The environmental analysis and site selection of mussel and large yellow croaker aquaculture areas based on high resolution remote sensing

Mussel aquaculture and large yellow croaker aquaculture areas and their environmental characteristics in Zhoushan were analyzed using satellite data and in-situ surveys.A new two-step remote sensing method was proposed and applied to determine the basic environmental characteristics of the best mussel and large yellow croaker aquaculture areas.This methodology includes the first step of extraction of the location distribution and the second step of the extraction of internal environmental factors.The fishery ranching index(FRI1,FRI2)was established to extract the mussel and the large yellow croaker aquaculture area in Zhoushan,using Gaofen-1(GF-1)and Gaofen-6(GF-6)satellite data with a special resolution of 2 m.In the second step,the environmental factors such as sea surface temperature(SST),chlorophyll a(Chl-a)concentration,current and tide,suspended sediment concentration(SSC)in mussel aquaculture area and large yellow croaker aquaculture area were extracted and analyzed in detail.The results show the following three points.(1)For the extraction of the mussel aquaculture area,FRI1 and FRI2 are complementary,and the combination of FRI1 and FRI2 is suitable to extract the mussel aquaculture area.As for the large yellow croaker aquaculture area extraction,FRI2 is suitable.(2)Mussel aquaculture and the large yellow croaker aquaculture area in Zhoushan are mainly located on the side near the islands that are away from the eastern open waters.The water environment factor template suitable for mussel and large yellow croaker aquaculture was determined.(3)This two-step remote sensing method can be used for the preliminary screening of potential site selection for the mussels and large yellow croaker aquaculture area in the future.the fishery ranching index(FRI1,FRI2)in this paper can be applied to extract the mussel and large yellow croaker aquaculture areas in coastal waters around the world.

Impacts of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture on Phytoplankton in Sanggou Bay

Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture(IMTA)has been considered as an ecofriendly culture system providing a potential solution to environmental risks caused by intensive monoculture system.However,the impact of IMTA on phytoplankton remains unclear.In this study,the spatial and temporal variations of phytoplankton in Sanggou Bay were investigated seasonally based on 21 sampling sites covering three cultivation zones(bivalve zone,IMTA zone,and kelp zone)and one control zone(without aquatic cultivation).In total,128 phytoplankton species,with diatoms and dinoflagellates as the dominant groups,were obtained across the whole year,and the mean Shannon diversity index(H')and species richness(SR)were determined as 1.39 and 9.39,respectively.The maximum chlorophyll a(Chl-a)(6.32μg L^(-1))and plankton diversity(H'of 1.97)occurred in summer and autumn,respectively.Compared to other zones,the bivalve zone displayed significantly higher Chl-a and lower H'in majority of time.Pairwise PERMANOVA analysis indicated that the phytoplankton assemblage in the bivalve zone was significantly different with the control and kelp zones,while the IMTA zone maintained close to other three zones.Based on generalized additive models,temperature,NO_(2)^(-)-N,N/P ratio,SiO_(3)^(2-)-Si,and salinity were determined as the key factors underlying Chl-a and phytoplankton diversity.Addi-tionally,the results of redundancy analysis further indicated that the phytoplankton assemblage in the bivalve zone is positively re-lated with nutrients such as NO_(3)^(-)-N and NH_(4)^(+)-N as well as water depth,while the phytoplankton assemblages in the kelp,control,and IMTA zones are associated with NO_(2)^(-)-N,SiO_(3)^(2-)-Si,and salinity.Taken all observations into consideration together,it can be inferred that IMTA can effectively reduce Chl-a level compared to bivalve monoculture by reducing the nutrients.However,the SR,H’,and species composition of phytoplankton are primarily determined by local environment factors such as temperature,water depth,salinity and SiO_(3)^(2-)-Si.

Effect of length-width ratio of rounded rectangle aquaculture tank in dual-diagonal-inlet layout on hydrodynamic

To adapt to the change of aquaculture workshop site,optimize the shape of aquaculture tanks and improve the utilization rate of breeding space,it is necessary to determine the appropriate length width ratio parameters of aquaculture tanks.In this paper,computational fluid dynamics(CFD)technology is adopted to study the flow field performance of aquaculture tanks with different L/B ratios(L:the length;B:the width,of aquaculture tank)and different jet direction conditions(lengthways jet and widthways jet).A three-dimensional numerical calculation model of turbulence in rounded rectangle aquaculture tanks in dual-diagonal-inlet layout was established.Jet directions are arranged lengthways and widthways,and the water flow velocity,resistance coefficient change,vorticity,etc.are analyzed under two working conditions.Results show that the flow field performance in aquaculture tank decreases with the increase of the L/B ratio.The flow field performed well when L/B was 1.0-1.3,sharply dropped at 1.4-1.6,and poor at 1.7-1.9.The results provided a theoretical basis for the design and optimization in flow field performance of the industrialized circulating aquaculture tanks.

Distribution and sources of sedimentary organic matter in different aquaculture areas of northeastern Zhanjiang Bay using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes

Zhanjiang Bay is a major aquaculture area in China with many types of mariculture products(such as oysters,fish,and shrimp).The culture area and shrimp output in Zhanjiang Bay are ranked first in China.We investigated the total organic carbon(TOC),total nitrogen(TN),TOC/TN ratio,and stable isotopes(δ^(13)C and δ^(15)N) of the fish and shrimp feed,fish and shrimp feces,and sedimentary organic matter(SOM) in and around different aquaculture areas of northeastern Zhanjiang B ay to study the impact of aquaculture activities on SOM.The average TOC contents of fish and shrimp feed were 39.20%±0.91% and 39.29%±0.21%,respectively.The average TOC content in the surface sediments of the oyster culture area,the mixed(fish and shrimp) culture area,and the cage fish farm area were 0.66%,0.88%±0.10%,and 0.58%±0.19%,respectively,which may indicate that mixed culture had a greater impact on SOM.The relatively high TOC and TN contents and relatively low TOC/TN ratios,and δ^(15)N values in the upper layer of the core sediment in the mixed culture area could also support the significant influence of mixed culture.The average δ^(13)C and δ^(15)N values of fish and shrimp feed were -20.6‰±2.2‰ and 1.8‰±1.2‰,respectively,which were different from the isotopic values of SOM in the study area.δ^(13)C and δ^(15)N values for SOM in different aquaculture areas were different from those of nearby reference stations,probably reflecting the influence of aquaculture.The δ^(13)C and δ^(15)N values in the oyster culture area(-25.9‰ and6.0‰,respectively) seemed to have reduced δ^(13)C and enriched δ^(15)N relative to those of the reference station(-24.6‰ and 5.8‰,respectively).This may reflect the influence of organic matter on oyster culture.The δ^(15)N value of the station in the mixed culture area(7.1‰±0.4‰) seemed to be relatively enriched in δ^(15)N relative to that of the reference station(6.6‰).Sedimentation and the subsequent degradation of organic matter from mixed cultures may have contributed to this phenomenon.The surface sediment at the cage fish farm area seemed to be affected by fish feces and primary production based on the indication of δ^(13)C and δ^(15)N values.The sediment core at the mixed culture region(NS6) had lower TOC/TN ratios and more positive δ^(13)C and δ^(15)N values than the sediment core at the oyster culture area,suggesting a higher proportionate contribution of marine organic matter in the mixed culture area.In summary,oyster culture,mixed culture,and cage fish culture in northeastern Zhanjiang Bay had a certain degree of impact on SOM,and mixed culture had more significant influences on SOM based on the high TOC contents and the significant vertical variations of TOC/TN ratio and δ^(15)N value in the sediment of this area.This study provides new insights into the impact of aquaculture activities on SOM content.

Coupling relationship and genetic mechanisms of shelf-edge delta and deep-water fan source-to-sink:A case study in Paleogene Zhuhai Formation in south subsag of Baiyun Sag,Pearl River Mouth Basin,China

The coupling relationship between shelf-edge deltas and deep-water fan sand bodies is a hot and cutting-edge field of international sedimentology and deep-water oil and gas exploration.Based on the newly acquired high-resolution 3D seismic,logging and core data of Pearl River Mouth Basin(PRMB),this paper dissected the shelf-edge delta to deep-water fan(SEDDF)depositional system in the Oligocene Zhuhai Formation of Paleogene in south subsag of Baiyun Sag,and revealed the complex coupling relationship from the continental shelf edge to deep-water fan sedimentation and its genetic mechanisms.The results show that during the deposition of the fourth to first members of the Zhuhai Formation,the scale of the SEDDF depositional system in the study area showed a pattern of first increasing and then decreasing,with deep-water fan developed in the third to first members and the largest plane distribution scale developed in the late stage of the second member.Based on the development of SEDDF depositional system along the source direction,three types of coupling relationships are divided,namely,deltas that are linked downdip to fans,deltas that lack downdip fans and fans that lack updip coeval deltas,with different depositional characteristics and genetic mechanisms.(1)Deltas that are linked downdip to fans:with the development of shelf-edge deltas in the shelf area and deep-water fans in the downdip slope area,and the strong source supply and relative sea level decline are the two key factors which control the development of this type of source-to-sink(S2S).The development of channels on the continental shelf edge is conducive to the formation of this type of S2S system even with weak source supply and high sea level.(2)Deltas that lack downdip fans:with the development of shelf edge deltas in shelf area,while deep water fans are not developed in the downdip slope area.The lack of“sources”and“channels”,and fluid transformation are the three main reasons for the formation of this type of S2S system.(3)Fans that lack updip coeval deltas:with the development of deep-water fans in continental slope area and the absence of updip coeval shelf edge deltas,which is jointly controlled by the coupling of fluid transformation at the shelf edge and the“channels”in the continental slope area.

Application of fluid modulus inversion to complex lithology reservoirs in deep-water areas

It has been a challenge to distinguish between seismic anomalies caused by complex lithology and hydrocarbon reservoirs using conventional fluid identification techniques,leading to difficulties in accurately predicting hydrocarbon-bearing properties and determining oil-water contacts in reservoirs.In this study,we built a petrophysical model tailored to the deep-water area of the Baiyun Sag in the eastern South China Sea based on seismic data and explored the feasibility of the tri-parameter direct inversion method in the fluid identification of complex lithology reservoirs,offering a more precise alternative to conventional techniques.Our research found that the fluid modulus can successfully eliminate seismic amplitude anomalies caused by lithological variations.Furthermore,the seismic databased direct inversion for fluid modulus can remove the cumulative errors caused by indirect inversion and the influence of porosity.We discovered that traditional methods using seismic amplitude anomalies were ineffective in detecting fluids,determining gas-water contacts,or delineating high-quality reservoirs.However,the fluid factor Kf,derived from solid-liquid decoupling,proved to be sensitive to the identification of hydrocarbon-bearing properties,distinguishing between high-quality and poor-quality gas zones.Our findings confirm the value of the fluid modulus in fluid identification and demonstrate that the tri-parameter direct inversion method can significantly enhance hydrocarbon exploration in deep-water areas,reducing associated risks.

High-quality Development Path of Graduate Education in Aquaculture Discipline:A Case Study of Guangdong Ocean University

Aquaculture is a discipline system that focuses on exploring the growth,development,reproduction,aquaculture,and resources of aquatic animals and plants,and their complex relationships.Under the tide of the"high-quality development"strategy,the aquaculture discipline is also facing new opportunities and challenges for transformation,upgrading,and deepening development.Therefore,exploring and practicing an effective path for the high-quality development of graduate education in aquaculture is not only the key to promoting the transformation of graduate education in aquaculture from scale expansion to quality improvement,but also has immeasurable value for implementing the strategy on developing a quality workforce and the strategy of scientific and technological powerhouse.The high-quality development of graduate education in aquaculture can be promoted from the following aspects:optimizing and improving the construction of the graduate education system,focusing on enhancing the quality of high-level talent cultivation,strengthening the overall strength of the graduate supervisor team,actively promoting the adjustment and upgrading of the disciplinary and professional structure,strengthening the construction of resource platforms and deepening the implementation of collaborative education mechanisms,and continuously expanding and deepening the new pattern of international exchange and cooperation.Through the comprehensive promotion of the above paths,the aim is to fully build a model for the improvement and governance of graduate education quality.

Numerical simulation of inlet placement on sewage characteristics in the rounded square aquaculture tank with single inlet

To improve the self-cleaning ability of aquaculture tank and the efficiency of circulating water,physical and numerical experiments were conducted on the influence of inlet structure on sewage discharge in a rounded square aquaculture tank with a single inlet.Based on the physical model of the tank,analysis of how inlet structure adjustment affects sewage discharge efficiency and flow field characteristics was conducted to provide suitable flow field conditions for sinkable solid particle discharge.In addition,an internal flow field simulation was conducted using the RNG k-εturbulence model in hydraulic drive mode.Then a solid-fluid multiphase model was created to investigate how the inlet structure affects sewage collection in the rounded square aquaculture tank with single inlet and outlet.The finding revealed that the impact of inlet structure is considerably affecting sewage collection.The conditions of C/B=0.07-0.11(the ratio of horizontal distance between the center of the inlet pipe and the tank wall(C)to length of the tank(B))andα=25°(αis the angle between the direction of the jet and the tangential direction of the arc angle)resulted in optimal sewage collection,which is similar to the flow field experiment in the rounded square aquaculture tank with single inlet and outlet.An excellent correlation was revealed between sewage collection and fluid circulation stability in the aquaculture tank.The present study provided a reference for design and optimization of circulating aquaculture tanks in aquaculture industry.

Coupling Aquaculture—Crop Productions and Using of Water Drained from Ponds Rearing Clarias gariepinus as Fertilizer for Okra Production (Abelmoschus esculentus var. Clemson spineless, L. Moench)

The present study concerns the revalorization of drained water from aquaculture ponds rearing Clarias gariepinus on okra crops. The rearing was carried out at the farm of Gaston Berger University in 100 m2 ponds. In each pond, the individuals of C. garipinus with an average weight of 6 ± 0.3 g were stocked at a density of 11 per m2. The water temperature and pH were measured during the experiment. The control fishing is carried out every month to monitor variations in the weight and size of reared individuals. The plant production is carried out in elementary plots measuring 3 m × 1.5 m. Each plot was fertilized with either: drained water from C. gariepinus rearing (DWC), poultry droppings (PD), cow dung (CD) and mineral fertilizer (NPK). Treatments are carried out in tripliqua with either river water (RW), RW + the recommended dose of NPK (RD-NPK), RW + RD-PD, RW + RD-CD, DWC, DWC + 25% RD-NPK, DWC + 50% RD-NPK, DWC + 75% RD-NPK, DWC + 25% RD-PD, DWC + 50% RD-PD, DWC + 75% RD-PD, DWC + 25% RD-CD, DWC + 50% RD-CD, DWC + 75% RD-CD. Growth parameters and yield of okra were determined. The average temperature in the rearing environment was 27.6 ± 1.5˚C and pH 7.9 ± 1.1. After six (06) months of rearing, C. gariepinus individuals reached an average weight of 850.12 ± 1.3 g and an average height of 52.44 ± 1.1 cm. The daily weight gain and specific growth rates over this period were 3.9 g per day and 2.8% per day, respectively. The treatment T1 (RW + DR-NPK) gave the highest mean collar diameter and mean plant height with 2.3 ± 0.9 cm and 61.6 ± 32 cm, respectively. In T4 (DWC), the mean height of plants was 38.8 ± 23.5 cm and mean collar diameter 1.4 ± 0.8 cm. The growth performance in T4 was comparable to that of RD-CD (T3), but different from RD-NPK (T1) and RD-PD (T2). The highest average number, average weight, average length and average diameter of fruits were noted in treatments T13 (RW + RD-75%CD) and T7 (DWC + 75% RD-NPK). The best yields were noted in T1 (RW + RD-NPK) = 10.8 ± 5.4 t·ha−1, T5 (DWC + 25% RD-NPK) = 9.2 ± 4.6 t·ha−1 and T4 (DWC) = 8.6 ± 4.3 t·ha−1 which are comparable and higher than those obtained in T2 = 5.7 ± 2.8 t·ha−1 and T3 = 7.5 ± 3.8 t·ha−1.

Modeling impact of culture facilities on hydrodynamics and solute transport in marine aquaculture waters of North Yellow Sea

An increasing number of marine aquaculture facilities have been placed in shallow bays and open sea,which might significantly affect hydrodynamic and solute transport processes in marine aquaculture waters.In this study,a coupled hydrodynamic and solute transport model was developed with high-resolution schemes in marine aquaculture waters based on depth-averaged shallow water equations.A new expression of drag force was incorporated into the momentum equations to express the resistance of suspended culture cages.The coupled model was used to simulate the effect of suspended structures on tidal currents and the movement of a contaminant cloud in the marine aquaculture of the North Yellow Sea,China.The simulation results showed a low-velocity area appearing inside the aquaculture cage area,with a maximum reduction rate of velocity close to 45%under high-density culture.The results also showed that tidal currents were sensitive to the density of suspended cages,the length of cages,and the drag coefficients of cages.The transport processes of pollutants inside aquaculture facilities were inhibited away from the vicinity of the culture cage area because of the diminished tidal currents.Therefore,the suspended cages significantly affected the transport processes of pollutants in the coastal aquaculture waters.Furthermore,the reduced horizontal velocity significantly decreased the food supply for the aquaculture areas from the surrounding sea.

Structural characteristics and deep-water hydrocarbon accumulation model of the Scotian Basin, Eastern Canada

Commercial hydrocarbon reservoirs have been discovered in shallow-water areas of the Scotian Basin, Eastern Canada. However, knowledge about the structure and hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics of the basin is still insufficient, which constrains the oil and gas exploration in deep-water areas. Based on comprehensive data of magnetic anomalies, seismic survey, and drilling, this study determines the structure characteristics of the Scotian Basin and its hydrocarbon accumulation conditions in deep waters and evaluates the deep-water hydrocarbon exploration potential. The transform faults and basement structures in the northern basin control the sedimentary framework showing thick strata in east and thin strata in west of the basin. The bowl-shaped depression formed by thermal subsidence during the transitional phase and the confined environment (micro basins) caused by salt tectonics provide favorable conditions for the development of source rocks during the depression stage (also referred to as the depression period sequence) of the basin. The progradation of large shelf-margin deltas during the drift phase and steep continental slope provide favorable conditions for the deposition of slope-floor fans on continental margins of the basin. Moreover, the source-reservoir assemblage comprising the source rocks within the depression stage and the turbidite sandstones on the continental margin in the deep waters may form large deep-water turbidite sandstone reservoirs. This study will provide a valuable reference for the deep-water hydrocarbon exploration in the Scotian Basin.

Sedimentary elements,evolutions and controlling factors of the Miocene channel system:a case study of the deep-water Taranaki Basin in New Zealand

Deep-water channel systems are important petroleum reservoirs,and many have been discovered worldwide.Understanding deep-water channel sedimentary elements and evolution is helpful for deep-sea petroleum exploration and development.Based on high-resolution 3D seismic data,the Miocene channel system in the deep-water Taranaki Basin,New Zealand,was analyzed by using seismic interpretation techniques such as interlayer attribute extraction and strata slicing.The channel system was divided into five composite channels(CC-I to CC-V)according to four secondary level channel boundaries,and sedimentary elements such as channels,slump deposits,inner levees,mass transport deposits,and hemipelagic drape deposits were identified in the channel system.The morphological characteristics of several composite channels exhibited stark variances,and the overall morphology of the composite channels changed from relatively straight to highly sinuous to relatively straight.The evolution of the composite channels involved a gradual and repeated process of erosion and filling,and the composite channels could be divided into three evolutionary stages:initial erosion-filling,later erosion-filling(multistage),and channel abandonment.The middle Miocene channel system may have formed as a consequence of combined regional tectonic activity and global climatic change,and its intricate morphological alterations may have been influenced by the channel's ability to self-regulate and gravity flow properties.When studying the sedimentary evolution of a large-scale deep-water channel system in the Taranaki Basin during the Oligocene-Miocene,which transitioned from a passive margin to plate convergence,it can be understood how tectonic activity affected the channel and can also provide a theoretical reference for the evolution of the deepwater channels in areas with similar tectonic conversion environments around the world.

An IoT-Based Aquaculture Monitoring System Using Firebase

Indonesia is a producer in the fisheries sector,with production reaching 14.8 million tons in 2022.The production potential of the fisheries sector can be optimally optimized through aquaculture management.One of the most important issues in aquaculture management is how to efficiently control the fish pond water conditions.IoT technology can be applied to support a fish pond aquaculture monitoring system,especially for catfish species(Siluriformes),in real-time and remotely.One of the technologies that can provide this convenience is the IoT.The problem of this study is how to integrate IoT devices with Firebase’s cloud data system to provide reliable and precise data,which makes it easy for fish cultivators to monitor fishpond conditions in real time and remotely.The IoT aquaculture fishpond monitoring use 3 parameters:(1)water temperature;(2)pHwater level;and(3)turbidity level of pond water.IoT devices use temperature sensors,pH sensors,and turbidity sensors,which are integrated with a microcontroller and Wi-Fi module.Data from sensor readings are sent to the Firebase cloud via theWi-Fi module so that it can be accessed in real time by end users with an Androidbased mobile app.The findings are(1)the IoT-based aquaculture monitoring system device has a low error rate in measuring temprature,pH,and turbidity with a percentage of 1.75%,1.94% and 9.78%,respectively.Overall,the total average error of the three components is 4.49%;(2)in cost analysis,IoT-based has a cost-effectiveness of 94.21% compared to labor costs.An IoT-based aquaculture monitoring system using Firebase can be effectively used as a technology for monitoring fish pond conditions in real-time and remotely for fish cultivators that contribute to providing an IoT-based aquaculture monitoring system that produces valid data,is precise,is easy to implement,and is a low-cost system.

Phosphorus speciation,transformation and benthic processes with implications for environmental impacts in the aquaculture area of Rushan Bay

Phosphorus(P)is an essential nutrient for many organisms in the ocean,which plays a central role in the stability of ecosystems and the evolution of the environment.The distribution,occurrence and source-sink process of P in offshore waters are highly influenced by mariculture activities.P transformation in water-sediment system is the key process in P cycling,however,the mechanism is poorly documented in the coastal sea which is influenced by human activities.Based on the comprehensive surveys in the adjacent waters outside Rushan Bay in May,July and August 2014 and February 2015,the form and transformation of P in the suspended particulate matter(SPM)and surface sediment were analyzed.The results showed that contents of total P,authigenic P and organic P of SPM increased with the increase in distance from the shoreline off Rushan Bay,and the detrital-P decreased.The partition coefficient of P between water and SPM was related to the chemical activity of different forms of P,and a higher reactivity of inorganic P associated with SPM was observed.Hypoxia induced by mariculture changes the distribution and morphological composition of P in SPM and sediment in this typical aquaculture area,which can result in a conversion of sink to source of P in the sediment,thereby having a significant impact on the regional nutrient budget and associated with eutrophication.

Quantitative morphometric analysis of a deep-water channel in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

The morphological changes of deep-water channels have an important influence on the distributions of channel sand reservoirs,so it is important to explore the morphological change process of deep-water channel for the exploration and development of deep-water oil and gas.Based on a typical sinuous Quaternary channel(Channel I)in the Taranaki Basin,New Zealand,a variety of seismic interpretation techniques were applied to quantitatively characterize the morphological characteristics of the Channel I,and the relationships between the quantitative parameters and the morphological changes of the Channel I,as well as the controlling factors affecting those morphological changes,were discussed.The results are as follows:(1)in the quantitative analysis,six parameters were selected:the channel depth,width,sinuosity,and aspect ratio(width/depth),the channel swing amplitude(λ)and the channel bend frequency(ω);(2)according to the quantitative morphological parameters of the channel(mainly including three parameters such as channel sinuosity,ωandλ),the Channel I was divided into three types:the low-sinuous channel(LSC),the high-sinuous channel(HSC),the moderate-sinuous channel(MSC).U-shaped channel cross-sections developed in the LSC,V-shaped channel cross-sections developed in the HSC,including inclined-V and symmetric-V cross-sections,and dish-shaped channel cross-sections developed in the MSC;(3)the morphological characteristics of the LSC and MSC were related to their widths and depths,while the morphology of the HSC was greatly affected by the channel width,a change in depth did not affect the HSC morphology;(4)the morphological changes of the Channel I were controlled mainly by the slope gradient,the restricted capacity of the channel and the differential in fluid properties.

Chicken Eggshell as an Innovative Bioflocculant in Harvesting Biofloc for Aquaculture Wastewater Treatment

Implementation of biofloc technology(BFT)system in aquaculture industry shows high productivity,low feed conversion ratio,and an optimum culture environment.This study was divided into two phases.The first phase involved maintaining the water quality using the optimum carbon-to-nitrogen ratio by manipulating pH in culture water.The second phase examined the performance of harvesting biofloc(remaining phytoplankton and suspended solids in the system)using chicken eggshell powder(CESP).This study showed that pH 7 to 8 were the best biofloc performance with high removal percentage of ammonia(>99%)with a remaining ammonia concentration of 0.016 mg L^(−1)and 0.018 mg L^(−1),respectively.The second phase of this study was performed to determine the optimal formulation and conditions of using CESP as a bio-flocculant in harvesting excess biofloc.The use of eggshell showed a higher harvesting efficiency of more than 80%under the following treatment conditions:0.25 g L^(−1)of eggshell dosage;with rapid and slow mixing rates of 150 and 30 rpm,respectively;30 min of settling time;settling velocity of 0.39 mm s^(−1)and pH of 6 to 7.Therefore,the results indicated that biofloc would be the best green technology approach for sustainable aquaculture wastewater and the CESP is an organic matrix that environmental-friendly bio-coagulant for biofloc harvesting.

Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of organophosphate esters in aquaculture farms and natural water bodies adjacent to the Huanghe River delta

To date,little attention has been paid to the effects of organophosphate esters(OPEs)pollution on aquacultural environment and aquatic product safety.Huanghe(Yellow)River delta area is one of the largest aquaculture centers in China,where ecological security protection is crucial in the national strategy of China.To explore the pollution characteristics,bioaccumulation,and health risks of OPEs in aquaculture farms in the Huanghe River delta and natural water bodies in the adjacent seas,five species of organisms from different farm types nearby the Huanghe River delta,and the corresponding culture water and sediments were sampled in this study.The total concentrations of Σ_(13)OPEs in water,sediments,and organisms were 51.53-272.18 ng/L,52.63-63.17 ng/g dry weight(dw),and 46.82-108.90 ng/g dw,respectively.Among the five types of culture ponds,the water samples from the swimming crab and hairy crab culture ponds exhibited higher OPEs,the concentration of OPEs in the sediments from the few ponds was relatively balanced,and the OPEs in the organism from the holothurian ponds was higher.Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-isopropyl pho sphate)(TDCP)was the main contaminant in water samples and tripropyl phosphate(TPrP)in sediments and organisms.However,trisphenyl phosphate(TPhP)showed the strongest bioaccumulation ability,followed by 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate(EHDPP)and TPrP.The bioaccumulation capacities of the five species were as follows:prawn>holothurian>hairy crab>swimming crab>carp.These five types of organisms,as main seafood in human consumption,were at low risk of negative impacts of pollution.However,the risk from the mixture of organophosphate flame retardants(OPFRs)still requires more attention due to the increasing consumption and production in the world.

The dissolution of total suspended solids and treatment strategy of tailwater in a Litopenaeus vannamei recirculating aquaculture system

In recirculating aquaculture systems(RASs),the effective treatment of aquaculture tailwater is essential to maintain the health of the RAS.This study investigated the optimal time and method for tailwater treatment during three periods of the aquaculture of the Litopenaeus vannamei:nursery(0–26 d),middle(27–57 d),and later(57–104 d).The variation of several water parameters during the dissolution of total suspended solid(TSS)in tailwater,applied with the effects of ozone on the microorganism and water quality parameters were investigated.Results showed that the TSS concentrations in tailwater decreased with time,although not significantly(P>0.05),whereas total ammonia nitrogen(TAN),nitrite(NO-2-N),and nitrate(NO_(3)^(-)-N)increased significantly(P<0.05).Therefore,TSS should be removed from the tailwater as early as possible,being most optimal within 4 h.Ozone removed 38.24%–48.95%of TSS,17.78%–90.14%of TAN,and 87.50%–98.90%of NO-2-N after 4 h of treatment.However,it resulted in the significant accumulation of NO_(3)^(-)-N.Moreover,the total number of Vibrio and bacterial counts in aquaculture tailwater was reduced completely by ozone within 4 h.Thus,these results provided technical details and data support for the effective treatment of tailwater from shrimp RAS.

Evaluating the Effects of Aquaculture Wastewater Irrigation with Fertilizer Reduction on Greenhouse Tomato Production,Economic Benefits and Soil Nitrogen Characteristics

The utilization of aquaculture wastewater as irrigation is an effective way to recycle and reuse water and nitrogen fertilizer resources because it contains numerous nutrients.However,it is still unclear that the pattern of substituting aquaculture wastewater irrigation for fertilizer supplementing is conducive to improving the soil nitrogen status,fruit yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency for tomato production.In this context,the experiment was intended to establish the appropriate irrigation regime of aquaculture wastewater in tomato production for freshwater replacement and fertilizer reduction to ensure good yields.Pot experiments were conducted with treatments as farmers accustomed to irrigation and fertilization used as control(CK),1.75 L aquaculture wastewater with base fertilizer(W1),2 L aquaculture wastewater with base fertilizer;and 2.25 L aquaculture wastewater with base fertilizer(W3).We examined the effects of aquaculture wastewater irrigation on soil nitrogen distribution,Nrelated hydrolases,tomato yield,and economic benefits.The results showed that the control treatment had the highest N input,about 24.68%higher than the W3 treatment,while the yield was only about 7.81%higher than W3.This indicated that the overuse of chemical fertilizer was present in the current tomato production.Although the reduction of fertilizer in aquaculture wastewater irrigation caused a decrease in tomato production,this economic loss can be compensated by cost savings in the wastewater disposal.Among aquaculture wastewater treatments,the W3 treatment had the highest overall benefit,achieving 62.63%freshwater savings,37.50%fertilizer input reduction,and an economic return of approximately 19,466 Yuan per hectare higher than the control.Additionally,increasing the irrigation volume of aquaculture wastewater could provide more available nutrients to the soil,which were more prevalent in the form of organic nitrogen.The lower soil nitrate reductase activities(NR)under aquaculture wastewater treatments after harvesting also proved that this pattern was beneficial to reduce soil nitrate nitrogen residues.Overall,the results demonstrate that aquaculture wastewater irrigation alleviates the soil nitrate residues,improves nutrient availability,and results in more economic returns with water and fertilizer conservation for the greenhouse production of tomatoes.

Theoretical and technical progress in exploration practice of the deep-water large oil fields, Santos Basin, Brazil

The history and results of petroleum exploration in the Santos Basin, Brazil are reviewed. The regularity of hydrocarbon enrichment and the key exploration technologies are summarized and analyzed using the seismic, gravity, magnetic and drilling data. It is proposed that the Santos Basin had a structural pattern of two uplifts and three depressions and the Aram-Uirapuru uplift belt controlled the hydrocarbon accumulation. It is believed that the main hydrocarbon source kitchen in the rift period controlled the hydrocarbon-enriched zones, paleo-structures controlled the scale and quality of lacustrine carbonate reservoirs, and continuous thick salt rocks controlled the hydrocarbon formation and preservation. The process and mechanism of reservoirs being transformed by CO_(2)charging were revealed. Five key exploration technologies were developed,including the variable-velocity mapping for layer-controlled facies-controlled pre-salt structures, the prediction of lacustrine carbonate reservoirs, the prediction of intrusive/effusive rock distribution, the detection of hydrocarbons in lacustrine carbonates, and the logging identification of supercritical CO_(2)fluid. These theoretical recognitions and exploration technologies have contributed to the discovery of deep-water super-large reservoirs under CNODC projects in Brazil, and will guide the further exploration of deep-water large reservoirs in the Santos Basin and other similar regions.