状态进行端口工况特征扫描,通过含死区的端口特性识别出各子模块实际工作模态,建立状态空间方程。其次,基于状态空间平均法,以占空比为纽带统一子模块不同的模态性质,建立子模块分立元件模型。进一步,根据平均值模型的解耦特性,建立桥臂集中模型,提高仿真建模效率。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件平台上分别搭建全桥型MMC的详细模型、子模块分立元件模型与桥臂集中模型。仿真结果表明,所提模型具有较高的精度和运行效率,可以更好地满足实际工程仿真需求。

逆变器模型分析及死区补偿控制策略研究

研究并设计一种交流伺服系统内电压源型逆变器死区补偿控制策略,根据电机驱动系统逆变器结构模型,考虑逆变器内开关器件及输出特性,以抑制死区效应,改善逆变器输出电流为目标,分析得出电压源型逆变器死区补偿控制算法。该方法根据电机电磁响应远超前机械响应的特性,考虑死区时间影响,建立电机dq轴下电压动态方程,并构建定子感应电动势变化量与dq轴电流变化的关系,从而计算得出死区扰动补偿电压,并实现在线死区补偿,仿真结果表明,所提方法可有效降低电机相电流谐波畸变率,改善电流波形正弦度,抑制电磁转矩脉动,从而提升系统电流控制性能。

具有快速再锁定特性的亚采样锁相环设计

相较于传统的电荷泵锁相环,亚采样锁相环以其优良的带内噪声抑制作用,近年来得到了关注和研究.但传统的亚采样锁相环由于其辅助锁频环路中三态鉴频鉴相器较长的固定死区,一旦受到干扰失锁后,需要较长的再锁定时间.针对这一问题,本文在传统的亚采样锁相环设计基础上,设计了一种低噪声、短死区的整数分频亚采样锁相环电路架构,其包含了核心亚采样环路、辅助锁频环路.在辅助锁频环路把输出信号频率锁定至预设频率附近后,环路切换至亚采样环路.亚采样环路通过亚采样鉴相器实现低频参考时钟对高频输出时钟的采样,并将参考时钟和输出时钟之间的相位差转化为输出电压差;该输出电压差控制亚采样电荷泵对环路滤波器充放电,调节输出时钟频率和相位.双环路之间的切换通过辅助锁频环路中的短死区鉴相器实现,这使锁相环既避免了长死区导致的长再锁定时间,也避免了分频器额外的带内噪声放大作用,在兼顾亚采样锁相环良好的带内噪声抑制性能的基础上,有效提高了电路的鲁棒性.本文基于180 nm 1P6M CMOS工艺,完成了800 MHz输出频率的整数分频亚采样锁相环的电路设计、版图绘制和后仿真验证.核心电路版图面积为0.114mm2,功耗为10.8 mW.仿真结果表明,所设计的亚采样锁相环相较于传统结构将再锁定时间降至1.18μs,同时带内相位噪声为-117dBc/Hz@200kHz,参考杂散为57.8 dBc-.

挺水植被影响下滞水区滞留时间预测模型

对于河道修复工程,为了增加河流地貌多样性,常会沿岸布置一些丁坝形成回流区(也称作滞水区)。滞水区的低速环流特点有利于泥沙落淤、营养质积累,为水生植物提供了适宜的生长环境,同时影响着河道内的物质输移扩散过程,对河流生态系统有着重要意义。采用量纲分析与遗传算法研究了挺水植被影响下滞水区滞留时间特性。对于植被化滞水区,影响水体滞留时间的因素可以归纳为三类,包括混合层流动特性、滞水区形貌特征以及植被拖曳作用。首先在前人工作基础上,应用π定理引入了能够反映植被阻滞效应的参数1+C_(D)ad_(c),对于无植被情形1+C_(D)ad_(c)=1,表明物质交换不受该因素影响,而对于有植被情形1+C_(D)ad_(c)>1,表明交换活动会受到影响。其次通过分析比较,筛选了其他影响滞留时间的主控因素,包括体现来流强度的主流傅汝德数Fr,以及体现滞水区形貌特征的三维形状因子(Wdc)0.5/L和宽长比W/L。然后以上述四种因素为自变量,构建了植被化滞水区滞留时间的一般性预测模型(即幂函数乘积模型)。最后基于收集的85组试验数据,采用遗传程序Eureqa对该幂函数乘积模型进行训练,拟合了植被化滞水区的滞留时间预测公式。对判定系数R2与平均绝对误差MAE的评价表明该公式具有较好的预测能力;对各因素变化区间的分析表明该公式具有较宽广的适用范围。此外,通过比较这4种因素对模型结果的作用程度,发现宽长比W/L是影响滞水区水体滞留特性的关键参数,在开展相关工程设计时应予以重点考虑。

基于准谐振滤波器的永磁同步电机死区补偿方法研究

在逆变器中,为了防止上下开关管同时导通,通常会在导通时间中加入死区时间,使得永磁同步电机产生5次和7次电流谐波。显然,研究如何抑制该谐波是非常有必要的。首先分析了死区时间引起的5次和7次电流谐波,然后采用准谐振滤波器提取电流中的谐波分量来死区补偿并进行稳定性分析,最后在MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台上验证所提方法的有效性。

无效报警的优化方案

大量无效报警严重扰乱正常工艺操作,造成频繁误停车或导致危险发生,带来严重的经济损失,甚至可能成为安全隐患。通过较为全面地分析各类无效报警产生的原因,并给出包括合理设计报警设定点、静态及动态报警抑制,设计信号过滤器及防抖动功能,合理设计仪表精度及量程等优化解决方案及实施细节,消除各类无效报警,可以大幅地提升企业的自动化管理水平,做到真正的本质安全。

“Time-to-count”技术在GM计数管中的运用

本文主要阐述了"Time-to-count"技术的基本原理和理论基础,并通过对实际应用电路的分析,说明了"Time-to-count"技术克服死时间影响的方法和优点,并在核电站区域伽马监测应用对该技术的实用性进行了验证。

一种适用于GaN基电机驱动器的新型死区自适应控制方法

设置死区时间是为了防止桥臂电路上下管直通问题,保证电机驱动器的可靠性。氮化镓(gallium nitride,GaN)基电机驱动器对死区设置较为敏感,死区时间过长会导致GaN器件反向导通损耗过高及电机驱动器输出波形畸变,过短则会造成输出电容损耗及高电流尖峰。该文对第一及第二死区时间的影响进行分类讨论,分析得出两种死区时间的优化原则,并基于此提出一种新型死区自适应控制方法。这种方法无需添加额外硬件电路,可以在消除输出电容损耗及电流尖峰的同时减小反向导通损耗,提高效率,并有效降低电机驱动器负载电流的总谐波失真,提高电机运行稳定性。仿真和实验验证新型死区自适应控制方法的有效性,且其在重载及高开关频率状态下较传统死区设置方法具有明显优势。