Layer thickness dependent plastic deformation mechanism in Ti/TiCu dual-phase nano-laminates

Crystalline/amorphous nanolaminate is an effective strategy to improve the mechanical properties of metallic materials,but the underlying deformation mechanism is still under the way of exploring.Here,the mechanical properties and plastic deformation mechanism of Ti/TiCu dual-phase nanolaminates(DPNLs)with different layer thicknesses are investigated using molecular dynamics simulations.The results indicate that the influence of the layer thickness on the plastic deformation mechanism in crystalline layer is negligible,while it affects the plastic deformation mechanism of amorphous layers distinctly.The crystallization of amorphous TiCu is exhibited in amorphous parts of the Ti/TiCu DPNLs,which is inversely proportional to the layer thickness.It is observed that the crystallization of the amorphous TiCu is a process driven by stress and heat.Young's moduli for the Ti/TiCu DPNLs are higher than those of composite material due to the amorphous/crystalline interfaces.Furthermore,the main plastic deformation mechanism in crystalline part:grain reorientation,transformation from hexagonal-close-packed-Ti to face-centered cubic-Ti and body-centered cubic-Ti,has also been displayed in the present work.The results may provide a guideline for design of high-performance Ti and its alloy.

Tension-compression asymmetry and corresponding deformation mechanism in ZA21 magnesium bars with bimodal structure

We investigated the asymmetric tension-compression(T-C)behavior of ZA21 bars with bimodal and uniform structures through axial tension and compression tests.The results show that the yield strengths of bars having bimodal structure are 206.42 and 140.28 MPa under tension and compression,respectively,which are higher than those of bars having uniform structure with tensile and compressive yield strength of 183.71 and 102.86 MPa,respectively.Prismatic slip and extension twinning under tension and basal slip and extension twinning under compression dominate the yield behavior and induce the T-C asymmetry.However,due to the basal slip activated in fine grains under tension and the inhibition of extension twinning by fine grains under compression,the bimodal structure possesses a lower T-C asymmetry(0.68)compared to the uniform structure(0.56).Multiple extension twins occur during deformation,and the selection of twin variants depends on the Schmid factor of the six variants activated by parent grains.Furthermore,the strengthening effect of the bimodal structure depends on the grain size and the ratio of coarse and fine grains.

Deformation Mechanism of Bimodal Structured 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel in Two Yield Stages

A kind of micro/nanostructured 2205 duplex stainless steel(DSS)with uniform distribution of nanocrystals was prepared via aluminothermic reaction method.The analysis of stress-strain curve showed that the fracture strength and elongation of the specimen were 946 MPa and 24.7%,respectively.At present,the research on microstructure of bimodal 2205 DSS at room temperature(RT)mainly depended on scanning electron microscope(SEM)observation after loading experiments.The test result indicates that there are two different yield stages in stress-strain curve of specimen during tensile process.The microstructure of duplex bimodal structured stainless steel consists of two pairs of soft hard regions and phases.By studying deformation mechanism of bimodal structured stainless steel,the interaction between soft phase and hard phase are discussed.The principle of composition design and microstructure control of typical duplex stainless steel is obtained,which provides an important research basis for designing of advanced duplex stainless steel.

Influence of bimodal non-basal texture on microstructure characteristics,texture evolution and deformation mechanisms of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet rolled at liquid-nitrogen temperature

Cryogenic rolling experiments have been conducted on the AZ31 magnesium(Mg)alloy sheet with bimodal non-basal texture,which is fabricated via the newly developed equal channel angular rolling and continuous bending process with subsequent annealing(ECAR-CB-A)process.Results demonstrate that this sheet shows no edge cracks until the accumulated thickness reduction reaches about 18.5%,which is about 105.6%larger than that of the sheet with traditional basal texture.Characterization experiments including optical microstructure(OM),X-ray diffractometer(XRD),and electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)measurements are then performed to explore the microstructure characteristics,texture evolution and deformation mechanisms during cryogenic rolling.Experimental observations confirm the occurrence of abundant{10–12}extension twins(ETs),twin-twin interactions among{10–12}ET variants and{10–12}-{10–12}double twins(DTs).The twinning behaviors as for{10–12}ETs are responsible for the concentration of c-axes of grains towards normal direction(ND)and the formation of transverse direction(TD)-component texture at the beginning of cryogenic rolling.The twinning behaviors with respect to{10–12}-{10–12}DTs are responsible for the disappearance of TD-component texture at the later stage of cryogenic rolling.The involved deformation mechanisms can be summarized as follows:Firstly{10–12}ETs dominate the plastic deformation.Subsequently,dislocation slip,especially basal<a>slip,starts to sustain more plastic strain,while{10–12}ETs occur more frequently and enlarge continuously,resulting in the formation of twin-twin interaction among{10–12}ET variants.With the increasing rolling passes,{10–12}-{10–12}DTs incorporate in the plastic deformation and dislocation slip serves as the major one to sustain plastic strain.The activities of basal<a>slip,{10–12}ETs and{10–12}-{10–12}DTs benefit in accommodating the plastic strain in sheet thickness,which contributes to the improved rolling formability in AZ31 Mg alloy sheet with bimodal non-basal texture during cryogenic rolling.

Deformation mechanism,orientation evolution and mechanical properties of annealed cross-rolled Mg-Zn-Zr-Y-Gd sheet during tension

Mg-6.75Zn-0.57Zr-0.4Y-0.18Gd(wt.%)sheet with typical basal texture was produced by cross rolling and annealing.Room temperature tensile tests were subsequently conducted along rolling direction(RD),transverse direction(TD),and diagonal direction(RD45).Deformation mechanism and orientation evolution during the tension were investigated by quasi-in-situ electron backscatter diffraction observation and in-grain misorientation axis analysis.The results indicate that the activation of deformation mechanism mainly depends on the initial grain orientation.For RD sample,prismatic<a>slip plays an important role in the deformation of grains with<0001>axis nearly perpendicular to the RD.With the<0001>axis gradually tilted towards the RD,basal<a>slip becomes the dominant deformation mode.After the tensile fracture,the initial concentrically distributed{0001}pole is split into double peaks extending perpendicular to the RD,and the randomly distributed{1010}pole becomes parallel to the RD.The evolution in{0001}and{1010}poles during tension is related to the lattice rotation induced by basal<a>slip and prismatic<a>slip,respectively.TD and RD45 samples exhibit similar deformation mechanism and orientation evolution as the RD sample,which results in the nearly isotropic mechanical properties in the annealed cross-rolled sheet.

Main Structural Styles and Deformation Mechanisms in the Northern Sichuan Basin,Southern China

The Triassic Jialingjiang Formation and Leikoupo Formation are characterized by thick salt layers. Three tectono-stratigraphic sequences can be identified according to detachment layers of Lower-Middle Triassic salt beds in the northern Sichuan Basin, i.e. the sub-salt sequence composed of Sinian to the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation, the salt sequence of the Lower Triassic Jialingjiang Formation and Mid-Triassic Leikoupou Formation, and the supra-salt sequence composed of continental clastics of the Upper-Triassic Xujiahe Formation, Jurassic and Cretaceous. A series of specific structural styles, such as intensively deformed belt of basement-involved imbricated thrust belt, basement-involved and salt-detached superimposed deformed belt, buried salt-related detached belt, duplex, piling triangle zone and pop-up, developed in the northern Sichuan Basin. The relatively thin salt beds, associated with the structural deformation of the northern Sichuan Basin, might act as a large decollement layer. The deformation mechanisms in the northern Sichuan Basin included regional compression and shortening, plastic flow and detachment, tectonic upwelling and erosion, gravitational sliding and spreading. The source rocks in the northern Sichuan Basin are strata underlying the salt layer, such as the Cambrian, Silurian and Permian. The structural deformation related to the Triassic salt controlled the styles of traps for hydrocarbon. The formation and development of hydrocarbon traps in the northern Sichuan Basin might have a bearing upon the Lower-Middle Triassic salt sequences which were favorable to the hydrocarbon accumulation and preservation. The salt layers in the Lower-Middle Triassic formed the main cap rocks and are favorable for the accumulation and preservation of hydrocarbon.

The effect of LPSO on the deformation mechanism of Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr magnesium alloy

The tensile deformation behavior and corresponding microstructure evolution of the Mg-4.7Gd-3.4Y-1.2Zn-0.5Zr(at.%)magnesium alloy with long period stacking structure(LPSO)are studied by electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)and slip lines methods.The results show that less and very small size of twins is observed in the grains with high value of Schmid factor for twinning,which indicates that the growth of the{10–12}twinning deformation is prevented by the LPSO phase.The prismatic lines present in grains of which the prismatic slip Schmid factor is above 0.4.The favorable orientation and LPSO phase synergistically promote the activation of prismatic slip.The inhomogeneous rotation of the grains during deformation is the reason for the microcrack at grain boundary.

Numerical investigation of the deformation mechanism of a bubble or a drop rising or falling in another fluid

A numerical method for simulating the motion and deformation of an axisymmetric bubble or drop rising or falling in another infinite and initially stationary fluid is developed based on the volume of fluid （VOF） method in the frame of two incompressible and immiscible viscous fluids under the action of gravity, taking into consideration of surface tension effects. A comparison of the numerical results by this method with those by other works indicates the validity of the method. In the frame of inviseid and incompressible fluids without taking into consideration of surface tension effects, the mechanisms of the generation of the liquid jet and the transition from spherical shape to toroidal shape during the bubble or drop deformation, the increase of the ring diameter of the toroidal bubble or drop and the decrease of its cross-section area during its motion, and the effects of the density ratio of the two fluids on the deformation of the bubble or drop are analysed both theoretically and numerically.

Deformation mechanism of fine grained Mg-7Gd-5Y-l.2Nd-0.5Zr alloy under high temperature and high strain rates

Fine grained Mg-7Gd-5Y-1.2Nd-0.5Zr alloy was investigated by dynamic compression tests using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar under the strain rates in the range 1000-2000 s^(-1) and the temperature range 293-573 K along the normal direction.The microstructure was measured by optical microscopy,electron back-scattering diffraction,transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry.The results showed that Mg-7Gd-5Y-1.2Nd-0.5Zr alloy had the positive strain rate strengthening effect and thermal softening effect at high temperature.The solid solution of Gd and Y atoms in Mg-7Gd-5Y-1.2Nd-0.5Zr alloy reduced the asymmetry of α-Mg crystals and changed the critical shear stress of various deformation mechanisms.The main deformation mechanisms were prismatic slip and pyramidal(a)slip,{102}tension twinning,and dynamic recrystallization caused by local deformation such as particle-stimulated nucleation.c 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Chongqing University.

Deformation Mechanisms and Safe Drilling Fluids Density in Extremely Thick Salt Formations

Hydrocarbons are very often associated with salt structures. The oil and gas industry is often required to drill along and through long salt sections to reach and recover hydrocarbons. The unique physical properties of salt require special techniques to ensure borehole stability and adequate casing design. This paper assumed that the mechanical behavior of salt is regulated by the magnitude of mean stress and octahedral shear stress and under the influence of different stress conditions the deformation of rock salt can be represented by three domains, i.e. compression domain, volume unchanged domain, and dilatancy domain, which are separated by a stress dependent boundary. In the compression domain, the volume of salt decreases until all microcracks are closed, with only elastic deformation and pure creep; in the volume unchanged domain the deformation is considered steady incompressible flow controlled by pure creep; and in the dilatancy domain the volume of salt increases during deformation due to micro-cracking, causing damage and accelerating ＂creep＂ until failure. This paper presents a hypothesis that the borehole is stable only when the magnitude of octahedral shear stress is below the dilatancy boundary. It gives the design method for determining drilling fluids density, and calculates the closure rate ofborehole with the recommended drilling fluids density. If the closure rate of the borehole is less than 0.1%, the drilling fluids density window can be used during drilling through extremely thick salt formations.

Time-dependent squeezing deformation mechanism of tunnels in layered soft-rock stratum under high geo-stress

Large squeezing deformation of layered soft rock tunnel under high geo-stress has a significant time-dependent deformation behavior.In this paper,we studied the deformation mechanism during the construction period of deep-buried softrock tunnel by means of a combination of field observations and a numerical method.First,a new classification criterion for large deformations based on the power exponent variation law between the deformation and the strength-stress ratio is proposed.Then,the initial damage tensor reflecting the bedding plane(joint)distribution and an equivalent damage evolution equation derived from the viscoplastic strain are introduced based on the geometric research method,i.e.,a new rheological damage model(RDL model)of layered soft rock is established consisting of elastic,viscous,viscoelastic,viscoplastic and plastic elements.A field test was conducted on the Maoxian tunnel in Sichuan province,southwestern China,which is in broken phyllite(layered soft rock)under high geo-stress.The tunnel has experienced large deformation due to serious squeezing pressure,thus we adopted double primary support method to overcome the supporting structure failure problems.The rheological parameters of phyllite in the Maoxian tunnel were recognized by using SA-PSO optimization,and the RDL model does a good job in describing the time-dependent deformation behavior of a layered soft-rock tunnel under high geo-stress.Thus,the RDL model was used to investigate the supporting effect and bearing mechanism of the double primary support method.Compared with the single primary support method,the surrounding rock pressure,secondary lining force,surrounding rock deformation,and the depth of the damage to the rock mass was reduced by 40%-60%after the double primary support method was used.

Deformation mechanism of the spray formed 70Si30Al alloy during hot compression

The deformation mechanism of the spray formed 70Si30Al alloy was studied by hot compression on a Gleeble-1500 test machine. It is shown that hot deformation of the spray formed 70Si30Al alloy is achieved by liquid flow due to isostatic pressure and movement of solid particles due to shear force. Deformation condition depends on the nucleation rate and closure rate of the cavities. The flow stress slightly varies when the difference between the nucleation rate and closure rate of the cavities is small; however, it decreases when the nucleation rate of the cavities is greater than the closure rate of the cavities.

The microstructure evolution and deformation mechanism in a casting AM80 magnesium alloy under ultra-high strain rate loading

Ultra-high strain rate impact tests were conducted by Split-Hopkinson pressure bar to investigate the microstructure evolution and impact deformation mechanism of a solution treated casting AM80 Mg alloy at 25, 150 and 250 ℃ with a strain rate of 5000 s^(-1). The microcrack and dynamic recrystallization(DRX) preferentially nucleate at grain boundary(GB) and twin boundary(TB), especially at the intersections between GBs and TBs, and then propagate along twin direction. In contrast, the adiabatic shear bands preferentially occur at high-density twined regions. At 25 ℃, the dominated deformation mechanisms are basal slip and twinning. As deformation temperature increases to 150and 250℃, the deformation gradually shifts to be dominated by a coordinated mechanism among non-basal slip, twinning and DRX. The flow stress behavior and deformation mechanism indicate that the degree of decrease in flow stress with temperature is associated with the change of deformation mode.

HIGH TEMPERATURE DEFORMATION MECHANISM AND CONSTITUTIVE EQUATION OF Ti-40 BUREN RESISTANT TITANIUM ALLOY

Ti - 40 alloy is a single β phase burn resistant titanium alloy.Its high temperature deformation mech- anism is studied and its stress - strain curves are examined he use of Gleeble - 1500 thermal -simulator. The results reveal that there are abrupt flow stress drops followed b steady state.The magnitude of the flow stress drop increases with strain rote and decreases with temperature.Deformation activation energy, Q, is 247. 5 KJ/mol. The deformation mechanism of Ti - 40 alloy is controlled by the lattice diffusion Its constitutive equation is set up, i. e.

The Compressive Deformation Behavior and Deformation Mechanism of Ti14 Alloy in Semi-solid State

The semi-solid deformation behavior of Til4 was investigated using compression tests at deformation temperatures between 1 273 and 1 423 K with strain rate of 5×10^-2 s^-1. Moreover, the fraction solid at different temperatures was also measured by image analysis. The results showed that the deformation temperature had strong effects on the flow stress, and the stress increased with the decrease of deformation temperature. The maximum stress depended greatly on the fraction solid, and a sharp decrease in stress occurred at a solid fraction between 0.94 and 0.98 （temperature from 1 323 to 1 373 K）. This decrease was related to the decrease in the amount of solid bridges between grains. Because of the partial solid/liquid segregation during deformation, the experimental strain rates were much lower than those calculated by the flow of liquid incorporating solid particles, which suggested that the main deformation mechanism between 1 323 and 1 373 K was still plastic deformation of solid particles.

Microstructures and deformation mechanisms of experimentally deformed gabbro

The natural gabbro samples were deformed at temperature ranging from 700 to 1150 ℃ with strain rate steps of 1 ×10^-4, 2.5 ×10^-5, 6.3 ×10^-6 s^-1. The mechanical data show that sample experiences gradual transition from semi-brittle flow to plastic flow, corresponding to a systematically decreasing stress exponent n with the increasing temperature ranging from 16.5 to 4.1 （He et al. Sci China （D） 46（7）：730-742, 2003）. We investigate microstructures and deformation mechanisms of experimentally deformed gabbro under transmission electron microscope in this study. For low temperature of 700 ℃ to 950℃, the deformation is mainly accommodated with dislocation glide and mechanical twinning, corresponding to stress exponent lager than 5, which means semi-brittle deformation. Whereas with higher temperature up to 1000 ℃-1150 ℃, the deformation is accommodated mainly with dislocation glide and climb corresponding to stress exponent of 4.1, which means plastic deformation. Evidence of dislocation climb has been found as dislocation walls in plagioclase. The observed slip system in plagioclase is （001）1/21110] and that in clinopyroxene are （100）[001] and （010）[001]. The （010）[001] slip system in clinopyroxene is newly found in this work. Melt was found at temperature of 950 ℃-1050 ℃. The melt glass distributed both in melt thin film between two grain boundaries and melt tubules of triangular along three grain boundaries at temperature of 950℃-1000℃. The melt triangular interconnected to the melt film at temperature of 1050 ℃-1150℃, where the melt chemical compositiondifferentiated into iron-rich dark dots and silicate-rich matrix.

Ab initio study on the anisotropy of mechanical behavior and deformation mechanism for boron carbide

The mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of boron carbide under a-axis and c-axis uniaxial compression are investigated by ab initio calculations based on the density functional theory.Strong anisotropy is observed.Under a-axis and c-axis compression,the maximum stresses are 89.0 GPa and 172.2 GPa respectively.Under a-axis compression,the destruction of icosahedra results in the unrecoverable deformation,while under c-axis compression,the main deformation mechanism is the formation of new bonds between the boron atoms in the three-atom chains and the equatorial boron atoms in the neighboring icosahedra.

Deformation mechanisms and differential work hardening behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy during biaxial deformation

Magnesium alloys are frequently subjected to biaxial stress during manufacturing process,however,the work hardening behavior under such circumstance are not well understood.In this study,the deformation mechanisms and differential work hardening behavior of rolled AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets under biaxial loading are investigated.The change of plastic work contours with increasing plastic strain indicates the differential work hardening behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy under biaxial stress state,resulting in higher macroscopic work hardening rates of biaxial loading than uniaxial loading,with the elastic-plastic transition part of work hardening extended and stage Ⅲ hardly emerged.Electron backscatter diffraction and Schmid factor analysis confirm the low activation of non-basalslip during biaxial loading tests.While the thickness strain is primarily accommodated by pyramidal<c+a>slip at the initial stage of biaxial deformation,{10–11}contraction twinning is activated at larger plastic strain.The low activation of non-basalslip also retards the dynamic recovery and cross-slip of basal and prismaticslips,leading to the differential work hardening behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy under biaxial stress state.

Plastic deformation mechanism transition of Ti/Ni nanolaminate with pre-existing crack:Molecular dynamics study

Tensile behaviors of Ti/Ni nanolaminate with model-I crack are investigated by molecular dynamics simulations.The Ti/Ni nanolaminates with center crack either in Ti layer or in Ni layer under different loading directions are utilized to systematically study the mechanical performance of the cracked material.The results indicate that pre-existing crack dramatically changes the plastic deformation mechanism of the Ti/Ni nanolaminate.Unlike the initial plastic deformation originating from the interface or weak Ti layer of the crack-free samples,the plastic behavior of cracked Ti/Ni nanolaminate first occurs at the crack tip due to the local stress concentration.Subsequent plastic deformation is dominated by the interaction between the crack and interface.The Ti/Ni interface not only impedes the movement of the initial plastic deformation carriers(dislocation,slip band,and deformation twinning)from the crack tip,but also promotes the movement of interfacial dislocations in the tension process.Microstructure evolution analysis further confirms that the plastic deformation mechanism transition is ascribed to the orientation-dependent tensile behavior at the crack tip,which is intrinsically attributed to the anisotropy of the certain crystal structure and loading direction of the cracked Ti/Ni nanolaminate.In addition,by analyzing the effects of different plastic deformation carriers on crack propagation in specific crystal,it can be discovered that the interfacial dislocations moving towards the crack tip can further promote the crack growth.

Phase Transformation and Deformation Mechanism of Ti_3Al-base Alloy

The phase transformation and deformation mechanism of the alloy based on composition Ti_3Al with addition of Nb,V,Mo have been studied by use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM).It has been shown that the orientation relationship of α_2 phase transformed from β phase is:(0001)α_2// (l10)β,[1210]α_2//[111]β.The present dislocation slip systems in α_2 phase are (1100)[0001] and (1100)<1120>.There also exist α_2 twins which have new twin relationship and the twin plane is (2021).