Effects of Water-permeability Plastic Film Mulching plus Bunch Planting on Root and Yield of Foxtail Millet

Effects of water-permeability plastic film plus bunch planting on root growth and development and yield of foxtail millet were studied by randomized block design. The results showed that water-permeability plastic film mulching plus bunch planting had a significant promoting effect on root growth and development and yield of foxtail millet. Compared with the CK, the total root length, total surface area, total root volume and number of. root tips increased by 51.30%, 47.89%, 48.39% and 41.63%, respectively. The yield increased by 48.57%, and there was significant positive correlation between root length, total surface area, total volume, number of root tips and dry matter weight of roots with yield. Developed roots are the main reason for the yield increasing effect of water-permeability plastic film mulching plus bunch planting.

Pyrolysis Characteristics and Thermal Kinetics of Degradable Films

Developing degradable films is an important means for resolving the problem of film pollution; however, in recent years, there have been only few studies related to the thermal analysis of degradable plastic films. This research detailed the composition and pyrolysis of one kind of ordinary and three kinds of degradable plastic films using the differential thermal analysis （DTA） technique. The results showed that degradable films and ordinary film had similar DTA curves, which reflected their similar compositions; however, small differences were measured, which were due to the added constituents of the degradable films. The pyrolysis reaction orders of each film were about 0.93. The pyrolysis activation energies and pre-exponential factors followed the order of ordinary film 〉 photodegradable film 〉 photodegradable calcium carbonate film 〉 biodegradable film. The results of this research laid the foundation for new theories for harnessing soil pollution caused by plastic films.

Artificial network prediction on degradable properties of coal-filled films

Utilized degradable data of coal-filled films from the accelerated UV chamber ageing degradation experiments, and on the basis of control factors’ analysis, presented a predicting model on degradable properties of this film in photo-degradation according to back-propagation artificial neural network (BP ANN). 4 controlling factors in films degrada-tion, including temperature, the time of UV irradiation, the concentration and the type of coals were used as input parameters in the ANN model. While the degradable properties after film degradation, including the mechanical properties and carbonyl index, were used as output parameters. It was carried out by the neural network toolbox of Matlab 6.5 soft-ware and Visual Basic 6.0. Discussed partition of sample data and model’s parameters, and then selected the best configuration of ANN network. The accurate scope of predicting results was analyzed. This model has a high precision in predicting on properties of the coal-filled film degradation.

The Application Effects of Truly Biodegradable Mulch in Potato Farmlands

[Objective] The aim was to explore application effects of truly biodegradable mulch in farmlands and provide data support for large area spreading on southern potato fields. [Method] The field plot experiments were conducted to investigate mulch film＇s weight loss and the effects of using truly biodegradable mulch film on potato yield and agronomic characters. [Result] The emergence rates of truly biodegradable mulch film and black plastic mulch film kept 9.71% and9.27% higher compared with the open field, and yield increased by 30.84% and36.81%. In the potato harvest period, the truly biodegradable mulch films already broke, and mulch film＇s weight loss rate was 58.62%. It can be completely degraded in the field after some time, and following crops would not be affected. [Conclusion] Truly biodegradable mulch performs significantly in increasing yield and keeps higher in weight-loss rate, so that it has a promising future.

Preparations of TiO_2 film coated on foam nickel substrate by sol-gel processes and its photocatalytic activity for degradation of acetaldehyde

Anatase TiO2 films were successfully prepared on foam nickel substrates by sol-gel technique using tetrabutyl titanate as precursor. The characteristics of the TiO2 films were investigated by XPS, XRD, FE-SEM, TEM and UV-Vis absorption spectra. The photocatalytic activities of TiO2 films were investigated by photocatalytic degradation reactions of gaseous acetaldehyde, an indoor pollutant, under ultraviolet light irradiation. It was found that Ni^2＋ doping into TiO2 films due to the foam nickel substrates resulted in the extension of absorption edges of TiO2 films from UV region to visible light region. The pre-heating for foam nickel substrates resulted in the formation of NiO layer, which prevented effectively the injection of photogenerated electrons from TiO2 films to metal nickel. The TiO2 films displayed high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of acetaldehyde, and were enhanced by calcining the substrates and coating TiO2 films repeatedly. The high activity was mainly attributed to the improvement of the characteristics of substrate surface and the increase of active sites on photocatalyst.

Microscopic degradation mechanism of polyimide film caused by surface discharge under bipolar continuous square impulse voltage

Polyimide （PI） film is an important type of insulating material used in inverter-fed motors. Partial discharge （PD） under a sequence of high-frequency square impulses is one of the key factors that lead to premature failures in insulation systems of inverter-fed motors. In order to explore the damage mechanism of PI film caused by discharge, an aging system of surface discharge under bipolar continuous square impulse voltage （BCSIV） is designed based on the ASTM 2275 01 standard and the electrical aging tests of PI film samples are performed above the partial discharge inception voltage （PDIV）. The chemical bonds of PI polymer chains are analyzed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR） and the dielectric properties of unaged and aged PI samples are investigated by LCR testers HIOKI 3532-50. Finally, the micro-morphology and micro-structure changes of PI film samples are observed through scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The results show that the physical and chemical effects of discharge cut off the chemical bonds of PI polymer chains. The fractures of ether bond （C-O-C） and imide ring （C-N-C） on the backbone of a PI polymer chain leads to the decrease of molecular weight, which results in the degradation of PI polymers and the generation of new chemical groups and materials, like carboxylic acid, ketone, aldehydes, etc. The variation of microscopic structure of PI polymers can change the orientation ability of polarizable units when the samples are under an AC electric field, which would cause the dielectric constant e to increase and dielectric loss tan ~ to decrease. The SEM images show that the degradation path of PI film is initiated from the surface and then gradually extends to the interior with continuous aging. The injection charge could result in the PI macromolecular chain degradation and increase the trap density in the PI oolvmer bulk.

Photoelectrochemical Degradation of Pentachlorophenol on TiO_2 Film Electrode

An investigation of photoelectrochemical degradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) on a TiO2 film electrode was presented. The TiO2 film electrode was prepared by anodisation of titanium metal in sulfuric acid solution and its photoelectrocatalystic performance was studied. The destruction of PCP follows approximately the first-order kinetics. The reaction constant decreases slightly from 2.6×10-5 s-1 to 2.0×10-5 s-1 as the initial PCP concentration is increased from 0.1 mmol/L to 1.0 mmol/L under the experimental condition.

UV/TiO_2 and UV/TiO_2-film for Degradation of Textile Dyes

This research focused on the feasibility and treatment efficiency of Advance Oxidation Process(AOP)-UV/TiO2 for three different kinds of simulated dye wastewater(FBL,FBB and S-RL).The first part of this study investigated the treatment of simulated dye wastewater with UV/TiO2 by changing TiO2 dosages,TiO2 particle sizes and dye concentrations.The efficiency was measured by color removal and TOC removal.The optimum conditions obtained for treatment of different dye wastewater were different.The treatment of Indanthrene red(FBB) by UV/TiO2 was the best,with 99.68% of TOC removal percentage and nearly 100% of color removal while treatment of FBL with 96.11% of TOC removal and almost 100% of color removal.The removal efficiency was lowest for S-RL dye solution with 81.88% of TOC and 95.87% for color removal.Both Langmuir adsorption isotherm and modified Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model(modified L-H model) were fitted to the experimental data and were able to correlate the adsorption patterns and the kinetics of the dyes studied.Since the photocatalysts(TiO2) used were nano-sized powder and is difficult to separate from the wastewater,the second part of this research focuses on the preparation of TiO2-film on glass-substrate and the treatment of simulated FBL dye wastewater by UV/TiO2-film oxidation then followed.The experimental results showed the TiO2-films are suitable only for the dye wastewater treatment in low concentration.

Evaluation of Degradation of PET Film by Partial Discharge Method

Recently, the industry and productions have been rapidly developed by the advancement of science and technology. On the other hand, the dwindling natural resources and the global warming increasingly pose a severe problem to our life in near future. Indeed, solar photovoltaic (PV) has been attractive as one of the alternative energy resource to oil. However, some problems such as the reduction of electromotive force and the degradation of back-sheet influence the properties of the long-term life of the PV panel system. In this research, we used the high- and low-molecular-weight PET film in order to evaluate the effect of molecular weight for the hydrolysis of PET under the acceleration degradation test. As results, the mechanical properties of PET film were decreased with increasing the acceleration degradation time. In addition, it was found that the dielectric breakdown strength of PET film indicated the similar tendency with the mechanical properties. Accordingly, the non-destructive analytical technique, i.e. the partial discharge measurement makes it easy to evaluate the degradation of PET film without any damage or cut out for the film.

Degradation Mechanism of Polyimide Film Under Square Impulse Voltages

Partial discharge (PD) under a sequence of high-repetition-rate square pulses is one of the key factors leading to premature failure of insulation systems of inverter-fed motors. Polyimide (PI) film is an important type of insulating material used in the inverter-fed motors. In this paper, micro-morphology and structure change of PI film aged by bipolar continuous square impulse voltage (BCSIV) with ampli- tude above partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) are investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The chemical bonds of PI chain are analyzed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that the degradation mechanism of PI film is the fracturing of chemical bonds caused by the erosion from PDs. Three layers are displayed in both 100 HN film and 100 CR film. The de- gradation path of PI film is initiated from surface and then gradually extends to the interior with continuous aging. Nano-fillers can retard the degradation of PI film and prolong its lifetime.

Degradation Mechanism of the Superconducting Transition Temperature in Nb Thin Films

Systemic measurements show that there is no 3D to 2D crossover in the reduction of the superconducting transition temperature Tc in Nb thin films. This result is consistent with all previous measurements while it is contrary to the prevailing understanding based on the interplay between proximity, localization, and lifetime broadening. Our study indicates that the decrease of Tc can be interpreted by the combined effects of electron-phonon coupling parameter λ and the defect scattering rate pw, being uniquely determined by their ratio λ/ρw. Other factors such as film thickness and irradiation do not produce additional effects beyond these two parameters.

不同地膜的降解特征及其对旱区马铃薯生长和土壤微环境的影响

为筛选适宜宁南旱区马铃薯生长且对土壤环境友好的降解地膜类型,以不覆盖为对照,研究普通塑料膜、秸秆纤维地膜、生物降解膜的降解特征及其对马铃薯生长、土壤微环境的影响。结果表明,生物降解膜和秸秆纤维膜分别在播后90和60 d进入诱导期,生物降解膜和秸秆纤维膜均在播后150 d进入碎裂期;播后150 d的地膜质量损失率以秸秆纤维地膜最高,而普通塑料膜无明显变化。播后60 d,生物降解膜和秸秆纤维膜处理土壤蓄水量分别较对照显著提高21.4%和10.3%,而普通塑料膜处理与对照差异不显著。播后90~120 d,秸秆纤维膜和生物降解膜处理平均土壤温度分别较对照显著增加1.2和0.8℃。播后150 d,与对照相比,普通塑料膜和秸秆纤维膜处理土壤速效磷、速效钾含量提升效果显著。秸秆纤维膜处理细菌数量最高,而生物降解膜处理真菌和放线菌数量最高。播后150 d马铃薯地上部和地下部干物质累积量均以生物降解膜处理最高,马铃薯株高、茎粗和增产效果均以秸秆纤维膜处理最为显著。主成分分析结果表明,土壤细菌、放线菌数量是影响地膜降解的主要因素,而播后30~60 d土壤水分和播后60~120 d膜质量损失率对马铃薯产量形成至关重要。综上,秸秆纤维地膜降解效果优于普通塑料膜,且对改善旱地土壤微环境效果显著,可实现马铃薯增产,可代替普通地膜应用于旱作马铃薯生产中。本研究结果对筛选适宜宁南旱区农业可持续发展的最佳地膜类型具有一定的现实意义。

Photoelectrocatalytic activity of immobilized Yb doped WO3 photocatalyst for degradation of methyl orange dye

Pure WOand Yb:WOthin films have been synthesized by spray pyrolysis technique. Effect of Yb doping concentration on photoelectrochemical, structural, morphological and optical properties of thin films are studied. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that all thin films are polycrystalline nature and exhibit monoclinic crystal structure. The 3 at% Yb:WOfilm shows superior photoelectrochemical（PEC） performance than that of pure WOfilm and it shows maximum photocurrent density（Iph= 1090 μA/cm） having onset potentials around +0.3 V/SCE in 0.01 M HClO. The photoelectrocatalytic process is more effective than that of the photocatalytic process for degradation of methyl orange（MO） dye. Yb doping in WOphotocatalyst is greatly effective to degrade MO dye. The enhancement in photoelectrocatalytic activity is mainly due to the suppressing the recombination rate of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. The mineralization of MO dye in aqueous solution is studied by measuring chemical oxygen demand（COD） values.

Development and Research Status of New Environmental Films

The development and utilization of new environmental film is an important measure to tackle the residual film pollution, protect the ecological environment and promote the sustainable development of agriculture. The types of new environmental film and their development status were reviewed from the aspects of photodegradable film, biodegradable film, photo-biodegradable film, liquid film, paper film and bast fiber film. In terms of the experimental research status of environmental films in China, analysis and comparisons were made from three aspects including the different types, the same type and imported environment-friendly film. Suggestions were proposed for the research and development prospect of environmental film.

Preparation and Characterization of Nano-ZnFe_2O_4/TiO_2 Films

The nano-ZnFe2O4/TiO2 films possess the functions of desulfurization and degradation for organic pollutants. The sols of ZnFe2O4/TiO2 were prepared by sol-gel method and coated on glass and porous ceramic by vertical coating and dipping-lift processes, respectively, and the samples were obtained after drying and sintering. The composition, appearance, absorption spectrum of the films, and the influence of the film on porous ceramic performances were analyzed using SEM, AFM, UVVis spectrometer, and mercury porosimeter, respectively, to determine the operation parameters of the multifunction porous ceramic elements for gas-purification.

Studies on characteristics of nanostructure of N-TiO_2 thin films and photo-bactericidal action

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain （AS 1.50） and Bacillus subtilis strain （AS 1.439） from Ming lake were decomposed by photocatalytic nanostructure N-TiO2 thin films in a photo-reactor under UV irradiation. The different thickness nanostructure N-TiO2 thin films coated on mesh grid were prepared by sol-gel method and immobilized at 500 ℃ （films A） or 350 ℃ （films B） for 1 h in a muffle furnace. The results showed that N-TiO2 thin film B （8.18 nm thickness, 2.760 nm height and 25.15 nm diameter） has more uniform granular nanostructure and thinner flat texture than N-TiO2 thin film A （12.17 nm thickness, 3.578 nm height and 27.50 nm diameter）. The bactericidal action of N-TiO2 thin film A and film B for Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain （AS 1.50） and Bacillus subtilis varniger strain （AS1.439） were investigated in this work. More than 95% of photocatalytic bactericidal efficiency for Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain （AS 1.50） and 75% for Bacillus subtilis strain （AS 1.439） were achieved by using N-TiO2 thin films-B for 70-80 rain of irradiation during the photo-bactericidal experimental process. The results indicated that the photo-induced bactericidal efficiency of N-TiO2 thin films probably depended on the characteristics of the films.

Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)films with simultaneous high oxygen barrier and fast degradation properties

Although poly(lactic acid)(PLA)is a good environmentally-friendly bio-degradable polymer which is used to substitute traditional petrochemical-based polymer packaging films,the barrier properties of PLA films are still insufficient for high-barrier packaging applications.In this study,oxygen scavenger hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene(HTPB)and cobalt salt catalyst were incorporated into the PLA/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PLA/PBAT),followed by melting extrusion and three-layer co-extrusion blown film process to prepare the composite films.The oxygen permeability coefficient of the composite film combined with 6 wt%oxygen scavenger and 0.4 wt%catalyst was decreased significantly from 377.00 cc·mil·m^(-2)·day^(-1)·0.1 MPa^(-1) to 0.98 cc·mil·m^(-2)·day^(-1)·0.1 MPa^(-1),showing a remarkable enhancement of 384.69 times compared with the PLA/PBAT composite film.Meanwhile,the degradation behavior of the composite film was also accelerated,exhibiting a mass loss of nearly 60%of the original mass after seven days of degradation in an alkaline environment,whereas PLA/PBAT composite film only showed a mass loss of 32%.This work has successfully prepared PLA/PBAT composite films with simultaneously improved oxygen barrier property and degradation behavior,which has great potential for high-demanding green chemistry packaging industries,including food,agricultural,and military packaging.

Photocatalytic degradation of organochlorine compounds using TiO_2 supported on fiberglass cloth

The feasibility of photocatalytic degradation of organochlorine compounds using TiO 2 supported on fiberglass cloth as a photocatalyst was studied. The results showed that 2 0×10 -4 mol/dm 3 of dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene can be completely photocatalytically degraded within a short time under illumination with a 375W medium pressure mercury lamp. The effects of parameters such as illumination time, initial concentration of organochlorine compounds, amount of air flow and concentration of H 2O 2 on the photocatalytic degradation were investigated. The TiO 2 supported on the fiberglass was not easily detached and after 500h illumination there was no significant loss of photocatalytic activity of TiO 2. The passible mechanisms of photocatalytic degradation were discussed.

Photocatalytic Activity of TiO_2 Coating on Natural Feather Zeolite in Degradation of Orthomonochlorphenol

Ti02 coatings on natural feather zeolite are respectively prepared by a collosol （Sol-gel） method and two powder coating methods with deionizod water or dehydrated ethanol as a dispersant. During degradation of orthomono- chlorphenol solutions by ultraviolet, the strong adsorption capability of the zeolite results in increased concentration of substrate on its surface. The Ti（h film coated on feather zeolite further enhances the photocatalytic activity. The TiO~ film on the zeolite prepared by the Sol-gel method is found more effective as a catalyst than that by two powder coating methods.

Influence of Extended Bias Stress on the Electrical Parameters of Mixed Oxide Thin Film Transistors

This paper investigates the variation of electrical characteristic of indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) thin film transistors (TFTs) under gate bias stress. The devices are subjected to positive and negative gate bias stress for prolonged time periods. The effect of bias stress time and polarity on the transistor current equation is investigated and the underlying effects responsible for these variations are determined. Negative gate stress produces a positive shift in the threshold voltage. This can be noted as a variation from prior studies. Due to variation of power factor (n) from two, the integral method is implemented to extract threshold voltage (vt) and power factor (n). Effective, mobility (ueff), drain to source resistance (RDS) and constant k' is also extracted from the device characteristics. The unstressed value of n is deter-mined to be 2.5. The power factor increases with gate bias stress time. The distribution of states in the conduction band is revealed by the variation in power factor.