Gas film/regenerative composite cooling characteristics of the liquid oxygen/liquid methane (LOX/LCH4) rocket engine

The thermal protection of rocket engines is a crucial aspect of rocket engine design.In this paper,the gas film/regenerative composite cooling of the liquid oxygen/liquid methane(LOX/LCH4)rocket engine thrust chamber was investigated.A gas film/regenerative composite cooling model was developed based on the Grisson gas film cooling efficiency formula and the one-dimensional regenerative cooling model.The accuracy of the model was validated through experiments conducted on a 6 kg/s level gas film/regenerative composite cooling thrust chamber.Additionally,key parameters related to heat transfer performance were calculated.The results demonstrate that the model is sufficiently accurate to be used as a preliminary design tool.The temperature rise error of the coolant,when compared with the experimental results,was found to be less than 10%.Although the pressure drop error is relatively large,the calculated results still provide valuable guidance for heat transfer analysis.In addition,the performance of composite cooling is observed to be superior to regenerative cooling.Increasing the gas film flow rate results in higher cooling efficiency and a lower gas-side wall temperature.Furthermore,the position at which the gas film is introduced greatly impacts the cooling performance.The optimal introduction position for the gas film is determined when the film is introduced from a single row of holes.This optimal introduction position results in a more uniform wall temperature distribution and reduces the peak temperature.Lastly,it is observed that a double row of holes,when compared to a single row of holes,enhances the cooling effect in the superposition area of the gas film and further lowers the gas-side wall temperature.These results provide a basis for the design of gas film/regenerative composite cooling systems.

热态壁面条件下的液膜冷却实验与仿真

为了获得射流流量和射流角对液膜铺展形态、壁面温度、液膜厚度的影响规律,设计并自主搭建了基于热态壁面条件的液膜冷却实验系统,开展了射流角为25°~45°、射流流量为200~400 mL·min^(-1)的液膜冷却实验研究。研究结果表明,随着入射角的增大,铺展长度减小,铺展宽度、扩张角增加;而在射流角一定时,随着液膜流量的增加,液膜铺展的长度、宽度和扩张角都有所增加。特别地,当射流角为25°、射流流量从300 mL·min^(-1)增加至400 mL·min^(-1)时,液膜长度最大增加量为20.94 mm,且增加射流流量能够有效降低壁面温度,当入射角为35°、液膜流量为300 mL·min^(-1)时,冷却前后壁面温度最大可降低141.81℃;液膜在壁面撞击点处有厚度峰值,且液膜流量越大峰值越高,当入射角为25°、流量为400 mL·min^(-1)时,最大峰值达679.32μm。采用流体体积法(VOF)构建了液膜冷却仿真模型,计算液膜的蒸发吸热、流动铺展过程,研究结果表明,射流流量为300 mL·min^(-1)时,液膜厚度模拟结果与实验结果最大偏差为7.9%,误差控制在工程应用允许的10%范围内,从而验证了VOF方法对射流撞壁形成液膜模拟的可行性。该研究可为液体火箭发动机液膜冷却技术提供一定的参考。

重复使用火箭发动机推力室疲劳寿命研究进展

再生冷却推力室内壁的热-机械疲劳失效严重影响重复使用液体火箭发动机的可靠性和使用寿命,疲劳分析在内壁损伤机理研究、寿命预测和结构优化设计中具有重要作用。简要回顾了推力室再生冷却结构热-机械疲劳分析方法的发展历程,重点围绕材料本构关系、热-力响应计算和疲劳寿命模型,对比梳理已有方法,讨论其特点及应用。基于研究进展与工程需求,从全服役周期瞬态载荷环境、材料本构关系、热-机械损伤模型及验证、基体与涂/镀层耦合失效分析和基于有限数据的工程方法等方面给出了进一步研究的方向和建议。

Development of Preliminary Design Program for Combustor of Regenerative Cooled Liquid Rocket Engine

An integrated program was established to design a combustor for a liquid rocket engine and to analyze regenerative cooling results on a preliminary design level.Properties of burnt gas from a kerosene-LOx mixture in the combustor and rocket performance were calculated from CEA which is the code for the calculation of chemical equilibrium.The heat transfer of regenerative cooling was analyzed by using SUPERTRAPP code for coolant properties and by one-dimensional correlations of the heat transfer coefficient from the combustor liner to the coolant.Profiles of the combustors of F-1 and RS-27A engines were designed from similar input data and the present results were compared to actual data for validation.Finally,the combustors of 30 tonf class,75 tonf class and 150 tonf class were designed from the required thrust,combustion chamber,exit pressure and mixture ratio of propellants.The wall temperature,heat flux and pressure drop were calculated for heat transfer analysis of regenerative cooling using the profiles.

冷却环带结构形态及离心角度对流场的影响

为了优化冷却环带局部喷注结构的型面参数,延长液膜存续寿命,采用广义超临界流体定义方法,对高压液氧煤油火箭发动机推力室第一环带的液膜流动特性进行了数值研究。分析了喷注结构的内边弧度半径和冷却剂的入射离心角度对流线发展、介质分布、湍流动能等的影响。结果表明,受超临界流体物性参数的突变影响,入口上、下游壁面处均会出现涡流效应,阻碍当地对流换热作用,阻断液膜铺展并引起液壁分离现象,加剧气液卷吸掺混;增大内弧半径可扩大液膜有效区域,半径为2.0mm时,有效区占比为59.2%;提高入射离心角可显著减弱涡流效应;2.0mm的内弧半径和84°的入射离心角为最佳工况组合,采用该方案可大幅优化液膜的稳定性和顺滑性。

1.5tf再生冷却液体火箭发动机关键技术与试验验证

1.5 tf再生冷却液体火箭发动机用于我国载人登月新一代载人飞船主动力,具备高可靠、高比冲和多次点火启动等能力。头部采用多组喷注单元同心圆排列的直流互击式喷注器,身部燃烧室采用增材制造中逐层熔覆的激光选区熔化技术制备,喷管延伸段采用轻质C/SiC复合材料制备,两者通过螺栓、法兰连接和柔性石墨密封。采用再生冷却、液膜冷却和辐射冷却的组合热防护方式加强身部冷却效果,双密封联动的低流阻气动电磁阀控制推进剂流动。通过设计和工艺联合攻关,初步突破了高性能稳定燃烧和可靠冷却、再生冷却身部一体化增材制造、大尺寸复合材料喷管成形和连接等关键技术,通过了地面热试车和高空模拟热试车验证。发动机工作稳定,再生冷却温升裕度大,实测真空比冲为315.3 s,达到相同系统参数下国际先进水平,主要技术指标满足设计要求,为后续工程研制奠定了坚实的技术基础。

液膜冷却对火箭发动机燃烧效率的影响

液膜冷却对发动机热防护和性能均有重要的影响,为了研究不同液膜注入条件对燃烧效率的影响,开展了燃烧室液膜冷却热试试验研究。试验中改变了射流流量、冷却孔的数量、射流倾角,并测量了两排分别位于正对冷却孔位置和两冷却孔之间位置的燃烧室壁温,计算了不同工况下的燃烧效率。结果表明:推力室点火后,液膜的注入会压低温度曲线上升的斜率;在热试实验研究中,在相同的液膜流量下,不同的液膜注入方式并未对燃烧效率产生显著的规律性影响;头部混合比在3.6附近时,液膜流量占燃烧室总流量的百分比每提高2.3,则燃烧室的燃烧效率降低约1。

Numerical study of operational processes in a GOx-kerosene rocket engine with liquid film cooling

Combustion process inside kerosene-GOx rocket combustor with kerosene Alm cooling is studied,and a modeling approach is proposed.The paper suggests to use the Lagrangian particle tracking technique to model fuel film behavior while the continuous fluid is simulated via the Navier-Stokes system of Favre-averaged equations.The approach is validated over the 12 experimental regimes by the criterions of characteristic velocity and pressure,ence on the adiabatic wall temperatures and relatively low impact on the pressure.In general,phenomena,the calculation of operational processes becomes fast and robust yet precise en-the design process.

Thermal state calculation of chamber in small thrust liquid rocket engine for steady state pulsed mode

This paper presents a method of thermal state calculation of combustion chamber in small thrust liquid rocket engine. The goal is to predict the thermal state of chamber wall by using basic parameters of engine: thrust level, propellants, chamber pressure, injection pattern, film cooling parameters, material of wall and their coating, etc. The difficulties in modeling the startup and shutdown processes of thrusters lie in the fact that there are the conjugated physical processes occurring at various parameters for non-design conditions. A mathematical model to predict the thermal state of the combustion chamber for different engine operation modes is developed. To simulate the startup and shutdown processes, a quasi-steady approach is applied by replacing the transient process with time-variant operating parameters of steady-state processes. The mathematical model is based on several principles and data commonly used for heat transfer modeling: geometry of flow part, gas dynamics of flow, thermodynamics of propellants and combustion spices, convective and radiation heat flows, conjugated heat transfer between hot gas and wall, and transient approach for calculation of thermal state of construction. Calculations of the thermal state of the combustion chamber in single-turn-on mode show good convergence with the experimental results. The results of pulsed modes indicate a large temperature gradient on the internal wall surface of the chamber between pulses and the thermal state of the wall strongly depends on the pulse duration and the interval.

Regenerative Cooling for Liquid Rocket Engines

Heat transfer in the thrust chamber is of great importance in the design of liquid propellant rocketengines. Regenerative cooling is an advanced method which can ensure not only the proper runningbut also higher performance of a rocket engine. The theoretical model is complicated, it relates to fluiddynamics, heat transfer, combustion, etc... In this papers a regenerative cooling model is presented.Effects such as radiation, heat transfer to environment, variable thermal properties and coking areincluded in the model. This model can be applied to all kinds of liquid propellant rocket engines aswell as similar constructions. The modularized computer code is completed in the work.

气氧/煤油发动机水冷推力室壁热分析

针对气氧／煤油地面试验发动机的热防护问题，采用非定常三维壁温分布模型为主体的分析模型，对槽道式水冷推力室壁温特性进行了计算分析。燃气流与冷却水流采用一维流动模型计算。应用有限差分方法确定了燃气与室壁的换热热流、推力室壁温分布，给出了壁温随时间变化的规律，讨论了冷却水流量对壁温的影响。

高宽比和粗糙度对再生冷却通道流动的影响

在三维贴体坐标系中求解椭圆型 N- S方程 ,采用完全压力校正方法解决在同位网格上遇到的压力波动问题 ,对液体火箭发动机 S形再生冷却通道内的三维紊流进行数值模拟 .在壁面函数中引入无量纲壁面粗糙度以考虑粗糙壁面的影响 .研究了高宽比和壁面粗糙度对压力损失、二次流动和紊流强度的影响 .

液体火箭发动机推力室冷却通道传热优化计算

采用标准k-ε两方程湍流模型对液体火箭发动机推力室再生冷却通道三维湍流流动与传热过程进行了数值预测,冷却工质为氢气,其密度、导热系数、动力粘度随着温度和压力而变化,通过两种优化方案来改变推力室冷却通道的深宽比。方案一为保持冷却通道的深度及肋宽不变,通过改变推力室壁面通道个数来改变通道的深宽比,方案二为保持通道数目不变,通过增加或降低通道高度来改变通道的深宽比。以此计算在不同通道深宽比下推力室壁面的传热特性,并进行了优化分析。计算结果表明:存在着一个最佳冷却通道个数,使得推力室壁面再生冷却效果达到最佳;在相同质量流量下,降低通道高度能够强化推力室传热,但同时增加了进出口压差。

冷却环带喷注结构对煤油超临界液膜的影响研究

针对液氧/煤油补燃发动机液膜冷却过程,建立了超临界条件下的液膜冷却模型,分析了冷却环带喷注结构对局部流动和冷却效果的影响.在超临界条件下,煤油和周围燃气为同种流体,用同一组方程来描述其流动与传热过程,对3种典型冷却环喷注结构的流动进行了数值模拟.结果表明:冷却环带的出口角度、台阶结构和喷射角对局部流动和传热有显著影响,出口角度小于90°的台阶式结构可减小局部回流从而有利于推力室的热防护.

液体火箭发动机层板式预燃室液氧发汗冷却热控制

讨论了富氧预燃室液氧发汗冷却的分析计算方法。发汗流对燃气热流的阻隔分析采用Ｂａｒｔｌｅ－Ｌｅａｄｏｎ修正方法来完成，室壁温度分布和热穿透深度应用结构层板与发汗流存在温差的传热模型获得。讨论了发汗流压降和控制流道长度对预燃室壁温的控制作用。

通道深宽比对液体火箭发动机推力室再生冷却的影响

应用湍流模型对液体推进剂火箭发动机再生冷却推力室通道的流动与传热进行了三维数值模拟,冷却工质为氢气,其密度、导热系数、动力粘度随着温度和压力而变化,冷却剂比热容及金属固体物性随着温度而变化.计算采用标准k-ε两方程湍流模型及气-固耦合算法.保持再生冷却通道个数及冷却工质进口流量不变,通过改变通道肋壁厚度来改变冷却通道深宽比,研究不同深宽比对推力室壁面再生冷却效果的影响规律.计算结果表明:增加通道深宽比对推力室壁面能够起到强化传热的作用,但同时也增加了冷却通道的进出口压差.这是由于冷却工质流速的增高,从而提高了推力室传热系数.随着深宽比不断增加,推力室再生冷却效果趋于饱和,而冷却工质进出口压降则不断上升.

液体推进剂火箭发动机推力室再生冷却通道三维流动与传热数值计算

应用湍流模型对液体推进剂火箭发动机再生冷却推力室通道的流动与传热进行了三维数值模拟,冷却工质为氢气,其密度、导热系数、动力粘度随着温度和压力而变化,冷却剂比热容及金属固体物性随着温度而变化。计算采用标准k-ε双方程湍流模型及气-固耦合算法。结果表明:推力室燃气侧壁面的温度和热流密度的最高点均发生在喉部附近,喉部横截面固体区域最大温度梯度靠近燃气,喉部附近氢气在垂直主流方向的截面上产生了二次流。气固耦合面最大热流密度及最大对流换热系数同样位于推力室喉部附近。

典型结构的层板发汗冷却推力室传热特性的推算方法

针对典型的层板发汗冷却结构，提出了利用一个推力室的实验数据来计算另一推力室所需发汗流强的方法。在一种发动机推力室壁面发汗冷却实验数据测出以后，对同一发动机或另一发动机推力室壁采用不同的冷却剂、不同的壁面材料时的受热壁面工作温度与发汗流强的关系，由迭代计算完成。作为分析实例，利用氦气发汗冷却的试验数据对氢气发汗冷却流强进行了计算，其结果得到了实验的验证。

液体火箭发动机推力室冷却通道流动与传热数值研究

采用气固耦合算法对液体火箭发动机推力室再生冷却通道的流动与传热过程进行了三维湍流流动与传热数值模拟,冷却工质为氢气,其密度、导热系数、动力粘度随着温度和压力而变化。应用大涡模拟及标准k-ε双方程模型两种湍流模型分别进行数值模拟,详细揭示了再生冷却通道固体区和流体区内的速度场和温度场,并在不同的计算网格数目下对两种湍流模型的计算结果进行了对比。结果表明,在相同的网格条件下,标准k-ε双方程模型与实验数据的吻合精度比大涡模拟模型更好,且满足工程计算精度。随着网格数的增加,大涡模拟的计算精度逐渐得到改善。

推力室涡流冷却技术试验研究

涡流冷却是一种新型液体火箭发动机推力室冷却技术。在理论分析和数值计算的基础上,设计了采用气氢/气氧作为推进剂的试验用涡流冷却推力室,进行了多次冷流试验和点火试验。在不采用其它冷却措施的情况下,完成了工作时间为20s的点火试验。试验结果表明,涡流冷却推力室工作稳定,气氧形成了有效的冷涡流,圆筒段外壁面温升为5K,部分气氧形成的气膜也对喷管形成了有效的保护。