China Seismic Experimental Site(CSES): Challenges of Deep Earth Exploration and Practice(DEEP)

Since May 2018,the planning,construction and functioning of China Seismic Experimental Site(CSES)has attracted much attention in earthquake science(CSES,2020 a,b,c;Wu,2020;Li et al.,2021).Different from traditional earthquake prediction experiment projects,such as the Parkfield earthquake prediction experiment(Roeloffs,2000).

Heat Management System for Long-term Continuous Observation of Electronic Instrumentation in Deep Earth

Deep penetration into the Earth’s interior and direct monitoring of weak changes in physical fields and their cumulative processes and effects in the deep Earth can enhance the identification of deep Earth targets and deepen the degree of knowledge of the details of the deep Earth structure and deep processes(Moskvitch,2014),which is important for promoting the development of Earth system science.

Experimental Study on Hydrocarbon Formation Due to Reactions Between Carbonates and Water or Water Bearing Minerals in Deep Earth

In order to investigate the mechanism of formation of abiogenetic hydrocarbons at the depth of the Earth, experimental research on reactions between carbonates and water or water bearing minerals was carried out at the pressure of about 1 GPa and the temperature range of 800-1500℃. The reactions took place in an open and nonequilibrium state. Chromatographic analyses of the gas products indicate that in the experiments there were generated CH 4 dominated hydrocarbons, along with some CO 2 and CO. Accordingly, we think there is no essential distinction between free state water and hydroxy in the minerals in the process of hydrocarbon formation. This study indicates that reactions between carbonates and water or water bearing minerals should be an important factor leading to the formation of abiogenetic hydrocarbons at the Earth’s depth.

Possible Connections between Seasons and Ultra-Deep Earthquakes Worldwide

The aim of this investigation is to find possible changes in ultra-deep earthquakes (UDQ) during different seasons of the year. In the acquisition of data for our previous work we observed an inexplicable pattern of growth of ultra-deep tremors (UDQ) during the studied period. Apparently, there is no viable explanation for growth occurring at such a level, presumably in the asthenosphere. Current research and theories developed for the inner layers of the Earth do not explain such variations. Therefore, a possible explanation would be in external factors such as the seasons of the year, which are determined by changes in the Earth’s axial tilt, and therefore the portion of the earth that is angled toward the sun. This paper focuses exclusively on UDQ events. To simplify the calculations, we consider four main locations;this includes one more region than our previous paper but includes only UDQ data. The results showed that during spring and autumn UDQ events grew slightly in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres. It is also suggested that a contributor to UDQ events is friction from the subducting lithosphere against the continental plates.

Design and development of the deep-rock in-situ condition-preserved coring calibration platform

To systematically validate and calibrate the theory and technology of the deep in-situ conditionpreserved coring, the in-situ conditions at different depths should be simulated, and the full-size coring tests should be carried out in this simulated environment. Therefore, a deep-rock in-situ conditionpreserved coring calibration platform was designed and developed. The self-tightening sealing structure and the quick-disassembly structure were designed on the basis of an innovative segmented nonuniformdiameter structure, which was a breakthrough from the traditional high-pressure vessel frame and was verified by finite element simulation and actual testing under extreme working conditions, respectively.To simulate the actual deep in-situ environment with a temperature of 150℃ and pressure of 140 MPa for a large Φ450 mm×H1400 mm core, temperature and pressure control systems were designed by coupling, and a pre-embedded high-pressure-resistant temperature sensor was designed. Finally, highprecision assembly automation, complex movement coordination of the coring device with the platform,and rotary dynamic sealing were achieved by utilizing the combination of adaptive cabin body servo control and an adaptive mechanical structure in a limited space, laying a solid foundation for the calibration of in-situ condition-preserved coring.

Deep Earth Mysteries

A geological research project around the Wenchuan earthquake site yields valuable results The fault zone responsible for the 8.0 magnitude earthquake that struck Wenchuan County,Sichuan Province on

Deep medium environment of strong earthquakes occurrence in Yunnan region

The deep structure background of earth medium for strong earthquakes ccurrence in Yunnan area is discussed inthis paper, by using the results on the study of the velocity structure, elect fieal conductivity stricture, geothermalstructure in the crust and upper mantle in Yunnan area. The results show that the occurrence of strong earthquakes in Yunnan region is obviously related to the deep medium and tectonic environment such as the existenceof the high velocity zone in the upper crust, the low velocity zone or high electrical conductivity layer in themiddle crust, local uplift in the upper mantle, high geothermal activity and deep and large fault, etc. The large earthquakes could not take place at anywhere, they often occur at some regions which have a certainbackground in the deep medium structure. The activity of the earthquakes with magnitude of 5 or less is quite random,the occurrence of them have not the obvious background of the deep medium strUcture.

Rare-earth element geochemistry reveals the provenance of sediments on the southwestern margin of the Challenger Deep

The hadal zone represents one of the last great frontiers in modern marine science,and deciphering the provenance of sediment that is supplied to these trench settings remains a largely unanswered question.Here,we examine the mineralogical and geochemical composition of a sediment core(core CD-1)that was recovered from the southwestern margin of the Challenger Deep within the Mariana Trench.Major element abundances and rare-earth element patterns from these sediments require inputs from both terrigenous dust and locally sourced volcanic debris.We exploit a two-endmember mixing model to demonstrate that locally sourced volcanic material dominates the sediment supply to the Challenger Deep(averaging^72%).The remainder,however,is supplied by aeolian dust(averaging^28%),which is consistent with adjacent studies that utilized Sr-Nd isotopic data.Building on a growing database,we strengthen our understanding of Asian aeolian dust input into the northwestern Pacific,which ultimately improves our appreciation of sedimentation in,and around,the hadal zone.

Sedimentological/Palaeogeographic Data as Fundamental Building Blocks of the DDE Project:Critical Underpinning of Reconstructing Deep-time Earth Systems

1 Introduction Sedimentary rocks archive important information for understanding how the earth system operates and how life and environments have evolved through earth history.Properly identifying characteristics of sedimentary rocks,along with the subsequent interpretation of depositional processes and sedimentary environments in a basin or locality.

Deep mantle plumes and an increasing Earth radius

Recent space geodetic and gravimetric studies have given indications that the Earth’s radius is increasing at 0.1-0.4 mm yr-1 at present. Seismic studies have also shown that earthquakes alone could be causing the radius to increase at 0.011-0.06 mm yr-1. Deep mantle plumes provide a geophysical context within which such radial expansion, if confirmed, could possibly be explained. Both theory and observation suggest that these rising plumes more readily penetrate the 670 km barrier than do subducting slabs moving in the opposite direction towards the core-mantle boundary. If so, there would be a net flow of mass from the deep lower mantle into the upper mantle. Due to the lower pressures in the upper mantle,the excess mass of plume materials reaching there would transform to minerals with lower densities than they had at the mantle base. An increase in the mantle volume and the Earth’s radius would therefore be implied. Using previously published data for the African superplume. it is estimated that this mechanism could cause the Earth’s radius to increase at rates of 0.02-0.3 mm yr-1, similar to the rates possibly indicated in the present studies. This mechanism could also explain the very large range in current estimates of mantle plume heat and volume fluxes. A possible energy source for this plumedriven mode of expansion is discussed.

Geochemical characteristics and their significances of rare-earth elements in deep-water well core at the Lingnan Low Uplift Area of the Qiongdongnan Basin

A geochemical analysis of rare-earth elements （REEs） in 97 samples collected from the core of deep-water Well LS-A located at the Lingnan Low Uplift Area of the Qiongdongnan Basin is conducted, with the pur-pose of revealing the changes of sedimentary source and environment in the study region since Oligocene and evaluating the response of geochemical characteristics of REEs to the tectonic evolution. In the core samples, both∑REE and∑LREE （LREE is short for light-group REEs） fluctuate in a relatively wide range, while∑HREE （HREE is short for heavy-group REEs） maintains a relatively stable level. With the stratigraphic chronology becoming newer, both∑REE and∑LREE show a gradually rising trend overall. The∑REE of the core is relatively high from the bottom of Yacheng Formation （at a well depth of 4 207 m） to the top of Ledong Formation, and the REEs show partitioning characteristics of the enrichment of LREE, the stable content of HREE, and the negative anomaly of Eu to varying degrees. Overall the geochemical characteristics of REEs are relatively approximate to those of China＇s neritic sediments and loess, with significant ＂continental ori-entation＂. The∑REE of the core is relatively low in the lower part of Yacheng Formation （at a well depth of 4 207-4 330 m）, as shown by the REEs partitioning characteristics of the depletion of LREE, the relative enrich-ment of HREE, and the positive anomaly of Eu; the geochemical characteristics of REEs are approximate to those of oceanic crust and basalt overall, indicating that the provenance is primarily composed of volcanic eruption matters. As shown by the analyses based on sequence stratigraphy and mineralogy, the provenance in study region in the early Oligocene mainly resulted from the volcanic materials of the peripheral uplift ar-eas; the continental margin materials from the north contributed only insignificantly; the provenance devel-oped to a certain extent in the late Oligocene. Since the Miocene, the provenance has ceaselessly expanded from proximal to distal realm, embodying a characteristic of multi-source sedimentation. In the core strata with 31.5, 28.4, 25.5, 23, and 16 Ma from today, the geochemical parameters of REEs and Th/Sc ratio have significant saltation, embodying the tectonic movement events in the evolution of the Qiongdongnan Basin. In the tectonic evolution history of the South China Sea, the South China Sea Movement （34-25 Ma BP, early expansion of the South China Sea）, Baiyun Movement （23 Ma BP）, late expansion movement （23.5-16.5 Ma BP）, expansion-settlement transition, and other important events are all clearly recorded by the geochemi-cal characteristics of REEs in the core.

全球天然氢气勘探开发利用进展及中国的勘探前景

在全球能源脱碳背景下,天然氢气作为一种一次能源,因其零碳、可再生的优点而备受关注,但中国目前还未开展专门针对天然氢气的勘探工作。通过介绍全球已知高含量天然氢气(体积分数大于10%)气藏的主要形成地质环境及成因类型,系统总结了天然氢气富集的有利地质条件,并结合国外天然氢气的勘探开发现状,评价了中国天然氢气的勘探前景。研究结果表明:(1)全球高含量天然氢气主要发育于蛇绿岩带、裂谷和前寒武系富铁地层中,且以无机成因为主,富铁矿物的蛇纹石化过程是天然氢气最主要的成因来源,其次为地球深部脱气和水的辐解。(2)优质的氢源与良好的运移通道是氢气富集的前提,而盖层的封盖能力是天然氢气能否成藏的关键要素;天然氢气作为伴生气时,传统盖层对其具备封盖能力,但当其含量较高时,传统盖层可能难以形成有效封盖;裂谷环境、蛇绿岩发育区以及断裂发育的前寒武系富铁地层是富氢气藏的勘探有利区。(3)国外多个国家和地区已制定了天然氢气的勘探开发和利用计划,其中,马里已实现天然氢气的商业开采,美国、澳大利亚也已成功钻探天然氢气勘探井。(4)中国高含量氢气区与富氢地质条件高度匹配,天然氢气勘探前景良好,郯庐断裂带及周缘裂陷盆地区、阿尔金断裂带及两侧盆地区、三江构造带—龙门山断裂带及周缘盆地区的天然氢气勘探潜力较大;中国应尽快开展天然氢气普查工作,加强氢气成藏过程研究和潜力评价,并进行勘探技术、开采分离技术和储运技术的攻关,为天然氢气的大规模开发利用做好技术储备。

深地工程多维信息感知与智能建造的发展与展望

随着大数据、云计算、人工智能等数字技术的加速演进,各领域智能化、信息化、数字化已成为未来的大势所趋。深地工程作为国家重大战略科技问题,必然面临智能化升级。然而,深部岩体“三高一扰动”的复杂特征给深地工程智能化转型带来严峻的挑战。为实现深地工程与数字技术的高效融合,研究基于“感知-传送-解译-分析-决策”的智能化实践路径,系统回顾了地下工程中智能感知、实时传输、信息解译、数据分析、智能决策等领域的代表性研究进展,并针对性提出了“多感知、快响应、大数据、优方法、精模型、强平台、易推广”的深地工程智能建造发展方向。研究表明:①前沿的深地工程感知技术包括:光纤传感器、MEMS传感器、计算机视觉、自动化机器人等,待数据采集完毕后,通过兼具配置简单、容错能力强、可移动性好等优点的无线通信协议完成数据的实时响应,以实现深地工程监测数据的精准感知与实时传输;②深地工程原位监测技术获取的数据类型主要包括图像、波、点云等,对原始数据解译及分析的模型众多,采用新一代的人工智能技术,如:人工神经网络和深度学习技术,可显著提高解译与分析的效率;③智能决策系统具备高效的学习能力,能够适应复杂环境下的不确定性,通过循环自主学习,以进行决策问题的智能解答。当前,我国深地工程智能建造的政策与产业体系已基本建立,大量智能建造系统已应用于实践。基于此,从智能感知与信息解译、围岩评价及安全评估、围岩控制与动态修复、平台开发及应用推广等4个方面展望了数智化深地工程的发展方向,进而构建了基于多源信息的深地工程围岩稳定性综合评价与分析系统构想。

地球系统科学基本原理与应用展望

地球系统科学是一门应时代之需产生的科学,它革新了地球科学工作者的思维方式、工作范式。自地球系统科学产生以来,围绕其是否是一门科学、具有何种应用前景等一直存在争议。从地球系统科学的主要理论与基本原理视角出发,对地球系统科学的概念内涵、理论体系及与地球科学之间的关系等本质特征进行剖析,并对地球系统科学的方法技术进行了总结。针对解决的不同问题,提出了地球系统科学在地球深部过程、岩石圈与外部圈层交互作用、外部圈层交互作用3个领域的应用展望。分析认为,地球系统科学既是基于地球科学与系统论的科学观,又是一套量化研究各圈层交互作用的先进工作方法体系,是揭示地球圈层交互奥秘、解决地球宜居性的钥匙。

小小地质微生物演绎跨圈层的相互作用

地球系统科学特别关注跨圈层的相互作用,包括深部系统与表层系统的相互作用、表层系统海-陆-气之间的相互作用。这种庞大时空尺度的地质作用过程可以被小小的地质微生物记录下来,足见地质微生物的以小见大、见微知著特征。在二叠纪-三叠纪之交和晚奥陶世这两个完全不同场景的显生宙火山活动过程中,爆发的初期都出现了包括蓝细菌在内的海洋固氮微生物繁盛,紧接着出现了包括藻类、放射虫、有孔虫等真核微生物的繁盛,显示了火山活动引发了从原核微生物向真核微生物群落的转变过程。不仅如此,人们还发现地质微生物可以通过条带状铁建造等生物成因岩石引发了前寒武纪的火山活动,而且还可能启动了最早的板块运动。地质微生物不仅对火山活动这一与碳循环有关的跨圈层地质作用具有很灵敏的响应和反馈能力,而且还能示踪表层系统复杂的海-陆-气相互作用及其物质传输过程。利用地质微生物的诸多干湿古气候代用指标,发现了中国东部地区不同时间尺度干湿状况的三极模态空间变化格局,而且还识别出了西北地区与西太平洋海洋上层热量有关的极端干旱事件。地质微生物记录的这些干湿状况是高纬与低纬的海-陆-气相互作用在水循环方面的体现。地质微生物演绎的与碳循环和水循环有关的这些跨圈层过程仅是地球系统的冰山一角,随着地球生物学的发展和技术方法的创新,越来越多的宜居地球形成之谜会被地质微生物所破解,包括地质微生物与深部过程的互馈效应、地质微生物与地球重大环境转型的关系以及地质微生物对地球生态系统演化的影响。

非刀具破岩理论与技术研究进展与趋势

随着我国深地战略的逐步实施,深部资源开采和地下空间建设迎来新的机遇,但也面临诸多挑战,高地应力、高地温和坚硬岩体等极端地质条件层出不穷。岩石破碎技术是所有资源开采和地下空间建设的主要工程活动,是决定施工工艺和工程效率的主要因素。在极端地质条件下,以刀具为基础的岩石破碎技术由于刀具磨损快、岩石破碎效率低,已成为遏制深地战略顺利实施的关键技术瓶颈,为解决深地岩石高效破碎难题,保障深地战略的顺利实施,迫切需求革命性的岩石破碎技术。无刀具破岩技术作为刀具破岩技术的重要补充,是突破刀具破岩技术瓶颈的可行性思路。为此,将无刀具破岩技术归纳为冲击破岩、热应力破岩和冲蚀磨损破岩3类技术体系,系统分析了水射流、激光和磨料空气射流等16种岩石破碎技术,总结了每种技术的发展历史和技术原理,分析了其破岩优势和技术瓶颈。得出,目前非刀具破岩技术没有在资源开采和地下空间建设中广泛应用的主要原因为破岩能耗高、适用较差和技术装备复杂等。相比刀具破岩,非刀具破岩技术破岩能量利用率较低,水射流破岩比能耗为刀具的40~70倍。微波、激光和等离子体等技术对施工环境要求较高,无法适用于钻井、隧道掘进等受限和恶劣环境。为解决极端地质条件岩石破碎难题,提出多种非刀具破岩技术协同破岩的思路,充分发挥每一种非刀具破岩的技术优势,构建了以射流切缝卸除高地应力、粒子冲击体积破碎坚硬岩体的破岩理念,最大限度降低岩石破碎能耗,简化系统装备,为岩石破碎技术向非刀具化发展提供理论支撑。

全球矿床数据库建设现状、应用与展望

基于大数据和人工智能技术的数据驱动科学范式推动地球科学研究发生了变革。作为地球科学的重要分支,现代矿床学经历了百余年的发展,已经积累了海量的数据资料,这些数据的流通和共享是发挥其资源价值的关键。文章介绍了中国“地质云”与全球矿产资源储量动态评估数据库、澳大利亚深部地球探测计划AuScope、美国矿产资源在线空间数据库、国际经济地质学家学会(SEG)Geofacets数据库、美国标准普尔公司SNL Metals&Mining数据库等国际主要矿床数据库的情况;同时,列举了应用大数据思维和人工智能方法在区域成矿规律、矿床成因机制、矿床类型判别、资源潜力评价、战略咨询等方面取得的若干重要进展。文章提出,未来在深时数字地球国际大科学计划的平台下,整合全球海量矿床数据,建设开放、共享、统一的矿床大数据平台势在必行。

数值预报AI气象大模型国际发展动态研究

数值预报是研究地球系统的重要工具,有助于加深科学家对大气、海洋、气候和环境等复杂系统之间相互作用和变化过程的理解,在防灾减灾、气候变化和环境治理等方面发挥着不可或缺的作用。随着模式复杂度和分辨率的提高,传统数值模式在气候变化研究和气候预测方面取得了迅速的进展,但也面临一些挑战,需要得到数据同化、集合耦合、高性能计算和不确定性分析等多方面的支持。而近年来,“AI+气象”的交叉研究在气象领域引起了广泛关注。基于多种深度学习架构的人工智能大模型,依托强大的计算资源和海量的数据进行训练,能够以新的科学范式进行高效数值预报。气象大模型不断涌现,一些科技公司如华为、英伟达、DeepMind、谷歌、微软等,以及国内外高校如清华大学、复旦大学、密歇根大学、莱斯大学等发布了多个涵盖临近预报、短时预报、中期预报和延伸期预报等不同领域的气象大模型。这标志着人工智能与气象领域的交叉融合已经达到新的高度。尽管气象大模型在现阶段取得了较大突破,但其发展仍然面临弱可解释性、泛化能力不足、极端事件预报强度偏低、智能预报结果过平滑、深度学习框架能力需要拓展等诸多挑战。

海洋磷酸盐对稀土元素的超常富集作用

通过对西太平洋富稀土深海沉积物研究进一步证实,深海沉积物中稀土元素(REY)的富集与P和Ca密切相关,并与生物磷灰石的发育成正比。西太平洋研究区稀土赋存载体之间的定量关系可表达为:∑REY=0.002×[Al_(2)O_(3)]+0.004×[MnO]+0.057×[P_(2)O_(5)]-235.7(单位为μg/g)。

基于DEW模型的地球深部流体组成与水岩相互作用计算方法综述

水岩相互作用会导致流体中元素的价态、赋存形式等发生改变,进而对元素的富集成矿、循环通量等产生影响。由于地球深部样品与实验数据有限,建立和使用地球深部流体模型可以有效地增加人们对深部流体及水岩相互作用的认知。Deep Earth Water(DEW)模型是一种描述地球深部流体热力学性质的数据库,其可以与矿物热力学数据库联用,实现对地球深部水岩相互作用过程的模拟研究。本文阐释了使用DEW模型描述深部流体的必要性,叙述了应用DEW模型进行深部流体物种和水岩相互作用计算的基本原理,介绍了一种基于DEW模型计算流体物种的软件——FluidsLab,列举了地球深部流体以及水岩相互作用的应用案例与研究现状,最后对DEW模型后续的应用与发展方向进行展望。