Bearing splitting and near-surface source ranging in the direct zone of deep water

Sound multipath propagation is very important for target localization and identification in different acoustical zones of deep water. In order to distinguish the multipath characteristics in deep water, the Northwest Pacific Acoustic Experiment was conducted in 2015. A low-frequency horizontal line array towed at the depth of around 150 m on a receiving ship was used to receive the noise radiated by the source ship. During this experiment, a beating-splitting phenomenon in the direct zone was observed through conventional beamforming of the horizontal line array within the frequency band 160 Hz- 360 Hz. In this paper, this phenomenon is explained based on ray theory. In principle, the received signal in the direct zone of deep water arrives from two general paths including a direct one and bottom bounced one, which vary considerably in arrival angles. The split bearings correspond to the contributions of these two paths. The beating-splitting phenomenon is demonstrated by numerical simulations of the bearing-time records and experimental results, and they are well consistent with each other. Then a near-surface source ranging approach based on the arrival angles of direct path and bottom bounced path in the direct zone is presented as an application of bearing splitting and is verified by experimental results. Finally, the applicability of the proposed ranging approach for an underwater source within several hundred meters in depth in the direct zone is also analyzed and demonstrated by simulations.

Spatial correlation of the high intensity zone in deep-water acoustic field

The spatial correlations of acoustic field have important implications for underwater target detection and other ap- plications in deep water. In this paper, the spatial correlations of the high intensity zone in the deep-water acoustic field are investigated by using the experimental data obtained in the South China Sea. The experimental results show that the structures of the spatial correlation coefficient at different ranges and depths are similar to the transmission loss structure in deep water. The main reason for this phenomenon is analyzed by combining the normal mode theory with the ray theory. It is shown that the received signals in the high intensity zone mainly include one or two main pulses which are contributed by the interference of a group of waterbome modes with similar phases. The horizontal-longitudinal correlations at the same receiver depth but in different high intensity zones are analyzed. At some positions, more pulses are received in the arrival structure of the signal due to bottom reflection and the horizontal-longitudinal correlation coefficient decreases accordingly. The multi-path arrival structure of receiving signal becomes more complex with increasing receiver depth.

Horizontal-Longitudinal Spatial Correlation of Acoustic Field with Deep Receiver in the Direct Zone in Deep Water

The horizontal-longitudinal correlation of acoustic field for the receiver near the bottom is analyzed by using nu- merical modeling. An approximate analytical solution of horizontal-longitudinal correlation coefficient is derived based on the ray method. Combining the characteristic of Lloyd＇s mirror interference pattern, the variability of acoustic field and its effect on horizontal-longitudinal spatial correlation are discussed. The theoretical pre- diction agrees well with the numerical results. Experimental results confirm the validity of analytical solution. Finally, the applicability of the analytical solution is summarized. The conclusion is beneficial for the design of bottom-moored array and the estimation of integral time for moving source localization.

Numerical Analysis on Displacement Law of Discontinuous Rock Mass in Broken Rock Zone for Deep Roadways

On the basis of the characteristics of broken rock zone, using the program of "discontinuous deformation analysis(DDA)", the changing law of influential factors of discontinuous rock mass in large broken rock zone was researched quantitatively for the first time. Based on the results of computation, the concept of "key part"of roadways and its stability criterion were brought forward, and it was pointed out that in inclined coal and rock seams the"key parts"of roadways are the upper side and the floor of surrounding rocks, especially the former.

Upper crust structure of eastern A’nyemaqên suture zone: Results of Barkam-Luqu-Gulang deep seismic sounding profile

Barkam-Luqu-Gulang deep seismic sounding profile runs from north of Sichuan Province to south of Gansu Province. It is located at the northeastern edge of Tibetan Plateau and crosses eastern A＇nyemaqên suture zone. The upper crust structures around eastern A＇nyemaqên suture zone and its adjacent area are reconstructed based on the arrival times of refracted Pg and Sg waves by using finite difference method, ray tracing inversion, time-term method and travel-time curve analysis. The results show that the depth variation of basement along profile is very strong as indicated by Pg and Sg waves. The basement rose in Zoigê basin and depressed in eastern A＇nyemaqên suture zone, and it gradually rose again northward and then depressed. The results also indicate that eastern A＇nyemaqên suture zone behaves as inhomogeneous low velocity structures in the upper crust and is inclined to- ward the south. Hoh Sai Hu-Maqên fault, Wudu-Diebu fault and Zhouqu-Liangdang fault are characterized by low velocity distributions with various scales. The distinct variation in basement depth occurred near Hoh Sai Hu-Maqên fault and Zhouqu-Liangdang fault, which are main tectonic boundaries of A＇nyemaqên suture zone. Wudu-Diebu fault, located at the depth variation zone of the basement, possibly has the same deep tectonic background with Zhouqu-Liangdang fault. The strongly depressed basement characterized by low velocity distribution and lateral inhomogeneity in A＇nyemaqên suture zone implies crushed zone features under pinching action.

Seasonality and Tectonic Influences on Subduction Zones for Ultra-Deep Earthquakes

Our previous research has found that deep or very deep earthquakes can be influenced by different seasons of the year. It also indicates that other factors may impact the seasonality in addition to these external parameters. This would explain why the response from Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere for the seasons is different. In the current research, we will focus on very deep earthquakes over a very long period, 1950-2017, which have high magnitude of M ≥ 6 with depth ≥ 500 km and named ultra-deep earthquakes (UDQ). We will separate such events by coordinates of each subduction area located in the Pacific Ring of Fire to find which effects the seasons have on these specific areas. Former tomographic studies in such regions pointed out that each area mentioned had systematic differences in the slab configuration along arcs. Our conclusions showed that those discrepancies may influence the enhancement of earthquakes in some seasons or months.

THE MECHANICAL RELATIONSHIP TO THE FORMATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THEBURIED HILLS AND THE DEEP-SEATED FRACTURAL ZONE IN THE DIWA-TYPE FAULTED BASIN IN CENTRAL HEBEI PROVINCE,CHINA

The author proves the existence and movement of a deep-seated fraetural Zone located in the eenter zone of the diwa-type faulted basin in central Hebei Province. This deep-seated fraeturai zone tending in NNE direction is a structural effect of the mtodle East Asin Grustobody in the Mexozoic-Cenozoic. This paper will diseuss the formation, evolution and the meehanism of the deep-seated fraetural zone, faulted basin and the buried hills as well as their relationships. The uthor expounds that the deep geological process is the major factor of the structural effect.

Sedimentary characteristics comparison and genesis analysis of the deepwater channel in the hydrate enrichment zones on the north slope of the South China Sea

Natural gas hydrate(NGH) is one of the important clean energy at present and even in the future. The study of its sedimentary environment and minerogenetic condition has long been a hot issue that has received much concern from geologists all over the world. China has successfully obtained the samples of NGH in Shenhu and Dongsha sea areas in 2007, 2013 and 2015, respectively. From this, the continental slope north of the South China Sea becomes an important test site for the study of NGH sedimentary genesis and minerogenetic condition. NGH has been found in Shenhu, Dongsha and Qiongdongnan areas within the continental slope north of South China Sea,at different depths of water, with different sedimentary characteristics, gas genesis, and minerogenetic conditions.Using a seismic sedimentology theory, combining seismic facies results of each facies, sedimentary facies and evolution of each area are documented in turn establishing a sedimentary model by considering palaeogeomorphology, sea level change and tectonic movement. The channel system and MTD(Mass Transport Deposition) system among these three areas were compared focusing on the developing position, appearance and controlling factors. Relative location among three areas is firstly defined that Dongsha area in a nearprovenance steep upper slope, Shenhu area in a normal gentle slope and Qiongdongnan area in an awayprovenance flat plain. Besides, their channel systems are classified into erosional, erosional-aggradational and aggradational channel, and MTD systems into headwall domain, translational domain and toe domain.

深层超深层油气安全高效开发若干关键问题与新型解决方案

深层超深层油气资源是我国油气资源的重要接替区和重点勘探开发领域,现已成为保障国家能源安全的重要战略资源。深层超深层油气安全高效开发面临诸多挑战,井下复杂工况识别难、套管破损严重、长水平段托压严重和井眼轨迹控制难度达等关键问题尤为突出,亟待解决。为此,针对深层超深层油气开发所面临的关键问题,在分析传统解决方案局限性的基础上,提出了具有显著优势的新工具和新技术,为深层超深层油气的安全高效开发提供了有效的技术方案支持,也为深层超深层钻完井技术发展提供了新的方向。

深层超深层油气藏高应力下数字岩心构建方法

深层超深层油气藏由于埋藏深,其地应力达200 MPa,会显著改变储层岩石孔隙的微观结构。数字岩心是孔隙尺度数值模拟的重要载体,但是现有数字岩心重构方法是基于常温常压下岩心的扫描图像重构,不能反映高应力下的孔隙结构。为此,提出了一种基于离散元法考虑高应力影响的数字岩心重构方法。首先,采用分水岭算法分割CT图像,利用球面谐波分析方法建立轮廓数据库,并在PFC^(3D)中建立Clump(团簇)模板库;然后,根据孔隙度和粒径分布使用模板库中的Clump建立离散元模型,并用两点相关和线性路径相关函数曲线评价模型的准确性;随后,标定颗粒间微观力学参数,并加载应力模拟得到不同应力下的数字岩心;最后,分析了不同应力下数字岩心的孔隙几何拓扑结构,计算孔隙度和渗透率。以Bentheim砂岩为例,构建了其不同应力下的数字岩心,研究结果表明,应力增大,导致孔隙和喉道半径缩小、喉道伸长、连通性变差、孔隙度和渗透率减小。研究结果为深层超深层油气藏孔隙尺度模拟提供了技术途径。

Zoned Zircon from Eclogite Lenses in Marbles from the Dabie-Sulu UHP Terrane,China: A Clear Record of Ultra-deep Subduction and Fast Exhumation

Eclogite lenses in marbles from the Dabie-Sulu ultrahigh-pressure （UHP） terrane are deeply subducted meta-sedimentary rocks. Zircons in these rocks have been used to constrain the ages of prograde and UHP metamorphism during subduction, and later retrograde metamorphism during exhumation. Inherited （detrital） and metamorphic zircons were distinguished on the basis of transmitted light microscopy, cathodoluminescence （CL） imaging, trace element contents and mineral inclusions. The distribution of mineral inclusions combined with CL imaging of the metamorphic zircon make it possible to relate zircon zones （domains） to different metamorphic stages. Domain 1 consists of rounded, oblong and spindly cores with dark-luminescent images, and contains quartz eclogite facies mineral inclusion assemblages, indicating formation under high-pressure （HP） metamorphic conditions of T = 571-668℃ and P =1.7-2.02 GPa. Domain 2 always surrounds domain 1 or occurs as rounded and spindly cores with white-luminescent images. It contains coesite eclogite facies mineral inclusion assemblages, indicating formation under UHP metamorphic conditions of T = 782-849℃ and P 〉 5.5 GPa. Domain 3, with gray-luminescent images, always surrounds domain 2 and occurs as the outermost zircon rim. It is characterized by low-pressure mineral inclusion assemblages, which are related to regional amphibolite facies retrograde metamorphism of T = 600- 710℃ and P = 0.7-1.2 GPa. The three metamorphic zircon domains have distinct ages; sample H1 from the Dabie terrane yielded SHRIMP ages of 245 ± 4 Ma for domain 1, 235 ± 3 Ma for domain 2 and 215± 6 Ma for domain 3, whereas sample H2 from the Sulu terrane yielded similar ages of 244 ± 4 Ma, 233 ± 4 Ma and 214 ± 5 Ma for Domains 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The mean ages of these zones suggest that subduction to UHP depths took place over 10-11 Ma and exhumation of the rocks occurred over a period of 19-20 Ma. Thus, subduction from - 55 km to 〉 160 km deep mantle depth took place at rates of approximately 9.5-10.5 km/Ma and exhumation from depths 〉160 km to the base of the crust at -30 km occurred at approximately 6.5 km/Ma. We propose a model for these rocks involving deep subduction of continental margin lithosphere followed by ultrafast exhumation driven by buoyancy forces after break-off of the UHP slab deep within the mantle.

Deep- Seated Tectonic Activation of Tancheng-Lujiang Fault Zone and Its Control over Jiaodong Gold Concentrated Region, China

A comprehensive discussion on the deep seated genesis of gold metallogenic materials and the tectono magmatic controls over gold deposits is given in this paper, which is based on the crustal and upper mantle structural characteristics of the Jiaodong massif, the property, activation history and styles of the Tancheng Lujiang fault zone, as well as a series of accompanying tectono magmatic events. Prediction for further prospecting gold deposits in the area is also made.

走滑断裂带三维地震特征增强处理与描述研究

走滑断裂带由于纵向断距小,超深层地震信号弱,常规叠前深度偏移地震资料难以满足超深层断裂带精细描述需求。为提高断裂带成像精度,指导走滑断裂带解释描述和评价部署,以顺北地区走滑断裂带发育区三维地震资料为例,建立了一套以提高地震资料品质的保真保幅优化处理、频谱恢复提高分辨率处理、频谱分解处理、频率域多尺度断裂检测等技术为主的走滑断裂带地震特征增强处理与描述技术,该技术组合有效拓宽了地震数据频带,提高了地震数据分辨率,使超深走滑断裂带成像精度更高,为超深走滑断裂带的精细解释、描述评价、三维雕刻提供了高品质资料基础。结合顺北地区前人研究成果,综合利用频谱恢复提高分辨率处理、频谱分解处理、频率域断裂检测数据,不同尺度断裂带特征及断储关系预测效果更好,为进一步评价断裂带和部署井位提供了技术支撑。

氦气地质理论认识、资源勘查评价与全产业链一体化评价关键技术

鉴于我国氦气产业链理论技术需求,针对国内外尚无系统的氦气地质理论认识,缺乏针对性的氦气资源评价方法、参数取值标准,缺乏氦气含量综合准确检测、有利富集区优选方法,无成本指标优化体系及全产业链一体化评价方法等卡点和难点,本文运用地质、地球化学、重磁电震、投资经济等多学科方法及实验技术,集中力量攻克氦气成藏机理、资源评价及资产评价的关键技术瓶颈。研发形成1项地质理论认识和3项关键技术:基于典型富氦气藏解剖、地下流体中“氦-气-水”相平衡及相-势耦合分析,研究提出氦气“水溶相、气容相、游离相”3种主要赋存状态、“集流、渗流、扩散”3种运移机理、“近氦源、邻断裂、低压区、高部位”4项分布富集控制因素,初步建立了基于“优质氦源、高效输导、适宜载体”的氦气“生-运-聚”地质理论认识。针对国内氦气含量检测技术参差不齐、部分准确度差、与国外数据差别大、无针对性的氦气资源评价方法等系列难题,以氦气源及氦气含量为核心,研发氦气含量综合准确检测技术,构建4类10种氦气资源评价方法,解决了氦气资源分级分类评价的技术瓶颈。针对基底氦源分布、岩性识别、通源断裂刻画及含氦储层评价难题,创建了归一化重磁下延方案,研发了基于深度学习的多尺度断裂智能识别技术和不同氦气含量下的气藏声学性质模拟方法,为氦源岩分布预测、通源断裂刻画、含氦储层测井解释评价及预测奠定了基础。通过建立多元控氦的富氦区带与目标优选技术,解决了富氦区带与目标优选难题。针对国内贫氦实际情况,以提氦装置投资和操作成本最小化为目标,采用响应面法建立优化目标与各主要工艺参数的非线性回归模型,建立了氦气全产业链一体化评价技术,初步解决了天然气低成本提氦工艺流程优化的技术需求。研究成果为我国长期、安全、规模利用氦气资源资产提供了有效支撑。

鄂尔多斯盆地南部旬-宜探区深部煤层气成藏条件与勘探潜力

在充分调研国内深部煤层气勘探研究成果的基础上,依据鄂尔多斯盆地南部旬-宜探区钻井、地震和煤心实验分析资料,分析深部石炭系太原组煤层分布、煤岩煤质、储层条件、保存条件及含气性等关键成藏要素,系统评价了旬-宜探区太原组煤层气成藏条件与勘探潜力。结果表明,旬-宜探区太原组煤层厚度大、横向分布稳定、煤阶高、灰分中等、含气性较好,具备良好的煤层气成藏条件;太原组煤层气资源量1754×10^(8) m^(3),具备良好的勘探潜力;旬-宜探区中东部煤层发育、含气量高、断裂不发育、煤层埋深相对较浅,为煤层气勘探有利区带;在有利区优选基础上,开展了煤层气老井复查,优选了PZ2井实施太原组煤层压裂试气,压后取得了较好效果,对该区下一步煤层气勘探具有参考意义。

基于深度学习的特高压三端混合直流输电线路波形特征故障区域判别方法

针对将现有直流线路故障区域识别方法应用于特高压三端混合直流输电线路时,存在难以区分T区两侧故障、耐过渡电阻能力弱和阈值整定困难的问题,提出一种利用深度学习及波形特征进行特高压三端混合直流输电线路故障区域识别的方法。首先,对三端混合直流线路不同故障区域进行故障特征分析;然后,对线模电压和线模电流进行多尺度小波分解,提取线模电流中低频分量和线模电压高频分量,结合正负极电压波形特征,组成深度学习模型的输入量,并将故障区域作为输出量,构建深度学习故障区域识别模型;最后,用训练过的深度学习模型对获取的故障特征量进行处理,以实现故障区域识别的目的。通过大量仿真实验,验证了所提故障区域识别方法具有准确率高和基本不受过渡电阻影响的特性。

深部构造区大倾角工作面回撤致冲机理及防治技术

深部构造区大倾角工作面回撤期间冲击风险较高,为研究回撤期间致冲机理及防治技术,以潘西煤矿6199工作面为背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟,结合现场数据开展研究。结果表明:工作面受多因素影响处于复杂高静载环境,上部基本顶尖角区剪应力集中明显,工作面液压支架撤离,上覆岩层压力向工作面前方转移,局部超过极限载荷可能发生高静载加载型冲击,基本顶破断及断层活化产生动载,可能诱发动静载叠加型冲击;根据回撤前矿压数据,前方岩层活动较为剧烈,工作面微震预警事件发生前后支架阻力升高,存在基本顶破断及断层活化可能,冲击风险较高。基于回撤致冲机理提出卸压-支护协同防冲技术,即通过弱化高静载影响,降低动载产生可能性,辅助提高顺槽支护强度、控制工作面顶板降低回撤期间冲击风险;工作面回撤期间矿压监测数据无明显升高,卸压-支护协同防冲技术效果较好。

基于DEW模型的地球深部流体组成与水岩相互作用计算方法综述

水岩相互作用会导致流体中元素的价态、赋存形式等发生改变,进而对元素的富集成矿、循环通量等产生影响。由于地球深部样品与实验数据有限,建立和使用地球深部流体模型可以有效地增加人们对深部流体及水岩相互作用的认知。Deep Earth Water(DEW)模型是一种描述地球深部流体热力学性质的数据库,其可以与矿物热力学数据库联用,实现对地球深部水岩相互作用过程的模拟研究。本文阐释了使用DEW模型描述深部流体的必要性,叙述了应用DEW模型进行深部流体物种和水岩相互作用计算的基本原理,介绍了一种基于DEW模型计算流体物种的软件——FluidsLab,列举了地球深部流体以及水岩相互作用的应用案例与研究现状,最后对DEW模型后续的应用与发展方向进行展望。