Preliminary research and scheme design of deep underground in situ geo-information detection experiment for Geology in Time

The deep earth,deep sea,and deep space are the main parts of the national“three deep”strategy,which is in the forefront of the strategic deployment clearly defined in China’s 14th Five-Year Plan(2021-2025)and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035.It is important to reveal the evolutionary process and mechanism of deep tectonics to understand the earth’s past,present and future.The academic con-notation of Geology in Time has been given for the first time,which refers to the multi-field evolution response process of geological bodies at different time and spatial scales caused by geological processes inside and outside the Earth.Based on the deep in situ detection space and the unique geological envi-ronment of China Jinping Underground Laboratory,the scientific issue of the correlation mechanism and law between deep internal time-varying and shallow geological response is given attention.Innovative research and frontier exploration on deep underground in situ geo-information detection experiments for Geology in Time are designed to be carried out,which will have the potential to explore the driving force of Geology in Time,reveal essential laws of deep earth science,and explore innovative technologies in deep underground engineering.

Dynamic responses of deep underground explosions based on improved Grigorian model

It is important to investigate the dynamic behaviors of deep rocks near explosion cavity to reveal the mechanisms of deformations and fractures. Some improvements are carried out for Grigorian model with focuses on the dilation effects and the relaxation effects of deep rocks, and the high pressure equations of states with Mie-Grüneisen form are also established. Numerical calculations of free field parameters for deep underground explosions are carried out based on the user subroutines which are compiled by means of the secondary development functions of LS-DYNA9703 D software. The histories of radial stress, radial velocity and radial displacement of rock particles are obtained, and the calculation results are compared with those of U.S. Hardhat nuclear test. It is indicated that the dynamic responses of free field for deep underground explosions are well simulated based on improved Grigorian model, and the calculation results are in good agreement with the data of U.S. Hardhat nuclear test. The peak values of particle velocities are consistent with those of test, but the waveform widths and the rising times are obviously greater than those without dilation effects. The attenuation rates of particle velocities are greater than the calculation results with classic plastic model, and they are consistent with the results of Hardhat nuclear test. The attenuation behaviors and the rising times of stress waves are well shown by introducing dilation effects and relaxation effects into the calculation model. Therefore, the defects of Grigorian model are avoided. It is also indicated that the initial stress has obvious influences on the waveforms of radial stress and the radial displacements of rock particles.

Observation and research of deep underground multi-physical fields—Huainan–848 m deep experiment

Compared with the surface,the deep environment has the advantages of allowing“super-quiet and ultra-clean”-geophysical field observation with low vibration noise and little electromagnetic interference,which are conducive to the realization of long-term and high-precision observation of multi-physical fields,thus enabling the solution of a series of geoscience problems.In the Panyidong Coal Mine,where there are extensive underground tunnels at the depth of 848 m below sea level,we carried out the first deep-underground geophysical observations,including radioactivity,gravity,magnetic,magnetotelluric,background vibration and six-component seismic observations.We concluded from these measurements that(1)the background of deep subsurface gravity noise in the long-period frequency band less than 2 Hz is nearly two orders of magnitude weaker than that in the surface observation environment;(2)the underground electric field is obviously weaker than the surface electric field,and the relatively high frequency of the underground field,greater than 1 Hz,is more than two orders of magnitude weaker than that of the surface electric field;the east-west magnetic field underground is approximately the same as that at the surface;the relatively high-frequency north-south magnetic field underground,below 10 Hz,is at least one order of magnitude lower than that at the surface,showing that the underground has a clean electromagnetic environment;(3)in addition to the highfrequency and single-frequency noises introduced by underground human activities,the deep underground space has a significantly lower background vibration noise than the surface,which is very beneficial to the detection of weak earthquake and gravity signals;and(4)the underground roadway support system built with ferromagnetic material interferes the geomagnetic field.We also found that for deep observation in the“ultra-quiet and ultra-clean”environment,the existing geophysical equipment and observation technology have problems of poor adaptability and insufficient precision as well as data cleaning problems,such as the effective separation of the signal and noise of deep observation data.It is also urgent to interpret and comprehensively utilize these high-precision multi-physics observation data.

基于节点重要度的深层地下空间亚安全区选址研究

为防范化解深层地下疏散面临的安全风险,引入亚安全区的概念,在深地设置具有安全保障和疏散缓冲功能的临时避难场所。将深层地下空间模型抽象为拓扑网络,对各网络节点的节点重要度进行计算,进而基于深地疏散特征和节点重要度排序结果,确立亚安全区选址及分级依据。结果表明,与地面直接相接的一级垂直疏散体底部是重要的疏散节点,应选定为一级亚安全区;节点重要度排序前7.0%的节点多为水平疏散通道相互交接处的楼梯间前室,选定为二级亚安全区;节点重要度排序7.0%~18.4%的节点多为硐室内部楼梯间前室,选定为三级亚安全区。该文提出的深地亚安全区选址能有效保障深层地下空间人员的疏散安全,为建立地下空间安全疏散体系提供理论依据和技术支撑。

Mechanical behaviors of coal measures and ground control technologies for China's deep coal mines-A review

This paper reviews the major achievements in terms of mechanical behaviors of coal measures,mining stress distribution characteristics and ground control in China’s deep underground coal mining.The three main aspects of this review are coal measure mechanics,mining disturbance mechanics,and rock support mechanics.Previous studies related to these three topics are reviewed,including the geo-mechanical properties of coal measures,distribution and evolution characteristics of mining-induced stresses,evolution characteristics of mining-induced structures,and principles and technologies of ground control in both deep roadways and longwall faces.A discussion is made to explain the structural and mechanical properties of coal measures in China’s deep coal mining practices,the types and dis-tribution characteristics of in situ stresses in underground coal mines,and the distribution of mining-induced stress that forms under different geological and engineering conditions.The theory of pre-tensioned rock bolting has been proved to be suitable for ground control of deep underground coal roadways.The use of combined ground control technology(e.g.ground support,rock mass modification,and destressing)has been demonstrated to be an effective measure for rock control of deep roadways.The developed hydraulic shields for 1000 m deep ultra-long working face can effectively improve the stability of surrounding rocks and mining efficiency in the longwall face.The ground control challenges in deep underground coal mines in China are discussed,and further research is recommended in terms of theory and technology for ground control in deep roadways and longwall faces.

Analysis and Design Innovation on Underground Gasifier for Medium-Deep Coal Seam

Over the past 80 years,dozens of underground coal gasification(UCG)mine field tests have been carried out around the world.However,in the early days,only a small number of shallow UCG projects in the former Soviet Union achieved commercialised production.In this century,a few pilot projects in Australia also achieved short-term small-scale commercialised production using modern UCG technology.However,the commercialisation of UCG,especially medium-deep UCG projects with good development prospects but difficult underground engineering conditions,has not progressed smoothly around the world.Considering investment economy,a single gasifier must realise a high daily output and accumulated output,as well as hold a long gasification tunnel to control a large number of coal resources.However,a long gasification tunnel can easily be affected by blockages and failure,for which the remedial solutions are difficult and expensive,which greatly restricts the investment economy.The design of the underground gasifier determines the success or failure of UCG projects,and it also requires the related petroleum engineering technology.Combining the advantages of the linear horizontal well(L-CRIP)and parallel horizontal well(P-CRIP),this paper proposes a new design scheme for an“inclined ladder”underground gasifier.That is to say,the combination of the main shaft of paired P-CRIP and multiple branch horizontal well gasification tunnels is adopted to realise the control of a large number of coal resources in a single gasifier.The completion of the main shaft by well cementation is beneficial for maintaining the integrity of the main shaft and the stability of the main structure.The branch horizontal well is used as the gasification tunnel,but the length and number of retracting injection points are limited,effectively reducing the probability of blockage or failure.The branch horizontal well spacing can be adjusted flexibly to avoid minor faults and large cracks,which is conducive to increasing the resource utilisation rate.In addition,for multi-layer thin coal seams or ultra-thick coal seams,a multi-layer gasifier sharing vertical well sections can be deployed,thereby saving investment on the vertical well sections.Through preliminary analysis,this gasifier design scheme can be realised in engineering,making it suitable for largescale deployment where it can increase the resource utilisation rate and ensure stable and controllable operations.The new gasifier has outstanding advantages in investment economy,and good prospects for application in the commercial UCG projects of medium-deep coal seams.

深基坑桩基地下连续墙支护技术施工要点

自20世纪初,意大利米兰某学者提出了地下连续墙施工工艺,迄今已有60余年的施工历程。此后该施工技术已逐步推广至日本、欧洲等国,国内也开始大量使用该施工技术。尤其是20世纪后期上海引进的导向式抓斗、多钻孔成槽机械等特种装备,使其在理论研究和施工工艺方面均有很大提高,并已在实际应用中产生了良好的经济效果。基于此,以地下连续墙为研究背景,探讨了其在工程实践中的应用。

Deep mine cooling,a case for Northern Ontario:Part Ⅰ

Cooling energy needs, for mines in Northern Ontario, are mainly driven by the mining depth and its operation. Part I of this research focusses on the thermal energy loads in deep mines as a result of the virgin rock temperature, mining operations and climatic conditions. A breakdown of the various heat sources is outlined, for an underground mine producing 3500 tonnes per day of broken rock, taking into consideration the latent and sensible portions of that heat to properly assess the wet bulb global temperature. The resulting thermal loads indicate that cooling efforts would be needed both at surface and underground to maintain the temperature underground within the legal threshold. In winter the air might also have to be heated at surface and cooled underground, to ensure that icing does not occur in the inlet ventilation shaft-the main reason why coolin~ cannot be focussed solely at surface.

城市深层地下空间地质环境韧性评估模型与应用

[研究目的]评估城市深层地下空间地质环境韧性有助于提高城市地下空间开发利用的安全性,减少灾害事件造成的经济损失。[研究方法]本文从城市深层地下空间的灾害事件严重度、地质体脆弱性、抵御力、恢复力和适应力等方面出发,建立了城市深层地下空间地质环境韧性多因素综合评估模型,并结合某城市一起突发事件的相关数据对评估模型进行了应用。[研究结果]评估模型具有较高操作性和可行性,可在各种复杂地质环境的城市中开展深层地下空间韧性评估工作;所评价灾害事件的严重度为5.601,属严重水平;地质体的暴露性为5.735,灾损敏感性为6.146,脆弱性综合评价结果为35.247,属脆弱地质体;预警能力指数为1.00,防灾能力指数由原来的5.66提高至灾后的7.00,故抵御力综合评价结果由15.38提高至19.02;通过填砂、地下注浆等措施后,恢复力为2.00,且由于地质环境趋于稳定,地质环境适应力综合分析为1.00。[结论]若受灾害影响,地质环境韧性水平的演化可分为正常、受灾、抵御、恢复、适应和新的正常水平6个阶段,韧性水平曲线呈现出先减小再增大后趋于稳定,且在受灾和抵御的节点处达到最小值。

深部煤层地下气化选址研究——以东胜气田J148地区为例

从地质构造、水文地质、煤层气化适用性等角度,系统研究了东胜气田J148地区中生界侏罗系中下统延安组延9煤层地下气化的可行性,并探讨了利用深部煤层气化燃空区孔隙层、含水层及该区致密气层进行碳封存的前景。研究结果表明,该区延9煤层埋深1 264~1 285 m、倾角小于1°,煤层稳定性好。气化目标选区内地层断层、节理裂隙不发育,偶有裂隙但断面新鲜、闭合,煤层气化后空腔有较好的密闭性,对煤炭地下气化影响小,有利于气化炉的建设和扩展,可满足规模化煤炭地下气化项目实施。延9煤层顶底板存在连续的隔水层,能阻截地下水对煤层直接充水,有利于地下气化炉布置;顶板隔水层厚度小于导水裂隙带高度,存在垮落导通顶板含水层间接充水的风险,但顶板含水层属弱富水含水层,涌水量小,风险可控;底板隔水层厚度大于隔水层的安全厚度,能有效阻截煤层底板含水层对煤层直接充水的风险。总体而言,延9煤层厚度适中、夹矸少,属低灰、低硫、高热值不黏煤,煤焦反应活性高,具有良好开发前景。针对深部煤层规模化气化开采产生大量的CO_(2)排放,初步探讨了利用煤层燃空区、顶底板含水层和下部致密天然气层进行CO_(2)安全封存可行性。分析认为,在延9煤层气化燃空区孔隙层和顶底板含水层中,可封存煤层气化产生的CO_(2)的60.8%~88.2%;若结合东胜气田上古生界致密天然气开发,用煤气化产生CO_(2)进行天然气驱替与封存,有望实现深部煤层气化开采过程近零碳排放。

改进YOLOv5的探地雷达常见地下管线识别

针对当前探地雷达(Ground Penetrating Radar,GPR)图像识别准确率低,且小目标识别困难等问题,本文将YOLOv5(You Only Look Once)和ConvNeXt网络相结合,提出一种适用于GPR图像的常见地下管线识别网络ConvNeXt-YOLOv5,显著提高了雷达图像中小目标的识别精度.同时,为了解决因地下管线原始信息不足而导致的模型训练精度低的问题,使用实测GPR图像、时域有限差分法(Finite-Difference Time-Domain,FDTD)与混类增强算法Mixup模拟图像构建数据集.然后,在此数据集上验证了本文所提方法对常见地下管线的识别效果,并用识别后的二维GPR B-scan图像还原出地下管线的三维图像.实验结果表明,对镀锌输水钢管、PVC管、电缆线和含水塑料瓶等常见地下管线进行识别时,ConvNeXt-YOLOv5表现出优良的识别性能.尤其是对PVC管的识别精度提升明显.与YOLOv4、YOLOv5、YOLOv7和Faster R-CNN模型相比,其平均精度均值分别提高了3.83%、2.82%、1.9%和3.72%.同时,三维探地雷达图像更直观的还原了地下管线信息.

Roles of Fenlong Technology in the Increase of Grain Yield and Construction of a Huge "Underground Reservoir"

Fenlong farming technology was introduced. It has characteristics of very deep tillage and evenly smashing soil,and can evenly smash soil without disturbing soil layers to complete the task of soil preparation. It can be widely used in cultivated land,saline-alkali land,lime concretion black soil,degraded grassland,etc. After the application of the technology in 34 crops in 24 provinces,it can increase yield by 10%-50% and improve quality by above 5%. Fenlong technology can increase soil reservoir capacity,enhance the infiltration rate of rainwater in soil and make " surplus" effect obvious. If the country plans and promotes the technology in 160 million hm^2 of land( including 67 million hm^2 of cultivated land,20 million hm^2 of saline-alkali land,6. 7 million hm^2 of marginal land and 67 million hm^2 of degraded grassland),the total volume of loosened soil in arable land will increase from 198. 1 billion to 840. 0 billion m^3,and the capacity of a " underground reservoir" will increase by 675 million m^3,while natural precipitation reserves will increase by 162 billion m^3. It can effectively solve food security problems and water resource problems such as drought,floods,and industrial,agricultural and domestic water shortages,as well as serious disaster hazards caused by groundwater that has been evacuated in China.

Deep mine cooling, a case for Northern Ontario:Part Ⅱ

Cooling energy needs, for mines in Northern Ontario, are mainly driven by the mining cooling technologies available and the cost to implement them in a 2500 m deep underground mine. The cooling technologies reviewed herein include mechanical and natural cooling systems, ranging from mechanical chillers to seasonal thermal storages. The economic and operating parameters for each technology were estimated and evaluated according to the mine's energy loads. Including consideration of any combined heat and power benefits of the technology, cooling tower requirements, etc., the resulting cost of implementation for each technology could be ranked. This showed that the natural thermal storage systems and conventional chillers were the most cost-effective, mainly since the natural systems had very low operating cost and the chillers had relatively low capital costs.

深部地下空间储能安全与应急保障技术现状与发展趋势

伴随“三深引领”的科技攻关目标,我国油气资源勘探正由浅表地层向深部地层进发,千米级深部地下工程建设已成常态。随着深地工程的探索,枯竭油气藏、盐穴、采空区等可利用的深部地下空间涌现,深部地下空间在大规模能源储存利用上已被证明具有储量大、分布广、安全性高、经济成本低和环境友好等优势,深部地下空间工业化储能应用是优化我国能源储存结构、保障国家能源储存战略需求的有力手段。然而,我国对深部地下空间储能安全与应急保障技术研究起步较晚,目前常用的地面油气储存手段受限于地理环境、工程建设以及运输方式等条件,同时地面油气储备库事故存在致因因素复杂、关联性强、受灾波及范围广等安全难题,深部地下空间能源安全储存迫在眉睫。当下我国对深部地下空间储能的利用聚焦于枯竭油气藏的再开发,现有的深地安全保障技术落后于深地储能基础设施安全保障的现实需求。因此,本文系统性总结了深地储气、储氢、碳封存以及压缩空气蓄能等深地储能技术研究现状,以能源行业绿色转型兼备战略能源安全储存为目标,强调能源储存、碳封存以及资源深度开采的三位一体,提出了深地空间储能利用双碳循环架构。同时系统性辨识了深地储能设备设施面临的风险,涵盖深地储能设计期、施工期、运行期和废弃期的全生命周期,揭示我国深地储能安全与应急保障技术发展需求、发展难点,构建了深地储能全生命周期安全与应急保障技术框架,提出我国2024—2050年期间深部地下空间储能安全与应急保障技术发展建议,为完善我国深部地下空间储能安全与应急保障技术体系提供参考。

塔里木盆地深层地下卤水全效开发利用新路径

随着油气开采向深层、超深层进发,伴生地下卤水的合理处理成为油气田安全高效绿色开发必须关注的重要的问题,其对油气田的稳定生产、经济效益和区域环境保护都有着重要的影响。为此,以塔里木盆地中国天然气主产区之一的KS气田为例,在分析深层地下卤水处理面临挑战的基础上,提出了“一水分治、深度处理、分治回用”的深层油气田地下卤水电解全效利用新路径,并对其效益进行了系统分析。研究结果表明:①KS气田地下卤水体量大、矿化度较高,具有进一步全效开发利用的价值,气田所处区域太阳能资源丰富但目前尚未被全效利用,基于地下卤水电解全效利用新思路,可实现“废水”“废电”的联合应用;②分离所得的淡水一部分可应用于生态农业、碳汇林业和荒漠化回灌,另一部分可用于回注处理,具有良好的环保效益;③分离所得的淡水和浓缩液,可进一步进行电解水制氢和浓缩液电解获取有价金属,可实现可观的经济效益。结论认为,地下卤水电解全效开发利用在KS气田成功应用后,可推广复制到具有类似条件的其他油气田,为实现资源绿色循环利用、促进降本增效和低碳排放提供了新的思路和办法,有助于油气田的科学效益全面开发。

我国深层地下卤水钾、锂资源及其开发前景

我国已探明的钾、锂资源大多赋存于盐湖卤水矿床中,但经过多年生产地表盐湖资源消耗严重,海相地层寻找钾、锂的工作还未取得突破,深层地下卤水则可成为解决我国锂钾资源需求的后续储备。我国深层地下卤水主要分布在柴西、四川、湖北、江西等地,资源丰富,其中富含高品位的钾、锂、硼等元素,具有很好的经济利用价值,但是目前工作程度还不够,并由于开采技术、成本等问题,还未实现工业开采。文章对我国重点区块深层地下卤水的水化学特征、分布规律等进行了总结,结合已有的深层卤水资源量评价等数据,提出了下一步重点研究的建议区块,可为后续我国深层卤水钾、锂资源评价、综合提取工艺研究等提供科技支撑。

Probabilistic estimate of rock mass static and dynamic demands for underground excavation stabilisation

Excavation damage under high in situ stress depends largely upon the potential block size associated with any violent ejection.The size and shape of the dynamic instability are largely controlled by the location,orientation and extent of the pre-existing geological discontinuities.A new methodology is presented in which the rock mass demand can be expressed in terms of the mass in tonnes of unstable rock that is ejected per unit area of the excavation surface where failure occurs.A probabilistic approach has been implemented to estimate the potential rock mass instabilities and their associated static and dynamic demands.The new methodology considers that the strain energy released by the rock mass during violent stress-driven failure is largely converted into kinetic energy of ejection for blocks.The estimated dynamic demand has been favourably compared with observations of rock mass damage in a number of underground excavations.

深地砂岩铀矿溶浸开采体系孔裂-渗流透明表征与定向干预研究进展

天然铀作为关键的战略资源,在国防和能源领域具有重要意义。随着浅层资源的枯竭,深地战略成为保障资源安全的关键。砂岩铀矿溶浸开采是一种在天然条件下,通过注入溶浸液与矿石发生化学反应,将铀元素由固相转化为液相的采矿方法。地浸采铀具有低成本、短周期、管道化、无人化等优势,已在全球范围内得到应用。然而,深地砂岩溶浸开采面临着高井深、高地温、高地应力、强扰动的“三高一扰动”复杂环境,矿层孔裂结构的多尺度特性致使溶液渗流多级化,渗流路径复杂且均匀渗透困难。为了解决相关问题,研究人员在深地砂岩铀矿溶浸开采体系孔裂结构表征、渗流行为可视化及定向干预与宏观调控等方面开展了大量的研究工作。阐述了深地铀矿地浸体系孔裂-渗流透明表征与定向干预研究进展,其中孔裂结构透明表征主要分为物理表征方法与三维重建技术;渗流可视化技术包括渗流试验行为研究与透明岩石的制备,并介绍了数值模拟技术在渗流可视化中的应用;随后进一步探讨了深地铀矿地浸体系定向干预与调控机制,包括物理调控、生物化学调控和砂岩铀矿储层改造等策略。此类研究提高了铀矿的浸出效率,降低了开采对环境影响,推动了绿色可持续铀资源开发。最后提出深地砂岩铀矿溶浸开采体系孔裂-渗流透明表征与定向干预研究瓶颈难题,并展望未来研究需要进一步深化对深地砂岩铀矿溶浸开采机理的认识,优化和完善孔裂结构透明表征与渗流行为可视化技术,创新出更为高效与环境友好的定向干预与调控策略。

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为了研究深基坑开挖变形规律及变形控制要点,以天津某地铁车站深基坑工程为研究对象,对深基坑施工全过程监测数据进行了分析,重点研究了施工过程中地下连续墙水平位移、支撑轴力、地表沉降、周边建筑物等实测数据随各施工工序和时间的变化规律,并对南侧地下连续墙墙体水平位移和建筑物变形超标的原因进行了详细分析。实测数据表明:地下连续墙施工及降水试验期间地表及建筑物沉降明显;除南侧地下连续墙体水平位移和建筑物变形超标外,其他各项变形数据均小于设计允许值;地下连续墙的施工质量对墙体水平位移有显著影响;建筑物沉降比地表沉降更加敏感;基坑开挖过程中除监测外,还应加强对墙体质量、渗漏水等情况的巡查。

深部矿井新型局部制冷设备设计及应用

随着我国矿井开采深度日益增加,井下高温热害成为制约煤矿开采的主要因素。作为集中式制冷的补充方式,局部制冷可有效消除井下高温热害。文章针对平煤十矿高温掘进面的高温热害问题,重点研究了由闭式乏风冷却塔、多级串联直膨组合柜、大压比防爆半封闭螺杆压缩机等装备组成的制冷装备,介绍了该装备的设计方案以及工程实际应用效果。结果表明:闭式乏风冷却塔方案可提升矿井综合能效水平;新型矿井局部制冷系统可适用于高压比矿井工况,运行冷凝温度最高至80℃;直膨组合柜采用多级串联降温冷却,实现掘进面温降10℃,相对湿度下降30%。