FORMATION OF THE CRUSTAL MELTING LAYER AND ITS RELATIONS TO THE DEFORMATION OF CONTINENTAL CRUST:AN EXAMPLEFROM SOUTHEAST CHINA

Unlike the magma intrusion model,the in- situ melting hypothesis advanced in the lastdecade regards the upper crustas a closed system,and granite as the resultof the materialswithin system changing from order (protolith) to disorder (melts) and to new order(granite) with the variations of entropy of the system.The various geological and geochemi-cal data from the Mesozoic granitesof southeast China are explained logically and systemical-ly by the hypothesis,concluding that they should be originated from the melting of pro-toliths.According to the hypothesis,melts generated from in- situ melting are of layer- likewithin the crustand batholithsare the protruding parts of the uppersurface of the layer (de-fined as the Melting Interface,MI for short) .On the basis the author tries to discuss thesource of heatfor the Mesozoic crustal melting in southeast China.

Crustal Structure of the Jurassic Quiet Zone in the West Pacific Ocean:Insights from 2D Multichannel Seismic Reflection Profiles

The Jurassic oceanic crust is the oldest existing oceanic crust on earth,and although distributed sparsely,carries essential information about the earth's evolution.The area around the Pigafetta Basin in the west Pacific Ocean(also known as the Jurassic Quiet Zone,JQZ)is one of a few areas where the Jurassic oceanic crust is present.This study takes full advantage of high-resolution multichannel seismic reflection profiles in combination with bathymetry,magnetic,and gravity data from the JQZ to examine the structure,deformation,and morphology of the Jurassic oceanic crust.Our results show the following insights:1)The Moho lies at 2–3 s in two-way travel time beneath the seafloor with the segmented feature.The gaps between the Moho segments well correspond to the seamounts on the seafloor,suggesting the upward migration of magma from the mantle has interrupted the pre-existing Moho.2)The oceanic crust is predominantly deformed by crustal-scale thrust faults,normal faults cutting through the top of basement,and vertical seismic disturbance zones in association with migration of thermal fluids.The thrust faults are locally found and interpreted as the results of tectonic inversion.3)Seafloor morphology in the JQZ is characterized by fault scarps,fold scarps,seamounts,and small hills,indicating the occurrence of active faults.4)The oceanic crust in the JQZ and East Pacific Rise has many structural and geometrical variations,such as the thickness of sediments,seafloor topography,basement morphology,fault size and type.

The Application of GNSS to Fault Deformation Studies

Great earthquakes often occur along or near active fault belts. Thus,monitoring and research on fault deformation are quite important. Methods such as short-leveling,shortbaseline and integrated monitoring profile across fault belts have been used to monitor fault activities for many years. GNSS observations are mainly used to obtain the horizontal velocity field in large areas and to study the activities and deformation of major blocks.GNSS technology has been used to monitor and study the deformation of faults from a different aspects. In this paper,some applications and new explorations of GNSS are discussed. They are:( 1) Research and monitoring of strike-slip activities of faults with GNSS.( 2) Research and monitoring of vertical activities of faults with GNSS.( 3)Investigating the laws of deformation of blocks on the sides of fault zone and setting up strain models to deduce the activities and deformation of faults with respective models and compare the deduced results with the actual measurements across fault. It is concluded that a larger discrepancy between the deduced and the observed deformation indicates a stronger interaction between the blocks,which can be important for predicting the location of a strong earthquake and assessing seismic hazard,as well as the seismicity trend.

Crust Shortening of the Daliangshan Tectonic Zone in the Cenozoic Era and Its Implications

The Daliangshan tectonic zone is a rhombic area to the east of the Anninghe and Zemuhe fault zones in the middle segment of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system along the southeast margin of the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibet） Plateau. Since the Cenozoic era, the neotectonic deformation in the Daliangshan tectonic zone has presented not only sinistral slip and reverse faulting along the Daliangshan fault zone, but also proximate SN-trending crust shortening. It is estimated that the average crust shortening in the Daliangshan tectonic zone is 10.9 ± 1.6 km, with a shortening rate of 17.8 ± 2.2% using the method of balanced cross-sections. The crust shortening from folding occurred mainly in the Miocene and the Pliocene periods, lasting no more than 8.6 Ma. Based on this, a crust shortening velocity of 1.3 ± 0.2 mm/a can be estimated. Compared with the left offset along the Daliangshan fault zone, it is recognized that crust shortening by folding plays an important part in transferring crustal deformation southeastward along the Xianshulhe-Xiaojiang fault system.

Paleozoic and Mesozoic Basement Magmatisms of Eastern Qaidam Basin,Northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:LA-ICP-MS Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and its Geological Significance

The eastern margin of the Qaidam Basin lies in the key tectonic location connecting the Qinling, Qilian and East Kunlun orogens. The paper presents an investigation and analysis of the geologic structures of the area and LA-ICP MS zircon U-Pb dating of Paleozoic and Mesozoic magmatisms of granitoids in the basement of the eastern Qaidam Basin on the basis of 16 granitoid samples collected from the South Qilian Mountains, the Qaidam Basin basement and the East Kunlun Mountains. According to the results in this paper, the basement of the basin, from the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin to the East Kunlun Mountains, has experienced at least three periods of intrusive activities of granitoids since the Early Paleozoic, i.e. the magmatisms occurring in the Late Cambrian （493.1±4.9 Ma）, the Silurian （422.9±8.0 Ma-420.4±4.6 Ma） and the Late Permian-Middle Triassic （257.8±4.0 Ma-228.8＋1.5 Ma）, respectively. Among them, the Late Permian - Middle Triassic granitoids form the main components of the basement of the basin. The statistics of dated zircons in this paper shows the intrusive magmatic activities in the basement of the basin have three peak ages of 244 Ma （main）, 418 Ma, and 493 Ma respectively. The dating results reveal that the Early Paleozoic magmatism of granitoids mainly occurred on the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin and the southern margin of the Qilian Mountains, with only weak indications in the East Kunlun Mountains. However, the distribution of Permo-Triassic （P-T） granitoids occupied across the whole basement of the eastern Qaidam Basin from the southern margin of the Qilian Mountains to the East Kunlun Mountains. An integrated analysis of the age distribution of P-T granitoids in the Qaidam Basin and its surrounding mountains shows that the earliest P-T magmatism （293.6-270 Ma） occurred in the northwestern part of the basin and expanded eastwards and southwards, resulting in the P-T intrusive magmatism that ran through the whole basin basement. As the Cenozoic basement thrust system developed in the eastern Qaidam Basin, the nearly N-S-trending shortening and deformation in the basement of the basin tended to intensify from west to east, which went contrary to the distribution trend of N-S-trending shortening and deformation in the Cenozoic cover of the basin, reflecting that there was a transformation of shortening and thickening of Cenozoic crust between the eastern and western parts of the Qaidam Basin, i.e., the crustal shortening of eastern Qaidam was dominated by the basement deformation （triggered at the middle and lower crust）, whereas that of western Qaidam was mainly by folding and thrusting of the sedimentary cover （the upper crust）.

Discovering Crustal Deformation Bands by Processing Regional Gravity Field

Objectives： This article presents a new computational procedure to discover scratches buried in the earth＇s crust. We also validate this new interdisciplinary analysis method with regional gravity data located in a well-known Dabie orogenic zone for test. Methods： Based on the scratch analysis method evolved with mathematical morphology of surfaces, we present a procedure that extracts information of the crustal scratches from regional gravity data. Because the crustal scratches are positively and highly correlated to crustal deformation bands, it can be used for delineation of the crustal deformation belts. The scratches can be quantitatively characterized by calculation of the ridge coefficient function, whose high value traces delineate the deformation bands hidden in the regional gravity field. In addition, because the degree of crustal deformation is an important indicator of tectonic unit divisions, so the crust can be further divided according to the degree of crustal deformation into some tectonic units by using the ridge coefficient data, providing an objective base map for earth scientists to build tectonic models with quantitative evidence. Results： After the ridge coefficients are calculated, we can further enhance the boundary of high ridge-coefficient blocks, resulting in the so-called ridge-edge coefficient function. The high-value ridge-edge coefficients are well correlated with the edge faults of tectonic units underlay, providing accurate positioning of the base map for compilation of regional tectonic maps. In order to validate this new interdisciplinary analysis method, we select the Dabie orogenic zone as a pilot area for test, where rock outcrops are well exposed on the surface and detailed geological and geophysical surveys have been carried out. Tests show that the deformation bands and the tectonic units, which are conformed by tectonic scientists based on surface observations, are clearly displayed on the ridge and ridge-edge coefficient images obtained in this article. Moreover, these computer-generated images provide more accurate locations and geometric details. Conclusions： This work demonstrates that application of modern mathematical tools can promote the quantitative degree in research of modern geosciences, helping to open a door to develop a new branch of mathematical tectonics.

DEFORMATION RATE CHANGES OF TECTONIC BELTS ALONG BOUNDARIES OF YUNNAN SICHAUN BLOCK AND RELATION TO GROUPED STRONG EARTHQUAKES

Deformation measurements such as short range leveling, short baseline, continuous cross fault strain measurement are carried out at different intervals from 1982 to 2001.All these measurement sites are built across the boundary tectonic belts of Yunnan Sichuan block. On the basis of these deformation data, the annual deformation rates at all sites are calculated and their change curves with time are plotted respectively. With these calculated results, we analyze the vertical and horizontal movements of tectonic belts of Yunnan Sichuan block, and the relationship to grouped strong earthquakes occurred in the block are discussed as well. These results show that the tectonic activities in the western and southeastern Yunnan are intensive. Along some eastern boundary belts: from Qujiang, Xiaojiang fault belts in the south of Yunnan to Xianshuihe fault belts in northwestern Sichuan, present annual rate of horizontal deformation decreases.Along Xianshuihe, Xiaojiang and Longmenshan fault belts the rates of vertical deformation change are small,but the vertical deformation change rates along Anninghe and Zemuhe fault belts are comparatively large. The comprehensive analysis shows that grouped strong earthquakes will occur probably when the deformation rate changes sharply. Thus we think that sharp changes of deformation rates may be one of the seismic precursors.

Empirical Approaches to Earthquake Prediction: A Brief Review of the Practice and Research in China

This paper gives a brief review of some progress in the research and practice of earthquake prediction in China in terms of the study of strong earthquake cases in three disciplines of precursory means: crust deformation and strain, underground fluid dynamics, and geoelectro-magnettsm, summarized in the past 30-odd years. All the progress, however, shows that the research of earthquake prediction in China is still in the empirical stage of its development. The main tasks in this stage would involve the following aspects: (1) accumulating earthquake cases, particularly the cases of strong earthquakes with a wide variety of reliable precursory data observed by fixed or mobile networks of different disciplines; and (2) studying the physical mechanism of observational means in more detail and the synthetic model of earthquake preparation based on the theoretical and laboratory researches as well as the data of in-situ observation.

Gravity evidence of underplating in the northeastern margin area of Qinghai-Tibet plateau

Based on leveling data in 1972 -2011 and relative-gravity data in 1993 -2011, we obtained a longterm vertical crustal-deformation rate of 1.62mm/a and a relative-gravity variation rate of 0.62 × 10^-8 ms^-2a^-1 for the northeastern margin area of Qinghai-Tibet plateau. After removing the contributions from the observed vertical movement and inferred surface denudation, we obtain a gravity-variation rate of 0.73 × 10^-8 ms^-2a^-1 attributable to the mass changes beneath the crust. This positive change suggests that the total mass under the observation stations was gradually increasing. We consider this result to be the gravitational evidence of underplating beneath the study area, and propose that the underplating was caused by collision betwen the Indian plate and Tibetan plateau and by gravitation-potential induced deviatoric stress.

Relation between electricity structure of the crust and deformation of crustal blocks on the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Study on the electricity structure along a magnetotelluric(MT)sounding profile on the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau indicates that four crustal blocks can be de-termined from southwest to northeast,namely Bayan Har block(BH),Qin-Qi block(QQ),Hai-yuan block(HY)or the North-South seismotectonic belt and Ordos block(OD).The BH,QQ and OD blocks display a similar electricity structure of the crust.The upper crust represents a high-resistivity layer and the upper part of lower crust represents a low-resistivity layer with the resis-tivity increasing gradually with depth from the lower part of lower crust to the upper mantle.The electricity structure of the crust in these three blocks is similar to that in the complete blocks on the southern and eastern margins of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and belongs to normal electricity layering of the crust in slightly deformed or complete intracontinental blocks.The crust in HY block as a boundary zone has been significantly deformed,hence its electricity layering was de-stroyed and the structure was complex and the block became a recent tectonically active and great seismo-active region.The contact belts between the blocks on the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau exhibit both upthrusting outward and strike-slip movement different from those on the southern and eastern margins of the plateau.The genesis of the low-resistivity layer in the crust is analyzed and the thickness of the lithosphere is estimated in the paper.

全膝关节置换术中Pie-crusting技术治疗膝骨关节炎内翻畸形的临床研究

目的探讨全膝关节置换术中Pie-crusting技术治疗膝骨关节炎内翻畸形的临床效果。方法选取2018年1月至2021年1月徐州医科大学附属连云港医院收治的82例膝骨关节炎内翻畸形患者,依照随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组,每组41例。两组患者均行全膝关节置换术治疗,研究组患者术中另行Pie-crusting技术纠正内翻畸形。比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间,比较两组术前和术后6个月膝关节内翻角度、膝关节活动度、美国特种外科医院膝关节评分(HSS评分)和世界卫生组织生存质量测定量表(WHOQOL-100)评分及术后6个月并发症发生情况。结果两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后6个月,两组膝关节内翻角度较术前降低,但两组膝关节内翻角度比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组膝关节活动度较术前升高,且研究组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后6个月,两组HSS、WHOQOL-100评分均较术前升高,且研究组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后6个月,两组患者并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论全膝关节置换术中Pie-crusting技术治疗膝关节炎内翻畸形患者能够有效矫正内翻畸形,改善膝关节活动度及功能,提高生活质量,且安全可靠。

Observation on Height Changes of Chinese Tide Gauges by GPS

The height changes of tide gauges directly influence sea level observation. For research of sea level variation in large region or globe, the land vertical displacement must be considered. Two sessions of GPS and absolute gravity observations in 2001 and 2003 are used to determine the horizontal and vertical motion of China coast in ITRF2000 and Eurasia frame. The difference between results of continuous observation and periodic observation is discussed.

INVERSE DDA OF A SYSTEM OF BLOCKS IN SPHERE COORDINATES

In accordance with the geometric equations of elastic mechanics in the sphere coordinates, the displacement equation of blocks on asphere consisting of 6 deforming parameters is developed. The formula for distance between blocks is derived under the supposition that all block boundaries are prime arcs. The kinematic constraint and the penalty function for reasonable contact between blocks are developed. The normal equations and their coefficient matrix, based on the Least Squares Principle, are derived. The problem of adjudging penetration between blocks is discussed, and a solution is proposed.

对强震地形变监测预报方法的思考

简要回顾了中国地形变用于强震监测预报领域的发展过程及现状。对几次强震前得到的比较突出的地形变异常进行了分析,收集了大面积形变异常与强震中长期预测、地震前兆分布存在时间有序和空间配套,强震前发现巨幅形变异常,InSAR给出强震前地面垂向形变,强震前地倾斜异常,慢地震和预滑移等方面的研究成果。综合分析认为,强震前震中区附近存在与孕震体尺度相当的巨幅快速地面异常隆升。及时有效地捕捉强震前巨幅快速地面异常隆升的时间有序和空间配套的异常信息,可望针对人口稠密区域未来发生的强震给出具有减灾实效的预测预报意见,值得尝试。基于本研究提出了针对人口稠密的地震重点监视防御区开展高密度、大量程、低精度地倾斜观测的设想,并初步给出了观测方案、基本原理和数据计算处理方法。

青藏高原及其周缘的各向异性研究

本文利用中国国家台网在青藏地区布设的台站记录到的近5年震级在5.8以上、震中距在东经88°~120°之间的39个远震地震事件进行SKS横波分裂测量,来研究青藏高原及其周缘地区的各向异性及变形特征。在青藏内部地区,SKS横波分裂测量的快轴自西向东逐渐从NE—SW向转为E—W向,再转为NNE向,与GPS速度场方向基本一致,呈顺时针方向变化。造成此地区SKS分裂测量结果的原因可能为缅甸板块向东俯冲时发生向西的后撤运动,使得此区域的岩石圈产生环状变形。川滇地区南部的GPS数据显示了近ES向的地表形变且走滑断层走向为NW—SE向,Pms地壳各向异性快轴方向主要为S—N向或NNE—SSW向,SKS分裂结果揭示了E—W向的上地幔各向异性特征,与Pms快轴方向以大角度相交或垂直,说明云南地区深部软流圈地幔流动场与地壳及地表变形特征不一致,地幔和地壳的变形机制和各向异性来源不同,发生解耦变形。

Surveying of the deformed terraces and crust shortening rate in the northwestern Tarim Basin

Relief surveying and chronology study were carried out on the deformed river terraces across the Artushi anticline belt in the northwestern Tarim Basin. The crust shortening rate of this anticline belt since late Pleistocene was calculated to be up to 5-6 mm/a. The total crust shortening rate from the northwestern Tarim Basin to southwestern Tianshan since late Pleistocene was estimated to be over 10 mm/a.

青藏高原东北部上地壳剪切波分裂特征

由羌塘、巴颜喀拉、柴达木和祁连等几个二级块体组成的青藏高原东北部与华南块体及华北块体接触,产生强烈的构造变形。文中利用青藏高原东北部2010年1月—2021年9月的小地震波形事件,使用剪切波分裂分析方法计算得到快波偏振方向与慢波时间延迟2个各向异性参数,并对参数的空间分布进行分析。快波偏振方向以NEE为主导,与区域主压应力方向大致平行,祁连块体北部和东南部、羌塘块体北部存在NNW、NWW或近EW等多个相对较弱的第2快波偏振方向,与区域内广泛分布的NW走向断裂近平行。柴达木块体东北缘的快波偏振方向较离散,受到应力、断裂、岩石性质等因素的共同作用。祁连块体北部逆冲断裂系东部的时间延迟大于西部,体现了两者应力环境的差异。祁连块体东南部及柴达木块体东北缘大致相当的时间延迟分布可能与其具有类似的岩石类别物性及构造环境相关。柴达木盆地北缘存在NWW向快波优势偏振方向和相对一致的时间延迟,可能是断裂在深部高压变质作用的响应。羌塘块体北部的时间延迟小于拉脊山断裂周缘(祁连块体东南部与柴达木块体东北缘),可能与岩石类别物性与构造环境的差异有关。

中下地壳切向分层流变的结果:喜马拉雅东段雅拉香波片麻岩穹隆

大陆中、下地壳切向(近水平)分层固态流动变形是地壳物质流动的重要形式之一,也是片麻岩穹隆的重要形成机制。雅拉香波穹隆位于特提斯喜马拉雅构造带的最东段,出露不同变质级别和时代的岩石地层,发育强烈的韧性剪切变形以及多期岩浆事件,是研究造山过程中构造变形和岩浆历史的天然实验室。本文以该穹隆为研究对象,进行了详细的野外构造解析和显微观察等工作,总结出以下三个特点:(1)雅拉香波穹隆内不同构造层次的岩石经历了相同的构造体制和不同变形条件改造:从浅部到深部,变形温度逐渐递增,由390℃到600℃;差应力逐渐减小,从24.58MPa减少至8.72MPa;应变速率逐渐加快,从1.27×10^(-13)~1.28×10^(-13)/s增加到5.19×10^(-11)~5.21×10^(-11)/s。以上体现了地壳活动带强烈的分层流变特点。(2)结合前人研究划分了穹隆变形的三个期次(D_(1)、D_(2)和D_(3)),其中D_(1)表现为上盘向南的剪切方向,D_(2)则表现为上盘向北的剪切方向。进一步,将主要变形期次D_(2)进一步划分为两个阶段,早期主要是以单剪为主导的剪切作用类型,而晚期则是以纯剪为主导的剪切作用类型。(3)根据D_(2)面理和线理的产状分布特点,可以得出,深部岩石线理的倾伏角近水平,而浅层次岩石的线理倾伏角近竖直。基于以上研究表明,雅拉香波穹隆各部分岩石均遭受了不同程度的剪切改造,不同构造层次的岩石具有几何学上的一致性以及运动学上的解耦,体现了穹隆发育过程中运动方向上的转变。结合穹隆各部位线理的倾伏角的变化规律,本文认为雅拉香波穹隆记录了中下地壳分层流动的过程,穹隆的形成主要受中下地壳近水平切向流动控制,辅以垂向流动的改造。

Surveying of the deformed terraces and crust shortening rate in the northwestern Tarim Basin: Comment

The paper of Shen et al., entitled "Surveying of the deformed terraces and crust shortening rate in the northwest Tarim Basin", was published in Chinese Science Bulletin (Vol. 46, No. 12). Shen et al. found the deformation of Late Pleistocene to Holocene terraces of the Boguzi River across the Artushi Anticline in the northwest Tarim Basin close to the Pamir, and made level survey and differential GPS measurement, which is of great importance to geodynamics for research on the coupling of Tianshan Mountains uplifting and Tarim Basin depression. But their understanding to the deformation mechanics of terraces and the calculation methods of crustal shortening are open to discussion. Therefore, we discuss it with Shen Jun et al.

时序InSAR断层活动性观测研究进展及若干问题探讨

基于大量SAR数据的时序InSAR技术已被广泛应用于断裂带震间长期缓慢地壳形变的观测研究,文中对现有多种时序InSAR方法(如Stacking,PSInSAR,SBAS等)的基本原理和技术特点进行了概括总结。采用PSInSAR技术,利用2003—2010年的17景降轨ENVISAT/ASAR数据,在海原断裂带中段开展了震间地壳形变观测的实验研究,获得了海原断裂中段的跨断层InSAR形变速率场整体图像,显示了约5mm/a的左旋走滑运动速率,与GPS和地质学研究基本一致。在此基础上,对时序InSAR断层活动性观测研究中的若干问题,如LOS形变速率与目标断层走向的关系、LOS形变速率与跨断层观测宽度的关系、LOS形变速率与GPS等其他形变速率的关系以及LOS形变速率场揭示的断层相互作用及断层滑动方式等进行了分析探讨。这些将为进一步推进InSAR构造变形监测研究提供参考。