Causes of the exchange rate with the U.S. trade deficit

With debate that the U.S. trade deficit is due to overestimate exchange rate of RMB, the paper pointed out that exchange rate is not the main factor for the formation of balance of payments on trade. U.S. trade deficit is largely due to the current international monetary system, international division of labor and the trade structure determined by it, low savings rates and other factors.

基于GNSS的西秦岭北缘断裂带现今活动特征研究

基于1999~2007年、2009~2013年、2013~2017年和2017~2021年共4期GNSS地壳运动速度场构建GNSS速度剖面,分析西秦岭北缘断裂带各次级断裂现今地壳差异运动特征,并进一步建立负位错模型反演获取各次级断裂现今闭锁程度与滑动亏损速率。结果表明:1)西秦岭北缘断裂带现今整体呈现出以左旋走滑为主、兼逆冲挤压的活动特征。2)1999~2007年,锅麻滩段和天水-宝鸡段整体处于强闭锁状态,漳县段和鸳凤段仅部分区段闭锁且闭锁程度较低,闭锁深度也较浅;2009~2013年,西秦岭北缘断裂带中段闭锁程度有所减弱,鸳凤段东部与天水-宝鸡段东部由较强闭锁转变为蠕滑状态,锅麻滩段和天水-宝鸡段中西部依然呈强闭锁状态;2013~2017年,西秦岭北缘断裂带整体处于较强闭锁状态,仅天水-宝鸡段东部呈蠕滑状态;2017~2021年,锅麻滩段中西部、漳县段、鸳凤段东部和天水-宝鸡段中部处于较强闭锁状态,鸳凤段中西部与天水-宝鸡段西部则呈蠕滑状态。3)各次级断裂滑动亏损速率整体分布特征与断裂闭锁程度基本一致。西秦岭北缘断裂带锅麻滩段和天水-宝鸡段中部现今处于较强闭锁状态,具有较强的应变能累积背景。

基于弹道亏损形状特征的堆积脉冲识别方法

识别与拒绝堆积脉冲是提升高辐射环境下X荧光光谱性能的有效方法。本文提出一种堆积脉冲甄别方法,该方法首先将原始脉冲成形为三角脉冲和梯形脉冲;然后计算其幅度比值,该比值称为时不变脉冲形状标签(TIPS);最后通过TIPS的大小判别脉冲是否堆积。这种方法不需要测量脉冲宽度,且不受脉冲幅度变化的影响。与逆锯齿波成形器相比,三角脉冲成形器能更有效地抑制TIPS展宽,从而有利于甄别堆积脉冲。在1.22×10^(6)s^(-1)通过率下,使用该方法识别铅黄铜样品中堆积脉冲。结果表明,当非堆积脉冲损失率为15%时,准确率、召回率及F1得分分别提升到73.55%、78.75%和76.06%,铜的Kα峰峰总比提高到76.60%。本文提出的方法可以有效识别堆积脉冲和提高能谱的峰总比。

陕西省粮食安全水平评价及预测研究

【目的】为解决陕西省粮食供需日益突出的矛盾找出对策。【方法】在分析陕西省人口变动及粮食供需现状的基础上,通过计算2004—2020年陕西省耕地赤字率,对当前陕西省粮食安全水平进行评价。在此基础上,运用灰色预测模型GM(1,1)对未来10 a陕西省粮食安全水平进行预测。【结果】随着人均粮食消费量的增长,陕西省耕地赤字率持续增长;未来10 a陕西省粮食供需剪刀差不断扩大。【结论】加强耕地保护力度,优化土地资源利用;强化农业科技创新;稳定粮食价格;完善粮食储备体系有利于改善陕西省粮食供需矛盾日益突出的问题,保障粮食安全。

猕猴桃树干液流特征及其对环境因子的响应

【目的】探明环境因子对猕猴桃树液流特征的影响,为科学制定猕猴桃树灌溉方案提供依据。【方法】以2023年生长季(4—9月)的6年生猕猴桃树为试材,采用热扩散法对猕猴桃植株液流进行1个生长季的连续测量,结合气象及土壤数据分析环境因素(气温、降水、辐射、蒸汽压亏缺、土壤湿度和温度等)与猕猴桃植株液流的关系。【结果】生长季猕猴桃树干平均液流速率为43.607~355.775 g/h,液流日累积量7月>6月>8月>9月>5月>4月。不同月份猕猴桃树液流特征存在相似性,0:00—24:00呈低-高-低变化趋势。不同天气条件下小时尺度果树液流速率规律相同,但树干液流速率峰值存在差异,表现为晴天>阴天>雨天,且晴天、阴天和雨天条件下树干液流速率与太阳净辐射强度(Rn)、水汽压亏缺(VPD)、20 cm土壤温度(T)均呈正相关关系,与空气相对湿度(H)均呈负相关关系。晴天、阴天、雨天树干液流速率与4个环境因子的多元回归拟合方程分别为F=4894.222+8.078e^(-5)Rn+284.579VPD-256.581T+10.019H(R^(2)=0.866)、F=-5220.102+3.410e^(-5)Rn+288.798VPD+181.098T+9.861H(R^(2)=0.855)、F=-2345.668+9.976e^(-6)Rn-4.915VPD+103.162T-0.482H(R^(2)=0.568)。【结论】猕猴桃树耗水量在不同月份、不同天气条件下存在明显差异,7月、8月晴天猕猴桃树干日蒸腾量最大,可适当蓄水、增加灌溉。

不同品种春小麦生长生理指标及产量对水分响应研究

[目的]系统研究不同程度间歇性干旱对春小麦生长生理及产量的影响。[方法]通过位于甘肃武威的大田试验,以春小麦“陇春41号”和“永良4号”为研究对象,系统研究拔节期和灌浆期不同程度间歇性干旱对春小麦生长生理及产量的影响。在春小麦拔节期、灌浆期分别设置灌水量为充分灌溉对照组的65%、80%的亏水处理,即:W1(拔节期65%/灌浆期65%)、W2(拔节期80%/灌浆期65%)、W3(拔节期65%/灌浆期80%)、W4(拔节期80%/灌浆期80%)、W5(充分灌溉对照组)。分析不同处理下春小麦生长指标、产量、叶片光合参数及叶绿素荧光动力学参数对水分的响应规律。[结果]拔节期和灌浆期水分亏缺会对春小麦株高、叶面积指数、干物质积累量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率及光合电子传递速率产生显著负面影响,指标随灌水量减少而降低;抽穗期复水(恢复充分灌溉)后,“陇春41号”LAI得到了明显恢复,复水对春小麦叶绿素量、光合电子传递速率以及蒸腾速率的恢复有显著积极作用;产量随水分亏缺程度的加剧而减小,“陇春41号”整体产量高于“永良4号”,“陇春41号”W4处理下产量与W5处理无显著差异。[结论]考虑节水高产,本文推荐最优灌溉制度为W4处理(拔节期80%/灌浆期80%),推荐种植品种为“陇春41号”。

How does a real-world child psychiatric clinic diagnose and treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

AIM: To investigate child and adolescent psychiatrists'(CAPs) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder(ODD) diagnoses and treatments in real-world clinical practice. METHODS: The medical records of 69 ADHD children(mean age = 9.5 years), newly referred to the ADHD clinic, were reviewed for their scores of parent- and teacher-reported Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Rating Scales(VADRSs), CAPs' diagnoses of ADHD and ODD, and CAPs' treatment recommendations. Among 63 ADHD subjects who completed both parent and teacher VADRSs, we examined the agreement of the parent and teacher VADRSs. We also examined the concurrent validity of CAPs' ODD diagnoses against the results from the VADRSs. In addition, we compared CAPs' treatment recommendations against established ADHD and ODD guidelines.RESULTS: Among 63 ADHD subjects, the majority of the subjects(92%) met full ADHD diagnostic criteria at least in one setting(parent or teacher) on the VADRSs. Nearly half of the patients met full ADHD diagnostic criteria in two settings(parent and teacher). Relatively low agreement between the parent and teacher VADRSs were found(95%CI:-0.33 to 0.14). For 29 children who scored positive for ODD on the rating scales, CAPs confirmed the ODD diagnosis in only 12 of these casepositives, which is considered as a fair agreement between CAPs and VADRSs(95%CI: 0.10-0.53). For 27 children with no ODD diagnosis made by either CAP or VADRS, more than half of them were recommended for medication only. In contrast, where CAPs made the diagnosis of ODD, or where the parent or teacher VADRS was positive for ODD, almost all of the patients received recommendations for medication and behavior therapy.CONCLUSION: CAPs' ADHD diagnoses have strong concurrent validity against valid rating scales, but ADHD's most common comorbid condition- ODD- may be underrecognized.

The relationship between abduction deficit and reoperation among patients with infantile esotropia

AIM： To determine the relationship between abduction deficit and reoperation among patients with infantile esotropia （IET）. METHODS： The records of 216 patients （432 eyes） with lET who underwent surgery, from 2010 to 2015 were studied. Patients with lET whose deviation appeared before 6mo of age and had stable preoperative deviation in two examinations with at least 2wk apart and a minimum 3too postoperative follow up were included. Cases with early onset accommodative esotropia, congenital cataract, retinopathy of prematurity （ROP）, manifest nystagmus, fundus lesions, neurologic and ophthalmic anomalies, 6th nerve palsy and Duane＇s syndrome were excluded. Preoperative abduction deficit was considered from -1 to -3 grading scale. Three months after surgery, children were classified into no-need reoperation [deviation〈15 prism diopters （PD）], and need-reoperation groups （deviaUon〉15 PD）. RESULTS： In this retrospective study, 117 female and 99 male patients with the mean surgical age of 4.7±6.4y were included. Reoperation rate was 33.3% and 16.0% in lET patients with and without abduction deficit, respectively in patients who had a history of late surgery. Abduction deficit increased the odds of reoperation by 82% [OR=1.82, 95% confidence interval （CI） =1.05 to 3.19, P=0.003] in patients who had a history of late surgery （〉2 years old, P=0.021）. Abduction deficit was improved significantly after operation （P〈0.001）. CONCLUSION： Based on our results, abduction deficit can be considered as a risk factor of reoperation in lET patients who are operated at the age of more than 2y.

Peach yield and fruit quality is maintained under mild deficit irrigation in semi-arid China

We conducted a two-year study of deficit irrigation impact on peach yield and quality in semi-arid northwest China. Over two years, four-year-old peach trees were irrigated at 100, 75, 50 and 25% of peach evapotranspiration （ETc）, here, ETc= Coefficient （Kc）×Local reference evapotranspiration （ET0）. During the April-July fruit production season we measured root zone soil water depletion, sap flow velocity, net photosynthetic rate （Pn）, transpiration rate （Tr）, stomatal conductance （Gs）, water use efficiency （WUE=Pn/Tr）, fruit quality, and yield under a mobile rain-out shelter. Increased soil water depletion reasonably mirrored decreasing irrigation rates both years, causing progressively greater water stress. Progressive water stress lowered Gs, which in turn translated into lower T as measured by sap flow. However, mild deficit irrigation （75% ETc） constricted T more than Pn. Pn was not different between 100 and 75% ETc treatments in both years, and it decreased only 5-8% in June with higher temperature than that in May with cooler temperature. Concurrently under 75% ETc treatment, was reduced, and WUE was up to 13% higher than that under 100% ETc treatment. While total fruit yield was not different under the two treatments, because 75% ETc treatment had fewer but larger fruit than 100% ETc trees, suggesting mild water stress thinned fruit load. By contrast, sharply decreased T and Pn of the driest treatments （50 and 25% ETo） increased WUE, but less carbon uptake impacted total fruit yield, resulting 13 and 33% lower yield compared to that of 100% ETc treatment. Irrigation rates affected fruit quality, particularly between the 100 and 75% ETc trees. Fewer but larger fruit in the mildly water stressed trees （75% ETc） resulted in more soluble solids and vitamin C, firmer fruit, and improved sugar：acid ratio and fruit color compared to the 100% ETo treatment. Overall, trees deficit irrigated at 75% ETc maintained yield while improving fruit quality and using less water.

青藏高原东北缘现今块体应变率与活动断裂滑动亏损

基于中国地震局“陆态网络”获得的青藏高原东北缘应变率场、滑动亏损等结果,陇中盆地构造区北部的主张应变、剪应变,祁连块体中部和柴达木块体西部的主压应变、剪应变,羌塘块体东部的主张应变、剪应变均达到1998年以来的高值。西秦岭北缘断裂闭锁部位分布不均。除阿拉克湖-托索湖段外,东昆仑断裂其他部位滑动亏损降低,但整体较高;除托索湖段和玛曲段外,其他部位闭锁率分布均匀;秀沟-玛曲段维持较高的滑动亏损。六盘山断裂滑动亏损和滑动速率升高。东昆仑断裂秀沟-玛曲段、六盘山断裂固原-泾源段、海原断裂哈思山-马厂山段、阿尔金北缘断裂肃北宽滩山段、祁连山北缘断裂玉门和肃南段、西秦岭北缘断裂天水段与鸾凤段可能存在闭锁。

Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Patients with Chronic Pain

Aims: To investigate rates of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in patients with chronic pain attending a pain clinic, the effects of a screening measure for ADHD in patients with chronic pain, and the effects of ADHD drugs on both pain and ADHD symptoms. Methods: We retrospectively surveyed 110 patients with chronic pain visiting the Anesthesiology and Pain Relief Center at the University of Tokyo in Japan, who had also consulted a psychiatrist, between April 2012 and July 2015. Results: Of the total of 110 patients with chronic pain, 35 (31.8%) were also diagnosed with ADHD, and the average Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) score among the ADHD patients was 39.0 ± 22.1 (n = 25). Only 36.0% of these patients exceeded the cutoff value, suggesting that 64.0% of the patients with ADHD were not identified by screening with the WURS. Twenty-six patients initiated treatment with ADHD medication, with dosage adjustment completed in 21. Of these 21 patients 20 (95.0%) had improved ADHD symptoms. Improved pain symptoms were observed in 14 patients (66.6%), with a reduction in the pain numerical rating scale of 64.7% ± 30.1%. Conclusions: This is the first study investigating the comorbidity of ADHD and chronic pain at pain clinics showing a high level of comorbidity and amelioration of pain and ADHD symptoms with treatment. Careful interpretation is required when the WURS is used to screen patients with chronic pain.

Ethylene and Spermidine in Wheat Grains in Relation to Starch Content and Granule Size Distribution Under Water Deficit

Two wheat cultivars （Triticum aestivum L.） were used to evaluate the effects ofpost-anthesis severe water deficit （SD） on starch content and granule size distribution and their relations with ethylene and spermidine （Spd）. Comparison to the well-watered （WW） treatment, SD led to lower Spd and higher 1-aminocylopropane-l-carboxylic acid （ACC） concentrations and ethylene evolution rate （EER） in grains at the critical stage of forming starch granules. Application of Spd or aminoethoxyvinylglycine （AVG） significantly reduced ACC concentration and EER and increased Spd concentration, while ethephon or methylglyoxal-bis （MGBG） had an opposite impact. The volume and surface area distribution of starch granules showed a bimodal curve, while the number distribution exhibited a unimodal curve. SD caused a marked drop in grain weight, grain number and starch content, also led to a significant reduction in the proportion （both by volume and by surface area） of B-type starch granules （〈10 Ixm）, with an increase in those of A-type starch granules （〉10 ~tm）. Application of Spd or AVG increased the proportion （both by volume and by surface area） of B-type starch granules under SD. Correlation analysis suggested that ethylene and Spd showed an antagonism relation in the formation of B-type granules. These results suggested that it would be good for the formation of B-type starch granules to have the physiological traits of higher Spd and lower ACC concentrations and ethylene emission under SD.

西安地铁秋冬季热环境与热舒适实测分析

采用热环境实测和调查问卷相结合的方法,研究西安地铁2号线过渡季、冬季车站及轿厢热环境和热舒适情况。分析西安地铁2号线的5个典型代表车站及轿厢在秋季过渡季和供暖季(2020年9月~2021年2月)的温度变化规律。研究发现,冬季北客站地铁站的出入口和站厅平均温度分别为4.14和8.74℃,不满足《地铁设计规范》(GB 50157—2013)的要求;并得出西安地铁2号线秋季公共区域80%满意率的舒适区温度范围是15.7~22.8℃,轿厢是18.7~24.3℃,冬季公共区域80%满意率的舒适区温度范围是12.3~16.1℃。采用热感觉投票(TSV)和热损失率(HDR)相结合的方法,对地铁站热环境进行评价;对比调查问卷结果,对HDR进行修正,得到适用于西安地铁冬季热环境的评价指标。该研究可为地铁站内通风空调系统的设计和运行管理提供可靠的基础数据,有利于地铁乘客舒适热环境的营造。

日元汇率剧烈波动与日本货币政策关系研究

全球金融危机以来,日元汇率与货币政策关系是日本银行最棘手的问题。金融危机前后的日元升值和2021年以来日元急剧贬值期间,货币政策均成为被指责对象。日元升值背后是日美货币政策趋同引发日美利率差缩小和日元避险货币功能的强化,而当前日元贬值主要源于日美货币政策分化带来的利率差扩大,同时作为非货币政策因素的日元避险货币功能减弱和国际收支状况恶化促进日元贬值,并影响日元汇率走势。

黄淮海平原玉田县和陵县试区粮田土壤养分平衡现状评价

对黄淮海平原玉田县和陵县试区粮田土壤养分平衡现状进行了评价。结果表明 ,玉田县和陵县试区粮田氮素 (N)平衡均处于盈余状况 ,分别为 2 0 2 1和 189 3kg·hm-2 ·a-1,其实际平衡盈余率分别达到 6 4 4 %和 71 8% ,较允许平衡亏缺率 (玉田县和陵县试区分别为 - 4 8%和 - 2 3 1% )分别高出 6 9 2和 94 9个百分点 ,大大超过合理的范围 ,可能会引起环境问题。磷素 (P2 O5)平衡亦均处于盈余状态 ,分别为 5 8 4和 88 4kg·hm-2 ·a-1,其实际平衡盈余率分别为 5 7 2 %和 84 6 % ,较允许平衡盈亏率 (玉田县试区允许盈余 11 1% ,陵县试区允许亏缺- 6 2 3% )分别高出 4 6 1和 14 6 9个百分点 ,玉田县试区磷肥的施用基本合理 ,而陵县试区磷肥用量明显偏高 ,未得到合理高效利用。钾素 (K2 O)亏缺均较高 ,差异也较大 ,分别为 - 5 0 9和 - 115 3kg·hm-2 ·a-1,其实际平衡亏缺率均低于允许平衡亏缺率 ,两地尤其是陵县试区土壤钾素长期处于亏缺状态 ,将会明显降低土壤的供钾能力。

淮河流域冬小麦水分亏缺时空变化特征分析

统计研究区域4个小麦种植亚区的冬小麦全生育期、冬前生长期、越冬期、返青-抽穗期、灌浆-成熟期的水分亏缺率,并对其时空分布特征进行分析。结果表明,近39 a来,淮河流域冬小麦水分亏缺率的空间分布受气候、地形等多种因素影响,具有明显的地域特点:由北向南逐步递减,呈纬向分布;冬小麦水分亏缺率的年际变化趋势虽然不明显,但各区域水分条件最好和最差的生长时段并存于同一年代中;4个冬小麦种植亚区中以淮河流域北部平原冬麦区和东北丘陵冬麦区在冬小麦生长发育中、后期,特别是灌浆-成熟的关键时期,水分亏缺严重,对产量形成有很大影响。

河北低平原潮土氮磷钾平衡状况及评价研究

对河北低平原潮土氮磷钾养分平衡状况进行了分析和评价。研究结果表明 :该地区养分收支情况为氮磷有盈余 ,而钾处于亏损状态。各养分的平衡系数分别为氮 1. 0 7～ 1. 4 1,磷 1. 14～ 1. 70 ,钾 0 . 72～0 . 96。氮磷钾养分的实际盈亏率都在允许的范围内。氮的盈余率为 4 . 75 % ,比允许值 4 7. 6 %低 ;磷的盈余率为 13. 7% ,比允许值 1. 6 %高 ;钾的亏缺率为 2 8. 1% ,比允许值 4 1. 3%低。总的来说 ,在该试验条件下 。

地铁站乘客动态热舒适评价研究

分析了地铁站环境的特点和乘客出入地铁站时的热舒适变化特点。针对地铁站公共区域热环境特点,以南京某地铁站为研究对象,采用现场测试、问卷调查及动态热舒适评价模型RWI/HDR,对公共区域不同季节、不同评价单元的热舒适情况进行了分析和研究,得出了不同条件下乘客的热舒适度。研究发现,采用热感觉投票和相对热指标RWI相结合的方法能更为准确地评价地铁站热环境。最后结合南京地铁现有的环境与设备监控系统提出了车站温度动态控制模型。

湖北潮土区不同轮作制度下土壤养分平衡状况与评价

通过连续5年定点调查和取样分析,研究了湖北省2个潮土区域农田土壤养分平衡状况,并用允许养分平衡盈亏率进行了评价。结果表明:①在几种主要轮作制中,所有作物的K肥施用量及施用比例均明显比N肥低,但几乎所有作物的K素吸收量均明显高于N素吸收量,早、晚稻吸收P、K的比例明显高于其它作物。②不同轮作制中土壤养分平衡状况表现为N素有不同程度的盈余、P素基本平衡、K素总是亏缺的,且水田K素亏缺量明显高于旱地。在此基础上,作者提出"减N稳P增K"和以一个轮作周期为单位进行统筹施肥的养分平衡调控措施,以实现作物生产的高产稳产和土壤养分平衡的良性循环。

大凉山次级块体周边断层的闭锁特征

利用1999—2007期和2009—2013期中国大陆GPS速度场数据,采用DEFNODE负位错反演程序估算了大凉山次级块体周边断层——大凉山断裂、马边-盐津断裂、会泽-彝良断裂在汶川地震前后的断层闭锁程度和滑动亏损空间分布动态变化特征,并结合地震空区和b值空间分布等结果分析了这几条断裂带的强震危险性。结果表明,汶川地震对这3条断裂带的影响可能较弱,它们在地震前后闭锁程度基本一致,两期结果均显示大凉山断裂南段、马边-盐津断裂、会泽-彝良断裂(西南端除外)基本为完全闭锁;汶川地震前后3条断裂带的滑动亏损速率均较小,大凉山断裂以左旋滑动亏损为主,马边-盐津断裂具有很弱的左旋和挤压滑动亏损分量并在震后均稍有增强,会泽-彝良断裂以挤压滑动亏损为主、兼有右旋滑动亏损,汶川地震后其右旋分量消失。结合其他方法的研究结果,认为目前这3条断裂带仍具有较大地震发生的危险性。