Review on status of groundwater database and application prospect in deep-time digital earth plan

Groundwater is an important water resource.The total amount of active groundwater in a hydrological cycle is about 3.5 times that of the total amount of surface water.The information in the deep groundwater records the material exchange and dynamics in the earth’s evolution,which is an important aspect of the Deep-Time Digital Earth(DDE)plan.In recent years,scientists have discussed the distribution of transboundary aquifers and the environmental significance of groundwater resources through groundwater databases established by international organizations,such as the Global Groundwater Information System and the chronicles consortium,and national institutes,such as national geological surveys.The application of the groundwater database in the DDE plan,however,has been limited by the management,interactivity,and monitoring method of the groundwater data.The ability to further integrate data that are private and scattered across research institutions and individuals,while establishing an open,unified,and shared groundwater data platform,is essential to enhance our understanding of groundwater,ranging from shallow to deep water,which is a goal of the DDE plan.In this study,we introduced the current situation of groundwater database operations in domestic and international research and provided frontier research with groundwater big data.Considering the related objectives of the DDE plan and the limitations of existing groundwater databases,we proposed an improvement plan and new prospects for applying groundwater databases in the research of the deep earth.

“Deep-time Digital Basin” Based on Big Data and Artificial Intelligence

1 Introduction Information technology has been playing an ever-increasing role in geoscience.Sphisicated database platforms are essential for geological data storage,analysis and exchange of Big Data(Feblowitz,2013;Zhang et al.,2016;Teng et al.,2016;Tian and Li,2018).The United States has built an information-sharing platform for state-owned scientific data as a national strategy.

Sedimentological/Palaeogeographic Data as Fundamental Building Blocks of the DDE Project:Critical Underpinning of Reconstructing Deep-time Earth Systems

1 Introduction Sedimentary rocks archive important information for understanding how the earth system operates and how life and environments have evolved through earth history.Properly identifying characteristics of sedimentary rocks,along with the subsequent interpretation of depositional processes and sedimentary environments in a basin or locality.

DDE框架下的煤炭资源潜力评价及煤田地质学知识创新

“深时数字地球”(DDE)大科学计划旨在大数据和人工智能技术驱动下重建地球生命、地理、物质和气候的演化历史,全面认识矿产资源分布规律。煤炭资源的DDE知识体系及数据平台建设,可为大数据及人工智能时代下煤炭资源的科学评价、绿色勘查、煤系矿产资源综合评价及煤田地质学的发展起到强有力的促进作用。基于我国历次煤炭资源评价工作,结合DDE平台知识体系建设思想,提出DDE框架下的煤炭资源综合评价知识体系,对DDE框架下煤田地质学研究中的科学问题进行总结。煤炭资源DDE知识体系及数据库建设,有助于煤炭资源多参数评价方法体系的建立,以及煤炭资源的时空分布规律的全面认识。此外,DDE提供的煤炭资源数据平台,为我们更深入地挖掘含煤盆地地质演化信息和以及深时古气候信息,提供了便捷有效的途径。

开启区块链地质应用新时代

人类已经叩响了区块链时代的大门,但在地质领域,区块链的应用几乎还处于空白的状态。哪怕是像深时数字地球(DDE)这样极具雄心的大科学项目,也没有意识到区块链技术有助于分散在科学家个人或实验室的“长尾数据”的有效收集和利用。地质科学信息是一个超大型共享数据库,需要许多人彼此信任去协作完成数据库的改写,区块链将是非常好的支撑技术。区块链基于其系统特性和智能合约提供有丰富交互接口,特别是其具有去中心化、不可篡改、隐私保护特性,为区块链技术在地质领域应用提供了重要的基础。地质勘查实物、资料、数据的溯源管理,面向更广泛科学共同体的长尾数据的收集,应该是区块链地质应用的重要突破口。地质通证使打造全球地质社区成为可能。

Quantitative Expression of Paleogeographic Information Based on Big Data

Paleogeographic analysis accounts for an essential part of geological research,making important contributions in the reconstruction of depositional environments and tectonic evolution histories(Ingalls et al.,2016;Merdith et al.,2017),the prediction of mineral resource distributions in continental sedimentary basins(Sun and Wang,2009),and the investigation of climate patterns and ecosystems(Cox,2016).

The Sedimentological Knowledge Tree:Significance,Method and Progress

On the platform of the Deep-time Digital Earth Program(DDE),sedimentary data are essential for achieving its scientific objectives.These data will take stratigraphic units as their core data carrier,for quantitative or qualitative data analysis.The DDE Sedimentary Data Group is responsible for the management of the sedimentary data on the DDE platform and has now developed into a group of nearly 40 disciplinary experts.

全息地球数据立方体模型研究

进入地球大数据与地球人工智能时代,数字地球建模要求也从地表扩展到全域全时全息,而当前数字地球的数据模型还基本停留在瓦片或地球网格剖分数据模型阶段,严重制约了场景化、智能化数字地球应用。本文提出了全息地球概念以及相应的地球数据立方体组织模型,采用全球多级格网参考系统来描述和表达多尺度空间,用平面或立体格元来表达空间位置,将传统“经度、纬度、高程、时间”时空表达发展至“时间粒度、时间覆盖、网格位置、格网尺度”新时空表达体系,并设计了按照“时间—空间—尺度—属性”一致性描述的全息地球数据建模方案,将矢量、栅格、格网、时序阵列、三维模型等多模态数据归纳至一个统一模型中,使得任何引用特定地球数据立方体中的数据值在时间、空间、尺度都是对齐的,解决了全息地球跨专业、多维时空动态场景数据时空融合集成难题,并结合深时数字地球国际大科学计划全球数字化科研平台需求,开发了深时古地形时空动态可视化模拟系统,完成对模型的验证。

Climate paleogeography knowledge graph and deep time paleoclimate classifications

The climate paleogeography,especially the climate classifications,helps to interpret the global and regional climate changes and intuitively compare the climate conditions in different regions.However,the application of climate classification in deep time(i.e.,climate paleogeography)is prohibited due to the usually qualitatively constrained paleoclimate and the inconsistent descriptions and semantic heterogeneity of the climate types.In this study,a climate paleogeography knowledge graph is established under the framework of the Deep-Time Digital Earth program(DDE).The hierarchical knowledge graph consists of five paleoclimate classifications based on various strategies.The classifications are described and their strengths and weaknesses are fully evaluated in four aspects:“simplicity,applicability,quantifiability,and comparability”.We also reconstruct the global climate distributions in the Late Cretaceous according to these classifications.The results are compared and the relationships among these climate types in different classifications are evaluated.Our study unifies scientific concepts from different paleoclimate classifications,which provides an important theoretical basis for the application of paleoclimate classifications in deep time.