Strategic Research on Implementation Mechanism of Student Participation in University Decision-Making Under Governance

Student participation in university decision-making, a part of university governance, is still defective in the construction of its implementation mechanism. In terms of the problems of unclear subject, unclear scale, unordered participation and the single participation method in student participation in decision-making implementation process, this paper designs the relevant model and brings up the countermeasure, thus providing student participation of decision-making implementation mechanism construction with effective theoretical basis.

Local communities' participation in decision-making processes through planning and budgeting in African countries

Community participation and community based management are topical themes in current policy and discussion revolving around decision-making processes especially those dealing with natural resources management.This review shows that while governments have accepted the need to either cede or devolve control and management of natural resources to the local communities,the communities are not part and parcel of the planning and budgeting which are crucial in decisionmaking.Communities were seen to be more involved in the implementation of natural resource management programs but lacked ownership of the projects.This causes lack of commitment to the programs and at times hostile reaction from the communities.The communities are always at the receiving end when it pertains to losses in the exchange.Community participation was shown to be effective when the local population is involved not as co-operating users but as natural resource managers or owner managers.

Patient Participation in Communication about Treatment Decision-Making for Localized Prostate Cancer during Consultation Visits

Objectives: To describe the communication behaviors of patients and physicians and patient par-ticipation in communication about treatment decision-making during consultation visits for local-ized prostate cancer (LPCa). Methods: This is a secondary analysis of data from 52 men enrolled in the usual care control group of a randomized trial that focused on decision-making for newly diagnosed men with LPCa. We analyzed the patient-physician communication using the transcribed audio-recordings of real-time treatment consultations and a researcher-developed coding tool, including codes for communication behaviors (information giving, seeking, and clarifying/ verifying) and contents of clinical consultations (health histories, survival/mortality, treatment options, treatment impact, and treatment preferences). After qualitative content analysis, we categorized patient participation in communication about treatment-related clinical content, including “none” (content not discussed);“low” (patient listening only);“moderate” (patient providing information or asking questions);and “high” (patient providing information and asking questions). Results: Physicians mainly provided information during treatment decision consultations and patients frequently were not active participants in communication. The participation of patients with low and moderate cancer risk typically was: 1) “moderate and high” in discussing health histories;2) “low” in discussing survival/mortality;3) “low and moderate” in discussing treatment options;4) “none and low” in discussing treatment impacts;and 5) “low” in discussing treatment preferences. Conclusions: Findings suggest opportunities for increasing patient participation in communication about treatment decision-making for LPCa during clinical consultations.

Neural mechanism of proposer's decision-making in the ultimatum and dictator games

Previous studies have demonstrated that reactions to unfair offers in the ultimatum game are correlated with negative emotion. However, little is known about the difference in neural activity between a proposer＇s decision-making in the ultimatum game compared with the dictator game. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging study revealed that proposing fair offers in the dictator game elicited greater activation in the right supramarginal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus and left anterior cingulate cortex compared with proposing fair offers in the ultimatum game in 23 Chinese undergraduate and graduate students from Beijing Normal University in China. However, greater activation was found in the right superior temporal gyrus and left cingulate gyrus for the reverse contrast. ＂The results indicate that proposing fair offers in the dictator game is more strongly associated with cognitive control and conflicting information processing compared with proposing fair offers in the ultimatum game.

Factors influencing the degree of participation in surgical decision-making among Chinese patients with prostate cancer:A qualitative research

Objective:There was increasingly demand of participation in surgical decision-making among Chinese patients with prostate cancer.However,due to the complex healthcare system and advanced care settings,it is quite challenging for the patients to gain sufficient support from the institute and the government.This research aimed to investigate the factors that impact the degree of participation in surgical decision-making among Chinese prostate cancer patients.Methods:A phenomenological approach of qualitative research based on the results of semi-structured interviews was adopted,to explore the influencing factors which hinder the participation in surgical decision-making.Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research were utilized.Up to 160 post-operative patients who had undergone radical prostatectomy along with 68 medical and nursing staffs,were purposively recruited in this research.This retrospective study was carried out from September 2018 to August 2019.After recording and transcribing the interviews,the interview materials were evaluated via the Colaizzi's seven step approach and the NVivo Version 10 software to analyze the interview content.Results:According to the analysis and summary of the interviews,there were three factors affecting the degree of participation in surgical decision-making.Firstly,insufficient information was provided by medical and nursing staffs because of their lack of time,proper communication skills,and career experience,as well as difficulties in the development of patient decision aid and inconsistent resource availability.Secondly,the cognitive level of decision-making among patients was relatively low due to poor psychological endurance,insufficient amount of education,senility,and less knowledge and information demand.Ultimately,decisions were constantly made by family members with/without patients.Conclusions:The degree of participation of Chinese prostate cancer patients in the surgical decision-making had much space for improvement.

Constructing Public Participation Mechanism in Social Public Management＇ s New Normal

The construction and development of social public management's new normal depend on the scientific transformation of government functionalization orientation and highlighting the role of grassroots public's extensive illustrations on social issues and social conditions.Based on this situation,in the process of public participation mechanism construction,it is necessary to emphasize that the construction of joint elements should be carried out systematically and comprehensively,and to dig deep into the relations and functions of all elements.When the stability of public participation mechanism construction is fully guaranteed,it will extensively supervise and evaluate the development of government's social public management cause,help achieve the final goal of coordinating social development environment and social development elements,ensure that the intrinsic value of public participation mechanism can be thoroughly displayed.

Human Rights NGOs and the United Nations Human Rights Council——Participation by the China Society for Human Rights Studies in the Universal Periodic Review Mechanism

Since its founding in 1993, the China Society for Human Rights Studies （CSHRS） has extensively participated inthe human rights work of the United Nations （UN） and has actively carried out international exchange and cooperation. In May 2012, the UN Human Rights Council （UNHRC） initiated the second round of country reviews on human rights.

Participatory Technique Supporting Environmental Management: A Systematic and Bibliometric Review

The increasing need to manage natural resources sustainably, driven by population growth, requires the simultaneous use of Participatory Techniques (PT) and landscape planning for structured decision-making. We conducted a bibliometric and systematic review to provide an overview of PT usage, identifying evolution in scientific production. We considered the number of publications and citations, prominent journals, and highly cited articles on scientific papers published in the Web of Science database between 1993 and 2023. A total of 415 articles related to PT were identified. After content evaluation, 19 critical articles were selected that underpin the growing combined use of models and indices with PT, enhancing the robustness and credibility of decision-making processes.

Shared Decision-Making after Implementation of the Chronic Care Model (CCM)—An Evaluative Approach

Background: In paternalistic models, healthcare providers’ responsibility is to decide what is best for patients. The main concern is that such models fail to respect patient autonomy and do not promote patient responsibility. Aim: To evaluate mental healthcare team members’ perceptions of their own role in encouraging elderly persons to participate in shared decision-making after implementation of the CCM. The CCM is not an explanatory theory, but an evidence-based guideline and synthesis of best available evidence. Methods: Data were collected from two teams that took part in a focus group interview, and the transcript was analysed by means of qualitative thematic analysis. Results: One overall theme emerged—Preventing the violation of human dignity based on three themes, namely, Changing understanding and attitudes, Increasing depressed elderly persons’ autonomy and Clarifying the mental healthcare team coordinator’s role and responsibility. The results of this study reveal that until recently, paternalism has been the dominant decision-making model within healthcare, without any apparent consideration of the patient perspective. Community mental healthcare can be improved by shared decision-making in which team members initiate a dialogue focusing on patient participation to prevent the violation of human dignity. However, in order to determine how best to empower the patient, team members need expert knowledge and intuition.

Use of Research Evidence in Policy and Decision-Making: Views, Attitudes and Practices of Health Policy Makers in Lusaka Province of Zambia

Background: The integration of relevant high-quality research evidence into the health decision and policy formulation process is a key strategy for improving health systems especially in developing countries such as Zambia. However, the lack of capacity to understand and value research evidence by policy and decision makers makes it difficult for them to find and use research evidence in a timely manner even when motivated to do so. This study aimed to establish the views, attitudes and practices of policy makers on the use of research evidence in policy and decision-making process in Zambia. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Lusaka, Zambia among selected public health decision and policy making institutions. A purposive sample of 21 consenting policy makers who were working in different positions in the Ministry of Health Headquarters, Provincial and District Health Offices, Health Professions Regulatory Bodies, United Nations Agencies, International Non-Governmental Organizations and University Deans from the University of Zambia participated in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The IBM? SPSS? Statistics for Windows Version 20.0 was used for data analysis. Results: The concept of Evidence Informed Health Policy was not well understood such that only less than half (47.5%) of the participants reported having heard specifically about Evidence Informed Health Policy meanwhile almost two thirds (61.9%) reported that they used research evidence in decision making and policy formulation. Similar discrepancy was expressed in the understanding of and use of rapid response mechanisms such that although (47.6%) of the participants reported having heard about it, (57%) had never used rapid response mechanisms for deci-sion-making. With regard to the sources of information, about half (52.3) of the participants reported scholarly articles as their main source of evidence. Con-clusion and Recommendations: There is need for more sensitization and ca-pacity building among the decision and policy makers on the importance of using research evidence in decision and policy making process as incorporation of relevant high-quality research evidence into the health policy making pro-cess is a key strategy for improving health systems.

Patient-centered care through internal and external participation in medical rehabilitation

Patient-centeredness is one of the most important quality and outcome criteria in health care. Health care organizations are continually searching for approaches that will enable them to establish sustainable patient-centeredness in their daily practice. Existing approaches frequently focus on interaction between patient and health care professional (external participation). However, this is often not sufficient;other elements, such as good teamwork among the health care professionals (internal participation), are also essential. The model of integrated patient-centeredness differentiates between these two participations forms, both of which are explored from a patient and health care professional perspective in our study. The aim of the study was to confirm the model from the viewpoint of staff and patients. To this end we conducted a multi-center cross-sectional study consisting of a patient and staff survey to assess internal and external participation and patient-centeredness. A total of 15 rehabilitation clinics were involved, with 272 staff members and 536 patients included in the final analysis. Although evaluation was positive (mainly slightly above the middle of the scale), there was potential for improvement for both types of participation. Internal and external rating differed between patients and health care staff, with the first group assessing internal significantly better and external lower than the second group. The low to middle correlation of both types, as well as the correlation and regression with patient-centeredness, confirmed the model of integrated patient-centeredness. The model underlines the importance of both participation forms for patient-centeredness, as well as their interdependence. Further studies are needed in order to verify the impact of internal and external participation, as well as that of further possible dimensions of patient-centeredness, on clinical and functional outcome criteria.

外源内生型社会组织参与农村社会治理何以可能?

社会组织参与农村社会治理有助于提升社会治理效能,契合了国家推动社会组织积极参与乡村振兴的要求。与外源型和内生型社会组织不同,外源内生型社会组织主要由村庄外部主体动员成立,由村内精英运行,具有参与农村社会治理的优势,但因缺乏外部资源的持续性输入,导致很多外源内生型社会组织运行困难。本文以运行较好的一个外源内生型社会组织陕西省T村老年协会为个案,探讨外源内生型社会组织参与农村社会治理的机理。研究发现,通过一定的组织行为,外源内生型社会组织可以形成参与农村社会治理的各项机制,如与其他治理组织互相嵌入的组织机制,政府资助、社会捐赠与用者付费相结合的多元化筹资机制,定期活动串联重塑村庄节奏的链接机制,规范活动程序与采取预防措施的风险防范机制,以声誉、信任和互惠为关键因素巩固集体行动领导力的领导机制,从而保障外源内生型社会组织有效参与农村社会治理,助力乡村振兴。

当代中国贫困治理的伦理基础、基本模式与实践特征

从伦理基础、基本模式与实践特征三个方面阐述当代中国贫困治理的历程及成功经验,认为当代中国贫困治理的成功,不仅是中国独特制度优势的体现,而且其中提炼的一些贫困治理经验,可以为广大发展中国家的贫困治理提供借鉴。在贫困治理的伦理基础方面,革命年代为了发动穷苦大众投身革命,赋予他们极高的政治地位,导致了“穷光荣”文化传统的形成,“越贫穷越光荣”的社会文化心理延迟了脱贫的紧迫性,在一定程度上使得计划经济时代的中国减贫事业难以达到应有的发展速度;改革开放以来,贫困与道德的脱钩、经济发展与社会主义本质的链接使得全面脱贫变得必要且可能。在贫困治理的基本模式方面,政府主导贫困治理的政策制定、资源分配及项目实施,同时积极发挥市场作为资源配置基本机制的作用,创新市场化扶贫方式,由此形成贫困治理的“政府主导的市场模式”。在实践方面,社会协同和公共参与既是现代化贫困治理体系的必然要求与重要特征,也是当代中国贫困治理成功的深层原因。全面脱贫后,巩固脱贫成果、防止脱贫后返贫的任务仍然十分艰巨,仍然面临着持续有效治理相对贫困等多元贫困问题的严峻挑战,必须进一步探索具有开放性、整体性、可持续性的参与式贫困治理体系,进一步完善贫困治理生态,早日实现全面建成社会主义现代化强国的伟大目标。

我国地方高校校园安全治理中大学生参与机制

随着校园安全治理复杂性和不确定性的增加,亟须从风险沟通面向加强大学生参与机制的整体融入。通过构建大学生参与机制的六维风险沟通新分析框架,发现我国地方高校校园安全治理中大学生参与机制存在理念薄弱性、主体碎片化、路径科层化、内容有限性、手段单一化、效果应急化等困境。上述困境的生成机制涉及理念错位、主体利益桎梏、官僚制路径依赖、维稳隐性驱动、手段“内卷化”、配套制度不充分。为此,可通过预防性参与理念、整体型参与主体、网络化参与路径、充分型参与内容、复合式参与手段、制度性参与效果的“六位一体”再造,实现对大学生参与机制困境的风险沟通治理。

我国乡村振兴促进法软法治理机制及其优化适用

《中华人民共和国乡村振兴促进法》呈现出针对乡村治理的软法进路,在诸多方面发挥了其软法内容所具有的弹性、开放性及补充性作用,是我国探索软法治理的有益尝试,但也存在软法机制未充分发挥的问题。当前,应在软法硬法互动效应的强化、授权性的公众参与及治理信息共享等方面着手,弥补乡村振兴促进法软法机制的不足,寻求我国乡村振兴发展的软法治理进路。

流域水环境治理中的农民参与激励机制优化路径研究——基于四湖流域375份农民样本的分析

四湖流域水环境保护与治理的过程中,农民参与激励机制不健全,农民参与动力缺乏,“虚置”参与现象严重。借鉴波特-劳勒综合激励模型中激励→努力→绩效→奖励→满足的良性循环精髓,聚焦农民在水环境治理中的主要内容和关键环节,从目标驱动、绩效评估、奖惩激励、监督反馈等方面系统完善激励机制,优化农民参与水环境治理的路径,为监管部门提供科学决策依据。

数字普惠金融如何减缓农户相对贫困?

使用北京大学数字普惠金融指数与2019年西南财经大学中国家庭金融调查数据,运用Probit模型与机制分析,分析数字普惠金融减缓农户相对贫困影响机制,实证发现:数字普惠金融能显著缓解农户相对贫困,数字普惠金融对东部地区农户的相对贫困减缓效应比中西部地区更为显著。从影响机制发现,数字普惠金融通过增加农户经济机会,促进农户参与创业市场,进而缓解农户相对贫困。从异质性分析发现,中低、中高收入水平以及高教育水平的农户家庭使用数字普惠金融减缓相对贫困影响更为显著。文章使用不同的方法证明了结论的稳健性。

回应性动员:复杂政策执行中的参与动员机制研究

本文构建了政策体制、动员机制与参与效能的关联性分析框架,立足历史变迁和乡村振兴实证案例,分析回应性动员促进农民治理性参与、实现乡村有效振兴的运作逻辑。研究表明:(1)我国的乡村政策体制大致经历了从简单汲取型到复杂给予型的变迁,政策体制的差异化特征形塑了参与动员机制的差异化。(2)乡村振兴政策具有模糊的政策目标、失衡的信息分布、高度的执行质量风险、差异化的治理结构等复杂政策特征。而基层政府和村两委在执行乡村振兴这一复杂政策时创新出回应性动员的农民参与动员机制。(3)回应性动员通过需求评估、多元协商、赋权增能、利益联结、组织引领等机制的协同发力,实现对农民参与的有效动员。由此衍生的回应性治理为基层政权建设和“国家-社会”治理张力的弥合提供了实践基础。

老旧小区更新改造中居民参与机制探讨

居民参与是近年来我国城镇老旧小区改造普遍关注的问题。居民参与在老旧小区改造中发挥重要作用,是保证改造成效的关键。文章以公民参与阶梯理论为理论依据,以杭州市18个老旧小区综合改造案例为研究对象,运用实地调研、文本分析等研究方法,综合分析老旧小区更新改造中居民参与的5种类型,以及其协作机制的建立过程、成效及优缺点,以推进城市更新行动,提升居民获得感、幸福感、安全感。

多方参与的北京传统居住院落保护实践运行机制解析

传统居住院落是北京老城保护的重点与难点,尽管保护实践不断开展,但风貌环境与居住条件仍普遍落后,亟需探究保护实践的运行机制,理解保护行动与保护结果之间的逻辑关系,以提升保护实践效果。为此,以北京雨儿胡同传统居住院落保护实践项目为例,从多方参与的过程性特点出发,构建“过程分析—效果评价—原因反思”的保护实践运行机制解析框架。研究发现:主体参与意愿和参与能力、项目目标设置、过程设计和机制保障共同影响实践效果。据此提出传统居住院落保护实践策略建议,为精细化设计多方参与保护实践运行机制提供参考。